Previous Next

REFERENCES

151. Dolin SJ, Cashman JN, Bland JM: Effectiveness of acute postoperative pain management: I. Evidence from published data. Br J Anaesth 89:409, 2002.

152. Grass JA: Epidural analgesia. Probl Anesth 10:445, 1998.

153. Hamber EA, Viscomi CM: Intrathecal lipophilic opioids as adjuncts to surgical spinal anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 24:255, 1999.

154. Cooper DW: Can epidural fentanyl induce elective spinal hyperalgesia? Anesthesiology 93:1153, 2000.

155. Bernards CM: Rostral spread of epidural morphine: The expected and the unexpected. Anesthesiology 92:299, 2000.

156. Liu SS, Bernards CM: Exploring the epidural trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med 27:122, 2002.

157. Liu SS, MacDonald SB: Current issues in spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 94:888, 2001.

158. Gwirtz KH, Young JV, Byers RS, et al: The safety and efficacy of intrathecal opioid analgesia for acute postoperative pain: Seven years' experience with 5969 surgical patients at Indiana University Hospital. Anesth Analg 88:599, 1999.

159. Palmer CM, Emerson S, Volgoropolous D, et al: Dose-response relationship of intrathecal morphine for postcesarean analgesia. Anesthesiology 90:437, 1999.

160. Birnbach DJ, Johnson MD, Arcario T, et al: Effect of diluent volume on analgesia produced by epidural fentanyl. Anesth Analg 68:808, 1989.

161. Fuller JG, McMorland GH, Douglas MJ, et al: Epidural morphine for analgesia after caesarean section: A report of 4880 patients. Can J Anaesth 37:636, 1990.

162. Beattie WS, Buckley DN, Forrest JB: Epidural morphine reduces the risk of postoperative myocardial ischaemia in patients with cardiac risk factors. Can J Anaesth 40:532, 1993.

163. Tsui SL, Law S, Fok M, et al: Postoperative analgesia reduces mortality and morbidity after esophagectomy. Am J Surg 173:472, 1997.

164. Ready LB, Chadwick HS, Ross B: Age predicts effective epidural morphine dose after abdominal hysterectomy. Anesth Analg 66:1215, 1987.

165. Mulroy MF: Epidural opioid dlivery methods: Bolus, continuous infusion, and patient-controlled epidural anesthesia. Reg Anesth 21(Suppl):100, 1996.

166. Wheatley RG, Schug SA, Watson D: Safety and efficacy of postoperative epidural analgesia. Br J Anaesth 87:47, 2001.

167. Mann C, Pouzeratte Y, Boccara G, et al: Comparison of intravenous or epidural patient-controlled analgesia in the elderly after major abdominal surgery. Anesthesiology 92:433, 2000.

168. Rigg JR, Jamrozik K, Myles PS, et al: Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia and outcome of major surgery: A randomised trial. Lancet 359:1276, 2002.

169. Boylan JF, Katz J, Kavanagh BP, et al: Epidural bupivacaine-morphine analgesia versus patient-controlled analgesia following abdominal aortic surgery: Analgesic, respiratory, and myocardial effects. Anesthesiology 89:585, 1998.

170. Correll DJ, Viscusi ER, Grunwald Z, et al: Epidural analgesia compared with intravenous morphine patient-controlled analgesia: Postoperative outcome measures after mastectomy with immediate TRAM flap breast reconstruction. Reg Anesth Pain Med 26:444, 2001.

171. Bois S, Couture P, Boudreault D, et al: Epidural analgesia and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia result in similar rates of postoperative myocardial ischemia after aortic surgery. Anesth Analg 85:1233, 1997.

172. Kampe S, Randebrock G, Kiencke P, et al: Comparison of continuous epidural infusion of ropivacaine and sufentanil with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia after total hip replacement. Anaesthesia 56:1189, 2001.

173. Handley GH, Silbert BS, Mooney PH, et al: Combined general and epidural anesthesia versus general anesthesia for major abdominal surgery: Postanesthesia recovery characteristics. Reg Anesth 22:435, 1997.

174. Kopacz DJ, Sharrock NE, Allen HW: A comparison of levobupivacaine 0.125%, fentanyl 4 microg/mL, or their combination for patient-controlled epidural analgesia after major orthopedic surgery. Anesth Analg 89:1497, 1999.

175. Scott DA, Beilby DS, McClymont C: Postoperative analgesia using epidural infusions of fentanyl with bupivacaine. A prospective analysis of 1,014 patients. Anesthesiology 83:727, 1995.

176. Hogan Q: Distribution of solution in the epidural space: Examination by cytomicrotome section. Reg Anesth Pain Med 27:150, 2002.

177. Bernards CM, Hill HF: The spinal nerve root sleeve is not a preferred route for redistribution of drugs from the epidural space to the spinal cord. Anesthesiology 75:827, 1991.

178. Loper KA, Ready LB, Downey M, et al: Epidural and intravenous fentanyl infusions are clinically equivalent after knee surgery. Anesth Analg 70:72, 1990.

179. Sandler AN, Stringer D, Panos L, et al: A randomized, double-blind comparison of lumbar epidural and intravenous fentanyl infusions for postthoractomy pain relief: Analgesic, pharmacokinetic, and respiratory effects. Anesthesiology 77:626, 1992.


2755


180. Guinard JP, Mavrocordatos P, Chiolero R, et al: A randomized comparison of intravenous versus lumbar and thoracic epidural fentanyl for analgesia after thoracotomy. Anesthesiology 77:1108, 1992.

181. Salomaki TE, Laitinen JO, Nuutinen LS: A randomized double-blind comparison of epidural versus intravenous fentanyl infusion for analgesia after thoracotomy. Anesthesiology 75:790, 1991.

182. de Leon-Casasola OA, Lema MJ: Postoperative epidural opioid analgesia: What are the choices? Anesth Analg 83:867, 1996.

183. Rauck RL, Raj PP, Knarr DC, et al: Comparison of the efficacy of epidural morphine given by intermittent injection or continuous infusion for the management of postoperative pain. Reg Anesth 19:316, 1994.

184. Loper KA, Ready LB: Epidural morphine after anterior cruciate ligament repair: A comparison with patient-controlled intravenous morphine. Anesth Analg 68:350, 1989.

185. Malviya S, Pandit UA, Merkel S, et al: A comparison of continuous epidural infusion and intermittent intravenous bolus doses of morphine in children undergoing selective dorsal rhizotomy. Reg Anesth Pain Med 24:438, 1999.

186. Hjortso NC, Lund C, Mogensen T, et al: Epidural morphine improves pain relief and maintains sensory analgesia during continuous epidural bupivacaine after abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg 65:1033, 1986.

187. Cooper DW, Turner G: Patient-controlled extradural analgesia to compare bupivacaine, fentanyl and bupivacaine with fentanyl in the treatment of postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 70:503, 1993.

188. Cooper DW, Ryall DM, McHardy FE, et al: Patient-controlled extradural analgesia with bupivacaine, fentanyl or a mixture of both, after caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 76:611, 1996.

189. Vercauteren M, Meert TF: Isobolographic analysis of the interaction between epidural sufentanil and bupivacaine in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 58:237, 1997.

190. Kaneko M, Saito Y, Kirihara Y, et al: Synergistic antinociceptive interaction after epidural coadministration of morphine and lidocaine in rats. Anesthesiology 80:137, 1994.

191. Maves TJ, Gebhart GF: Antinociceptive synergy between intrathecal morphine and lidocaine during visceral and somatic nociception in the rat. Anesthesiology 76:91, 1992.

192. Camann W, Abouleish A, Eisenach J, et al: Intrathecal sufentanil and epidural bupivacaine for labor analgesia: Dose-response of individual agents and in combination. Reg Anesth Pain Med 23:457, 1998.

193. Stevens RA, Bray JG, Artuso JD, et al: Differential epidural block. Reg Anesth 17:22, 1992.

194. White JL, Stevens RA, Beardsley D, et al: Differential epidural block. Does the choice of local anesthetic matter? Reg Anesth 19:335, 1994.

195. Zaric D, Nydahl PA, Philipson L, et al: The effect of continuous lumbar epidural infusion of ropivacaine (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%) and 0.25% bupivacaine on sensory and motor block in volunteers: A double-blind study. Reg Anesth 21:14, 1996.

196. Curatolo M, Schnider TW, Petersen-Felix S, et al: A direct search procedure to optimize combinations of epidural bupivacaine, fentanyl, and clonidine for postoperative analgesia. Anesthesiology 92:325, 2000.

197. Paech MJ, Pavy TJ, Orlikowski CE, et al: Postoperative epidural infusion: A randomized, double-blind, dose-finding trial of clonidine in combination with bupivacaine and fentanyl. Anesth Analg 84:1323, 1997.

198. Niemi G, Breivik H: Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 42:897, 1998.

199. Sakaguchi Y, Sakura S, Shinzawa M, et al: Does adrenaline improve epidural bupivacaine and fentanyl analgesia after abdominal surgery? Anaesth Intensive Care 28:522, 2000.

200. Yaksh TL: Epidural ketamine: A useful, mechanistically novel adjuvant for epidural morphine? Reg Anesth 21:508, 1996.

201. Broekema AA, Gielen MJ, Hennis PJ: Postoperative analgesia with continuous epidural sufentanil and bupivacaine: A prospective study in 614 patients. Anesth Analg 82:754, 1996.

202. Kahn L, Baxter FJ, Dauphin A, et al: A comparison of thoracic and lumbar epidural techniques for post-thoracoabdominal esophagectomy analgesia. Can J Anaesth 46(Pt 1):415, 1999.

203. Brodner G, Mertes N, Buerkle H, et al: Acute pain management: Analysis, implications and consequences after prospective experience with 6349 surgical patients. Eur J Anaesthesiol 17:566, 2000.

204. Ready LB. Acute pain: Lessons learned from 25,000 patients. Reg Anesth Pain Med 24:499, 1999.

205. Magnusdottir H, Kirno K, Ricksten SE, et al: High thoracic epidural analgesia does not inhibit sympathetic nerve activity in the lower extremities. Anesthesiology 91:1299, 1999.

206. Basse L, Werner M, Kehlet H: Is urinary drainage necessary during continuous epidural analgesia after colonic resection. Reg Anesth Pain Med 25:498, 2000.

207. Tanaka K, Watanabe R, Harada T, et al: Extensive application of epidural anesthesia and analgesia in a university hospital: Incidence of complications related to technique. Reg Anesth 18:34, 1993.

208. Giebler RM, Scherer RU, Peters J: Incidence of neurologic complications related to thoracic epidural catheterization. Anesthesiology 86:55, 1997.

209. Scherer R, Schmutzler M, Giebler R, et al: Complications related to thoracic epidural analgesia: A prospective study in 1071 surgical patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 37:370, 1993.

210. Scott AM, Starling JR, Ruscher AE, et al: Thoracic versus lumbar epidural anesthesia's effect on pain control and ileus resolution after restorative proctocolectomy. Surgery 120:688, 1996.

211. Beattie WS, Badner NH, Choi P: Epidural analgesia reduces postoperative myocardial infarction: A meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 93:853, 2001.

212. Liu SS, Allen HW, Olsson GL: Patient-controlled epidural analgesia with bupivacaine and fentanyl on hospital wards: Prospective experience with 1,030 surgical patients. Anesthesiology 88:688, 1998.

213. de Leon-Casasola OA, Parker B, Lema MJ, et al: Postoperative epidural bupivacaine-morphine therapy: Experience with 4,227 surgical cancer patients. Anesthesiology 81:368, 1994.

214. Smet IG, Vercauteren MP, De Jongh RF, et al: Pressure sores as a complication of patient-controlled epidural analgesia after cesarean delivery: Case report. Reg Anesth 21:338, 1996.

215. Liu SS, Moore JM, Luo AM, et al: Comparison of three solutions of ropivacaine/fentanyl for postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia. Anesthesiology 90:727, 1999.

216. Chaney MA: Side effects of intrathecal and epidural opioids. Can J Anaesth 42:891, 1995.

217. Wang JJ, Tzeng JI, Ho ST, et al: The prophylactic effect of tropisetron on epidural morphine-related nausea and vomiting: A comparison of dexamethasone with saline. Anesth Analg 94:749, 2002.

218. Tzeng JI, Hsing CH, Chu CC, et al: Low-dose dexamethasone reduces nausea and vomiting after epidural morphine: A comparison of metoclopramide with saline. J Clin Anesth 14:19, 2002.

219. Gedney JA, Liu EH: Side-effects of epidural infusions of opioid bupivacaine mixtures. Anaesthesia 53:1148, 1998.

220. White MJ, Berghausen EJ, Dumont SW, et al: Side effects during continuous epidural infusion of morphine and fentanyl. Can J Anaesth 39:576, 1992.

221. Nakata K, Mammoto T, Kita T, et al: Continuous epidural, not intravenous, droperidol inhibits pruritus, nausea, and vomiting during epidural morphine analgesia. J Clin Anesth 14:121, 2002.
2756


222. Bailey PL, Rhondeau S, Schafer PG, et al: Dose-response pharmacology of intrathecal morphine in human volunteers. Anesthesiology 79:49, 1993.

223. Kelly MC, Carabine UA, Mirakhur RK: Intrathecal diamorphine for analgesia after caesarean section. A dose finding study and assessment of side-effects. Anaesthesia 53:231, 1998.

224. Milner AR, Bogod DG, Harwood RJ: Intrathecal administration of morphine for elective caesarean section: A comparison between 0.1 mg and 0.2 mg. Anaesthesia 51:871, 1996.

225. Kirson LE, Goldman JM, Slover RB: Low-dose intrathecal morphine for postoperative pain control in patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate. Anesthesiology 71:192, 1989.

226. Ozalp G, Guner F, Kuru N, et al: Postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia with opioid bupivacaine mixtures. Can J Anaesth 45:938, 1998.

227. Choi JH, Lee J, Choi JH, et al: Epidural naloxone reduces pruritus and nausea without affecting analgesia by epidural morphine in bupivacaine. Can J Anaesth 47:33, 2000.

228. Moscovici R, Prego G, Schwartz M, et al: Epidural scopolamine administration in preventing nausea after epidural morphine. J Clin Anesth 7:474, 1995.

229. Kjellberg F, Tramer MR: Pharmacological control of opioid-induced pruritus: A quantitative systematic review of randomized trials. Eur J Anaesthesiol 18:346, 2001.

230. Bucklin BA, Chestnut DH, Hawkins JL: Intrathecal opioids versus epidural local anesthetics for labor analgesia: A meta-analysis. Reg Anesth Pain Med 27:23, 2002.

231. Ko MC, Naughton NN: An experimental itch model in monkeys: Characterization of intrathecal morphine-induced scratching and antinociception. Anesthesiology 92:795, 2000.

232. Stocks GM, Hallworth SP, Fernando R, et al: Minimum local analgesic dose of intrathecal bupivacaine in labor and the effect of intrathecal fentanyl. Anesthesiology 94:593, 2001.

233. Herman NL, Choi KC, Affleck PJ, et al: Analgesia, pruritus, and ventilation exhibit a dose-response relationship in parturients receiving intrathecal fentanyl during labor. Anesth Analg 89:378, 1999.

234. Slappendel R, Weber EW, Dirksen R, et al: Optimization of the dose of intrathecal morphine in total hip surgery: A dose-finding study. Anesth Analg 88:822, 1999.

235. Macario A, Weinger M, Truong P, et al: Which clinical anesthesia outcomes are both common and important to avoid? The perspective of a panel of expert anesthesiologists. Anesth Analg 88:1085, 1999.

236. Boyle RK: A review of anatomical and immunological links between epidural morphine and herpes simplex labialis in obstetric patients. Anaesth Intensive Care 23:425, 1995.

237. de Leon-Casasola OA, Parker BM, Lema MJ, et al: Epidural analgesia versus intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. Differences in the postoperative course of cancer patients. Reg Anesth 19:307, 1994.

238. Ready LB, Loper KA, Nessly M, et al: Postoperative epidural morphine is safe on surgical wards. Anesthesiology 75:452, 1991.

239. Mulroy MF: Monitoring opioids. Reg Anesth 1996 21(Suppl):89, 1996.

240. Stenseth R, Sellevold O, Breivik H: Epidural morphine for postoperative pain: Experience with 1085 patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 29:148, 1985.

241. Rygnestad T, Borchgrevink PC, Eide E: Postoperative epidural infusion of morphine and bupivacaine is safe on surgical wards, organisation of the treatment, effects and side-effects in 2000 consecutive patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41:868, 1997.

242. Swenson JD, Owen J, Lamoreaux W, et al: The effect of distance from injection site to the brainstem using spinal sufentanil. Reg Anesth Pain Med 26:306, 2001.

243. Norris MC, Fogel ST, Holtmann B: Intrathecal sufentanil (5 vs. 10 microg) for labor analgesia: Efficacy and side effects. Reg Anesth Pain Med 23:252, 1998.

244. Katsiris S, Williams S, Leighton BL, et al: Respiratory arrest following intrathecal injection of sufentanil and bupivacaine in a parturient. Can J Anaesth 45:880, 1998.

245. O'Riordan JA, Hopkins PM, Ravenscroft A, et al: Patient-controlled analgesia and urinary retention following lower limb joint replacement: Prospective audit and logistic regression analysis. Eur J Anaesthesiol 17:431, 2000.

246. Wang J, Pennefather S, Russell G: Low-dose naloxone in the treatment of urinary retention during extradural fentanyl causes excessive reversal of analgesia. Br J Anaesth 80:565, 1998.

247. Curatolo M, Petersen-Felix S, Scaramozzino P, et al: Epidural fentanyl, adrenaline and clonidine as adjuvants to local anaesthetics for surgical analgesia: Meta-analyses of analgesia and side-effects. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 42:910, 1998.

248. Turner G, Blake D, Buckland M, et al: Continuous extradural infusion of ropivacaine for prevention of postoperative pain after major orthopaedic surgery. Br J Anaesth 76:606, 1996.

249. Ferrante FM, Lu L, Jamison SB, et al: Patient-controlled epidural analgesia: Demand dosing. Anesth Analg 73:547, 1991.

250. Lubenow TR, Tanck EN, Hopkins EM, et al: Comparison of patient-assisted epidural analgesia with continuous-infusion epidural analgesia for postoperative patients. Reg Anesth 19:206, 1994.

251. Sia AT, Chong JL: Epidural 0.2% ropivacaine for labour analgesia: Parturient-controlled or continuous infusion? Anaesth Intensive Care 27:154, 1999.

252. Gambling DR, McMorland GH, Yu P, et al: Comparison of patient-controlled epidural analgesia and conventional intermittent "top-up" injections during labor. Anesth Analg 70:256, 1990.

253. Paech MJ: Epidural analgesia in labour: Constant infusion plus patient-controlled boluses. Anaesth Intensive Care 19:32, 1991.

254. Blake DW, Stainsby GV, Bjorksten AR, et al: Patient-controlled epidural versus intravenous pethidine to supplement epidural bupivacaine after abdominal aortic surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care 26:630, 1998.

255. Wigfull J, Welchew E: Survey of 1057 patients receiving postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia. Anaesthesia 56:70, 2001.

256. Burstal R, Wegener F, Hayes C, et al: Epidural analgesia: Prospective audit of 1062 patients. Anaesth Intensive Care 26:165, 1998.

257. Komatsu H, Matsumoto S, Mitsuhata H, et al: Comparison of patient-controlled epidural analgesia with and without background infusion after gastrectomy. Anesth Analg 87:907, 1998.

258. Komatsu H, Matsumoto S, Mitsuhata H: Comparison of patient-controlled epidural analgesia with and without night-time infusion following gastrectomy. Br J Anaesth 87:633, 2001.

259. Pouzeratte Y, Delay JM, Brunat G, et al: Patient-controlled epidural analgesia after abdominal surgery: Ropivacaine versus bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 93:1587, 2001.

260. Berti M, Casati A, Fanelli G, et al: 0.2% Ropivacaine with or without fentanyl for patient-controlled epidural analgesia after major abdominal surgery: A double-blind study. J Clin Anesth 12:292, 2000.

261. Wong K, Chong JL, Lo WK, et al: A comparison of patient-controlled epidural analgesia following gynaecological surgery with and without a background infusion. Anaesthesia 55:212, 2000.

262. Lim NL, Lo WK, Chong JL, et al: Single dose diclofenac suppository reduces post-cesarean PCEA requirements. Can J Anaesth 48:383, 2001.

263. Buggy DJ, Hall NA, Shah J, et al: Motor block during patient-controlled epidural analgesia with ropivacaine or ropivacaine/fentanyl after intrathecal bupivacaine for caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 85:468, 2000.

264. Vercauteren MP, Van Den Bergh L, Kartawiadi SL, et al: Addition of bupivacaine to sufentanil in patient-controlled epidural analgesia after lower limb surgery in young adults: Effect on analgesia and micturition. Reg Anesth Pain Med 23:182, 1998.

265. Wiebalck A, Brodner G, Van Aken H: The effects of adding sufentanil to bupivacaine for postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia. Anesth Analg 85:124, 1997.
2757


266. Rodgers A, Walker N, Schug S, et al: Reduction of postoperative mortality and morbidity with epidural or spinal anaesthesia: Results from overview of randomised trials. BMJ 321:1493, 2000.

267. Rimback G, Cassuto J, Wallin G, et al: Inhibition of peritonitis by amide local anesthetics. Anesthesiology 69:881, 1988.

268. Holte K, Kehlet H: Epidural analgesia and risk of anastomotic leakage. Reg Anesth Pain Med 26:111, 2001.

269. Liu SS, Carpenter RL, Mackey DC, et al: Effects of perioperative analgesic technique on rate of recovery after colon surgery. Anesthesiology 83:757, 1995.

270. Jayr C, Thomas H, Rey A, et al: Postoperative pulmonary complications: Epidural analgesia using bupivacaine and opioids versus parenteral opioids. Anesthesiology 78:666, 1993.

271. Scheinin B, Asantila R, Orko R: The effect of bupivacaine and morphine on pain and bowel function after colonic surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 31:161, 1987.

272. Thoren T, Sundberg A, Wattwil M, et al: Effects of epidural bupivacaine and epidural morphine on bowel function and pain after hysterectomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 33:181, 1989.

273. Hogan Q: Cardiovascular response to sympathetic block by regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth 21(Suppl):26, 1996.

274. Veering BT, Cousins MJ: Cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of epidural anaesthesia. Anaesth Intensive Care 28:620, 2000.

275. Davis RF, DeBoer LW, Maroko PR: Thoracic epidural anesthesia reduces myocardial infarct size after coronary artery occlusion in dogs. Anesth Analg 65:711, 1986.

276. Rolf N, Van de Velde M, Wouters PF, et al: Thoracic epidural anesthesia improves functional recovery from myocardial stunning in conscious dogs. Anesth Analg 83:935, 1996.

277. Kock M, Blomberg S, Emanuelsson H, et al: Thoracic epidural anesthesia improves global and regional left ventricular function during stress-induced myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease. Anesth Analg 71:625, 1990.

278. Moller JT, Cluitmans P, Rasmussen LS, et al: Long-term postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly: ISPOCD1 study. Lancet 351:857, 1998.

279. Dyer CB, Ashton CM, Teasdale TA: Postoperative delirium. A review of 80 primary data-collection studies. Arch Intern Med 155:461, 1995.

280. de Leon-Casasola OA: Immunomodulation and epidural anesthesia and analgesia. Reg Anesth 1996 21(Suppl):24, 1996.

281. Sorenson RM, Pace NL: Anesthetic techniques during surgical repair of femoral neck fractures: A meta-analysis. Anesthesiology 77:1095, 1992.

282. Christopherson R, Beattie C, Frank SM, et al: Perioperative morbidity in patients randomized to epidural or general anesthesia for lower extremity vascular surgery. Anesthesiology 79:422, 1993.

283. Rosenfeld BA, Beattie C, Christopherson R, et al: The effects of different anesthetic regimens on fibrinolysis and the development of postoperative arterial thrombosis. Anesthesiology 79:435, 1993.

284. Tuman KJ, McCarthy RJ, March RJ, et al: Effects of epidural anesthesia and analgesia on coagulation and outcome after major vascular surgery. Anesth Analg 73:696, 1991.

285. Dalldorf PG, Perkins FM, Totterman S, et al: Deep venous thrombosis following total hip arthroplasty: Effects of prolonged postoperative epidural anesthesia. J Arthroplasty 9:611, 1994.

286. Brennum J, Arendt-Nielsen L, Secher NH, et al: Quantitative sensory examination in human epidural anaesthesia and analgesia: Effects of lidocaine. Pain 51:27, 1992.

287. Chisakuta AM, George KA, Hawthorne CT: Postoperative epidural infusion of a mixture of bupivacaine 0.2% with fentanyl for upper abdominal surgery: A comparison of thoracic and lumbar routes. Anaesthesia 50:72, 1995.

288. Hodgson PS, Liu SS: Thoracic epidural anaesthesia and analgesia for abdominal surgery: Effects on gastrointestinal function and perfusion. Baillieres Clin Anesthesiol 13:9, 1999.

289. Halpern SH, Leighton BL, Ohlsson A, et al: Effect of epidural vs parenteral opioid analgesia on the progress of labor: A meta-analysis. JAMA 280:2105, 1998.

290. Horlocker TT, Wedel DJ: Anticoagulation and neuraxial block: Historical perspective, anesthetic implications, and risk management. Reg Anesth Pain Med 23(Suppl 2):129, 1998.

291. Tryba M: Epidural regional anesthesia and low molecular heparin: Pro. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 28:179, 1993.

292. Tryba M: European practice guidelines: Thromboembolism prophylaxis and regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 23(Suppl 2):178, 1998.

293. Schroeder DR: Statistics: Detecting a rare adverse drug reaction using spontaneous reports. Reg Anesth Pain Med 23(Suppl 2):183, 1998.

294. Landow L: Monitoring adverse drug events: The Food and Drug Administration MedWatch reporting system. Reg Anesth Pain Med 23(Suppl 2):190, 1998.

295. Vandermeulen EP, Van Aken H, Vermylen J: Anticoagulants and spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg 79:1165, 1994.

296. Horlocker TT, Wedel DJ: Neuraxial block and low-molecular weight heparin: Balancing perioperative analgesia and thromboprophylaxis. Reg Anesth Pain Med 23(Suppl 2):164, 1998.

297. Wu CL: Regional anesthesia and anticoagulation. J Clin Anesth 13:49, 2001.

298. Heit JA: Low-molecular-weight heparin: Biochemistry, pharmacology, and concurrent drug precautions. Reg Anesth Pain Med 23(Suppl 2):135, 1998.

299. Enneking FK, Benzon H: Oral anticoagulants and regional anesthesia: A perspective. Reg Anesth Pain Med 23(Suppl 2):140, 1998.

300. Urmey WF, Rowlingson J: Do antiplatelet agents contribute to the development of perioperative spinal hematoma? Reg Anesth Pain Med 23(Suppl 2):146, 1998.

Previous Next