|
|
REFERENCES
301.
Rosenquist RW, Brown DL: Neuraxial bleeding:
Fibrinolytics/thrombolytics. Reg Anesth Pain Med 23(Suppl 2):157, 1998.
302.
Liu SS, Mulroy MF: Neuraxial anesthesia and analgesia
in the presence of standard heparin. Reg Anesth Pain Med 23(Suppl 2):157, 1998.
303.
Horlocker TT, Wedel DJ, Benzon H, et al: Regional
anesthesia in the anticoagulated patient—Defining the risks (the second ASRA
Consensus Conference on Neuraxial Anesthesia and Anticoagulation). Reg Anesth Pain
Med 28:172, 2003.
304.
Horlocker TT, Wedel DJ: Neurologic complications
of spinal and epidural anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 25:83, 2000.
305.
Dahlgren N, Tornebrandt K: Neurological complications
after anaesthesia. A follow-up of 18,000 spinal and epidural anaesthetics performed
over three years. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 39:872, 1995.
306.
Aromaa U, Lahdensuu M, Cozanitis DA: Severe complications
associated with epidural and spinal anaesthesias in Finland 1987–1993. A study
based on patient insurance claims. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41:445, 1997.
307.
Wang LP, Hauerberg J, Schmidt JF: Incidence of
spinal epidural abscess after epidural analgesia: A national 1-year survey. Anesthesiology
91:1928, 1999.
308.
Kost-Byerly S, Tobin JR, Greenberg RS, et al:
Bacterial colonization and infection rate of continuous epidural catheters in children.
Anesth Analg 86:712, 1998.
309.
McNeely JK, Trentadue NC, Rusy LM, et al: Culture
of bacteria from lumbar and caudal epidural catheters used for postoperative analgesia
in children. Reg Anesth 22:428, 1997.
310.
Simpson RS, Macintyre PE, Shaw D, et al: Epidural
catheter tip cultures: Results of a 4-year audit and implications for clinical practice.
Reg Anesth Pain Med 25:360, 2000.
311.
Lema MJ: Monitoring epidural local anesthetic
action during the postoperative period. Reg Anesth 21(Suppl):94, 1996.
312.
Beerle BJ, Rose RJ: Lower extremity compartment
syndrome from prolonged lithotomy position not masked by epidural bupivacaine and
fentanyl. Reg Anesth 18:189, 1993.
313.
Harrington P, Bunola J, Jennings AJ, et al: Acute
compartment syndrome masked by intravenous morphine from a patient-controlled analgesia
pump. Injury 31:387, 2000.
314.
Dunwoody JM, Reichert CC, Brown KL: Compartment
syndrome associated with bupivacaine and fentanyl epidural analgesia in pediatric
orthopaedics. J Pediatr Orthop 17:285, 1997.
315.
Allen HW, Liu SS, Ware PD, et al: Peripheral
nerve blocks improve analgesia after total knee replacement surgery. Anesth Analg
87:93, 1998.
316.
Nguyen A, Girard F, Boudreault D, et al: Scalp
nerve blocks decrease the severity of pain after craniotomy. Anesth Analg 93:1272,
2001.
317.
Mulroy MF, Larkin KL, Batra MS, et al: Femoral
nerve block with 0.25% or 0.5% bupivacaine improves postoperative analgesia following
outpatient arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament repair. Reg Anesth Pain Med 26:24,
2001.
318.
Al-Kaisy A, McGuire G, Chan VW, et al: Analgesic
effect of interscalene block using low-dose bupivacaine for outpatient arthroscopic
shoulder surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med 23:469, 1998.
319.
Allen JG, Denny NM, Oakman N: Postoperative analgesia
following total knee arthroplasty: A study comparing spinal anesthesia and combined
sciatic femoral 3-in-1 block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 23:142, 1998.
320.
Borgeat A, Schappi B, Biasca N, et al: Patient-controlled
analgesia after major shoulder surgery: Patient-controlled interscalene analgesia
versus patient-controlled analgesia. Anesthesiology 87:1343, 1997.
321.
Wang H, Boctor B, Verner J: The effect of single-injection
femoral nerve block on rehabilitation and length of hospital stay after total knee
replacement. Reg Anesth Pain Med 27:139, 2002.
322.
Stevens RD, Van Gessel E, Flory N, et al: Lumbar
plexus block reduces pain and blood loss associated with total hip arthroplasty.
Anesthesiology 93:115, 2000.
323.
Liu SS, Salinas FV: Continuous plexus and peripheral
nerve blocks for postoperative analgesia. Anesth Analg 96:263, 2003.
324.
Neal JM, Hebl JR, Gerancher JC, et al: Branchial
plexus anesthesia: Essentials of our current understanding. Reg Anesth Pain Med
27:402, 2002.
325.
Enneking FK, Horlocker TT, Chan VW, et al: A
comprehensive review of lower extremity peripheral nerve blockade. Reg Anesth Pain
Med (in press).
326.
Mulroy MF, Burgess FW, Emanuelsson BM: Ropivacaine
0.25% and 0.5%, but not 0.125%, provide effective wound infiltration analgesia after
outpatient hernia repair, but with sustained plasma drug levels. Reg Anesth Pain
Med 24:136, 1999.
327.
Dahl V, Raeder JC: Non-opioid postoperative analgesia.
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 44:1191, 2000.
328.
Borgeat A, Tewes E, Biasca N, et al: Patient-controlled
interscalene analgesia with ropivacaine after major shoulder surgery: PCIA vs PCA.
Br J Anaesth 81:603, 1998.
329.
Singelyn FJ, Deyaert M, Joris D, et al: Effects
of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with morphine, continuous epidural analgesia,
and continuous three-in-one block on postoperative pain and knee rehabilitation after
unilateral total knee arthroplasty. Anesth Analg 87:88, 1998.
330.
Mezzatesta JP, Scott DA, Schweitzer SA, et al:
Continuous axillary brachial plexus block for postoperative pain relief. Intermittent
bolus versus continuous infusion. Reg Anesth 22:357, 1997.
331.
Singelyn FJ, Seguy S, Gouverneur JM: Interscalene
brachial plexus analgesia after open shoulder surgery: Continuous versus patient-controlled
infusion. Anesth Analg 89:1216, 1999.
332.
Singelyn FJ, Vanderelst PE, Gouverneur JM: Extended
femoral nerve sheath block after total hip arthroplasty: Continuous versus patient-controlled
techniques. Anesth Analg 92:455, 2001.
333.
Horlocker TT, Hebl JR, Kinney MA, et al: Opioid-free
analgesia following total knee arthroplasty—A multimodal approach using continuous
lumbar plexus (psoas compartment) block, acetaminophen, and ketorolac. Reg Anesth
Pain Med 27:105, 2002.
334.
Karmakar MK, Chui PT, Joynt GM, et al: Thoracic
paravertebral block for management of pain associated with multiple fractured ribs
in patients with concomitant lumbar spinal trauma. Reg Anesth Pain Med 26:169, 2001.
335.
Karmakar MK: Thoracic paravertebral block. Anesthesiology
95:771, 2001.
336.
Richardson J, Sabanathan S, Shah R: Post-thoracotomy
spirometric lung function: The effect of analgesia: A review. J Cardiovasc Surg
40:445, 1999.
337.
Richardson J, Sabanathan S, Jones J, et al: A
prospective, randomized comparison of preoperative and continuous balanced epidural
or paravertebral bupivacaine on post-thracotomy pain, pulmonary function and stress
response. Br J Anaesth 83:387, 1999.
338.
Kaiser AM, Zollinger A, De Lorenzi D, et al:
Prospective, randomized comparison of extrapleural versus epidural analgesia for
postthoracotomy pain. Ann Thorac Surg 66:367, 1998.
339.
Silomon M, Claus T, Huwer H, et al: Interpleural
analgesia does not influence postthoracotomy pain. Anesth Analg 91:44, 2000.
340.
Pettersson N, Perbeck L, Brismar B, et al: Sensory
and sympathetic block during interpleural analgesia. Reg Anesth 22:313, 1997.
341.
Luchette FA, Radafshar SM, Kaiser R, et al: Prospective
evaluation of epidural versus intrapleural catheters for analgesia in chest wall
trauma. J Trauma 36:865, 1994.
342.
Gaeta RR, Macario A, Brodsky JB, et al: Pain
outcomes after thoractomy: Lumbar epidural hydromorphone versus intrapleural bupivacaine.
J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 9:534, 1995.
343.
Shanti CM, Carlin AM, Tyburski JG: Incidence
of pneumothorax from intercostal nerve block for analgesia in rib fractures. J Trauma
51:536, 2001.
344.
Miguel R, Hubbell D: Pain management and spirometry
following thoracotomy: A prospective, randomized study of four techniques. J Cardiothorac
Vasc Anesth 7:529, 1993.
345.
Brichon PY, Pison C, Chaffanjon P, et al: Comparison
of epidural analgesia and cryoanalgesia in thoracic surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac
Surg 8:482, 1994.
346.
Callesen T, Bech K, Thorup J, et al: Cryoanalgesia:
Effect on postherniorrhaphy pain. Anesth Analg 87:896, 1998.
347.
Kalso E, Smith L, McQuay HJ, et al: No pain,
no gain: Clinical excellence and scientific rigour—Lessons learned from IA
morphine. Pain 98:269, 2002.
348.
Gupta A, Bodin L, Holmstrom B, et al: A systematic
review of the peripheral analgesic effects of intraarticular morphine. Anesth Analg
93:761, 2001.
349.
Stein C, Comisel K, Haimerl E, et al: Analgesic
effect of intraarticular morphine after arthroscopic knee surgery. N Engl J Med
325:1123, 1991.
350.
Reuben SS, Vierira P, Faruqi S, et al: Local
administration of morphine for analgesia after iliac bone graft harvest. Anesthesiology
95:390, 2001.
351.
Kalso E, Tramer MR, Carroll D, et al: Pain relief
from intra-articular morphine after knee surgery: A qualitative systematic review.
Pain 71:127, 1997.
352.
Moiniche S, Mikkelsen S, Wetterslev J, et al:
A systematic review of intra-articular local anesthesia for postoperative pain relief
after arthroscopic knee surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med 24:430, 1999.
353.
Hamza MA, White PF, Ahmed HE, et al: Effect of
the frequency of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on the postoperative
opioid analgesic requirement and recovery profile. Anesthesiology 91:1232, 1999.
354.
Benedetti F, Amanzio M, Casadio C, et al: Control
of post-operative pain by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation after thoracic
operations. Ann Thorac Surg 63:773, 1997.
355.
Kotani N, Hashimoto H, Sato Y, et al: Preoperative
intradermal acupuncture reduces postoperative pain, nausea and vomiting, analgesic
requirements, and sympathoadrenal responses. Anesthesiology 95:349, 2001.
356.
Chen L, Tang J, White PF, et al: The effect of
location of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on postoperative opioid analgesic
requirement: Acupoint versus nonacupoint stimulation. Anesth Analg 87:1129, 1998.
357.
Ernst E, White AR: Prospective studies of the
safety of acupuncture: A systematic review. Am J Med 110:481, 2001.
358.
Carroll D, Tramer M, McQuay H, et al: Randomization
is important in studies with pain outcomes: Systematic review of transcutaneous
electrical nerve stimulation in acute postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 77:798, 1996.
359.
Linde K, Vickers A, Hondras M, et al: Systematic
reviews of complementary therapies—An annotated bibliography. Part I. Acupuncture.
BMC Complement Altern Med 1:3, 2001.
360.
Carroll D, Tramer M, McQuay H, et al: Transcutaneous
electrical nerve stimulation in labour pain: A systematic review. Br J Obstet Gynaecol
104:169, 1997.
361.
Eccleston C: Role of psychology in pain management.
Br J Anaesth 87:144, 2001.
362.
Morley S, Eccleston C, Williams A: Systematic
review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive behaviour therapy
and behaviour therapy for chronic pain in adults, excluding headache. Pain 80:1,
1999.
363.
Malone MD, Strube MJ, Scogin FR: Meta-analysis
of nonmedical treatments for chronic pain. Pain 34:231, 1988.
364.
Price DD, Milling LS, Kirsch I, et al: An analysis
of factors that contribute to the magnitude of placebo analgesia in an experimental
paradigm. Pain 83:147, 1999.
365.
Amanzio M, Pollo A, Maggi G, et al: Response
variability to analgesics: A role for non-specific activation of endogenous opioids.
Pain 90:205, 2001.
366.
Hrobjartsson A, Gotzsche PC: Is the placebo powerless?
An analysis of clinical trials comparing placebo with no treatment. N Engl J Med
344:1594, 2001.
367.
Duffy SQ, Farley DE: Patterns of decline among
inpatient procedures. Public Health Reports 110:674, 1995.
368.
Fleisher LA, Yee K, Lillemoe KD, et al: Is outpatient
laparoscopic cholecystectomy safe and cost-effective? A model to study transition
of care. Anesthesiology 90:1746, 1999.
369.
Fancourt-Smith PF, Hornstein J, Jenkins LC: Hospital
admissions from the Surgical Day Care Centre of Vancouver General Hospital 1977–1987.
Can J Anaesth 37:699, 1990.
370.
Fraser RA, Hotz SB, Hurtig JB, et al: The prevalence
and impact of pain after day-care tubal ligation surgery. Pain 39:189, 1989.
371.
Alexander JI: Pain after laparoscopy. Br J Anaesth
79:369, 1997.
372.
Gold BS, Kitz DS, Lecky JH, et al: Unanticipated
admission to the hospital following ambulatory surgery. JAMA 262:3008, 1989.
373.
Twersky R, Fishman D, Homel P: What happens after
discharge? Return hospital visits after ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 84:319,
1997.
374.
Beauregard L, Pomp A, Choiniere M: Severity and
impact of pain after day-surgery. Can J Anaesth 45:304, 1998.
375.
Chung F, Un V, Su J: Postoperative symptoms 24
hours after ambulatory anesthesia. Can J Anaesth 43:1121, 1996.
376.
Philip BK: Patients' assessment of ambulatory
anesthesia and surgery. J Clin Anesth 4:355, 1992.
377.
Rawal N, Hylander J, Nydahl PA, et al: Survey
of postoperative analgesia following ambulatory surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand
41:1017, 1997.
378.
Swan BA, Maislin G, Traber KB: Symptom distress
and functional status changes during the first seven days after ambulatory surgery.
Anesth Analg 86:739, 1998.
379.
Detmer DE, Gelijns AC: Ambulatory surgery: A
more cost-effective treatment strategy? Arch Surg 129:123, 1994.
380.
Wu CL, Berenholtz SM, Pronovost PJ, et al: Systematic
review and analysis of postdischarge symptoms after outpatient surgery. Anesthesiology
96:994, 2002.
381.
Hellberg A, Rudberg C, Kullman E, et al: Prospective
randomized multicentre study of laparoscopic versus open appendectomy. Br J Surg
86:48, 1999.
382.
Hendolin HI, Paakonen ME, Alhava EM, et al: Laparoscopic
or open cholecystectomy: A prospective randomised trial to compare postoperative
pain, pulmonary function, and stress response. Eur J Surg 166:394, 2000.
383.
Chung F, Mezei G: Adverse outcomes in ambulatory
anesthesia. Can J Anaesth 46(Pt 2):R18, 1999.
384.
White PF, Li S, Chiu JW: Electroanalgesia: Its
role in acute and chronic pain management. Anesth Analg 92:505, 2001.
385.
Raeder JC, Steine S, Vatsgar TT: Oral ibuprofen
versus paracetamol plus codeine for analgesia after ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg
92:1470, 2001.
386.
Romsing J, Moiniche S, Dahl JB: Rectal and parenteral
paracetamol, and paracetamol combination with NSAIDS, for postoperative analgesia.
Br J Anaesth 88:215, 2002.
387.
Kuzma PJ, Kline MD, Calkins MD, et al: Progress
in the development of ultra-long-acting local anesthetics. Reg Anesth 22:543, 1997.
388.
Anderson GF, Hussey PS: Population aging: A
comparison among industrialized countries. Health Aff (Millwood) 19:191, 2000.
389.
Gibson SJ, Helme RD: Age-related differences
in pain perception and report. Clin Geriatr Med 17:433, 2001.
390.
Gregoratos G: Clinical manifestations of acute
myocardial infarction in older patients. Am J Geriatr Cardiol 10:345, 2001.
391.
Chakour MC, Gibson SJ, Bradbeer M, et al: The
effects of age on A-delta and C-fibre thermal pain perception. Pain 64:143, 1996.
392.
Harkins SW, Davis MD, Bush FM, et al: Suppression
of first pain and slow temporal summation of second pain in relation to age. J Gerontol
A Biol Sci Med Sci 51:M260, 1996.
393.
Zheng Z, Gibson SJ, Khalil Z, et al: Age-related
differences in the time course of capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia. Pain 85:51, 2000.
394.
Iwata K, Fukuoka T, Kondo E, et al: Plastic changes
in nociceptive transmission of the rat spinal cord with advancing age. J Neurophysiol
87:1086, 2002.
395.
Gloth FM 3rd: Geriatric pain. Factors that limit
pain relief and increase complications. Geriatrics 55:46, 2000.
396.
Pickering G, Jourdan D, Eschalier A, et al: Impact
of age, gender and cognitive functioning on pain perception. Gerontology 48:112,
2002.
397.
Macintyre PE, Jarvis DA: Age is the best predictor
of postoperative morphine requirements. Pain 64:357, 1996.
398.
Woodhouse A, Mather LE: The influence of age
upon opioid analgesic use in the patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) environment.
Anaesthesia 52:949, 1997.
399.
Gagliese L, Melzack R: Age differences in nociception
and pain behaviours in the rat. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 24:843, 2000.
400.
Aubrun F, Monsel S, Langeron O, et al: Postoperative
titration of intravenous morphine in the elderly patient. Anesthesiology 96:17,
2002.
401.
Gagliese L, Jackson M, Ritvo P, et al: Age is
not an impediment to effective use of patient-controlled analgesia by surgical patients.
Anesthesiology 93:601, 2000.
402.
Rapp SR, Parisi SA, Wallace CE: Comorbid psychiatric
disorders in elderly medical patients: A 1-year prospective study. J Am Geriatr
Soc 39:124, 1991.
403.
Marcantonio ER, Flacker JM, MIchaels M, et al:
Delirium is independently associated with poor functional recovery after hip fracture.
J Am Geriatr Soc 48:618, 2000.
404.
Inouye SK, Schlesinger MJ, Lydon TJ: Delirium:
A symptom of how hospital care is failing older persons and a window to improve
quality of hospital care. Am J Med 106:565, 1999.
405.
Flacker JM, Lipsitz LA: Neural mechanisms of
delirium: Current hypothesis and evolving concepts. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med 54:B239,
1999.
406.
van der Mast RC: Pathophysiology of delirium.
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 11:138, 1998.
407.
Schor JD, Levkoff SE, Lipsitz LA, et al: Risk
factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly. JAMA 267:827, 1992.
408.
Duggleby W, Lander J: Cognitive status and postoperative
pain: Older adults. J Pain Symptom Manage 9:19, 1994.
409.
Lynch EP, Lazor MA, Gellis JE, et al: The impact
of postoperative pain on the development of postoperative delirium. Anesth Analg
86:781, 1998.
410.
Marcantonio ER, Juarez G, Goldman L, et al: The
relationship of postoperative delirium with psychoactive medications. JAMA 272:1518,
1994.
411.
Gloth FM 3rd: Principles of perioperative pain
management in older adults. Clin Geriatr Med 17:553, 2001.
412.
Aronoff GM: Medical treatment of opiate addiction.
JAMA 283:2931, 2000.
413.
Savage SR: Long-term opioid therapy: Assessment
of consequences and risks. J Pain Symptom Manage 11:274, 1996.
414.
Rapp SE, Ready LB, Nessly ML: Acute pain management
in patients with prior opioid consumption: A case-controlled retrospective review.
Pain 61:195, 1995.
415.
Pereira J, Lawlor P, Vigano A, et al: Equianalgesic
dose ratios for opioids: A critical review and proposals for long-term dosing.
J Pain Symptom Manage 22:672, 2001.
416.
Anderson R, Saiers JH, Abram S, et al: Accuracy
in equianalgesic dosing: Conversion dilemmas. J Pain Symptom Manage 21:397, 2001.
417.
Woodhouse A, Ward ME, Mather LE: Intra-subject
variability in post-operative patient-controlled analgesia (PCA): Is the patient
equally satisfied with morphine, pethidine and fentanyl? Pain 80:545, 1999.
418.
Mercadante S: Opioid rotation for cancer pain.
Rationale and clinical aspects. Cancer 86:1856, 1999.
419.
Rapp SE, Egan KJ, Ross BK, et al: A multidimensional
comparison of morphine and hydromorphone patient-controlled analgesia. Anesth Analg
82:1043, 1996.
420.
de Leon-Casasola OA, Lema MJ: Epidural sufentanil
for acute pain control in a patient with extreme opioid dependency. Anesthesiology
76:853, 1992.
421.
de Leon-Casasola OA, Myers DP, Donaparthi S, et
al: A comparison of postoperative epidural analgesia between patients with chronic
cancer patients taking high doses of oral opioids versus opioid-naïve patients.
Anesth Analg 76:302, 1993.
422.
American Academy of Pediatrics and American Pain
Society: The assessment and management of acute pain in infants, children, and adolescents.
Pediatrics 108:793, 2001.
423.
Berde CB, Sethna NF: Analgesics for the treatment
of pain in children. N Engl J Med 347:1094, 2002.
424.
Anand KJ, Hickey PR: Halothane-morphine compared
with high-dose sufentanil for anesthesia and post-operative analgesia in neonatal
cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 326:1, 1992.
425.
Cass LJ, Howard RF: Respiratory complications
due to inadequate analgesia following thoracotomy in a neonate. Anaesthesia 49:879,
1994.
426.
Walco GA, Cassidy RC, Schechter NL: Pain, hurt,
and harm. The ethics of pain control in infants and children. N Engl J Med 331:541,
1994.
427.
Kost-Byerly S: New concepts in acute and extended
postoperative pain management in children. Anesthesiol Clin North Am 20:115, 2002.
428.
Collins JJ, Geake J, Grier HE, et al: Patient-controlled
analgesia for mucositis pain in children: Three-period crossover study comparing
morphine and hydromorphone. J Pediatr 129:722, 1996.
429.
Doyle E, Harper I, Morton NS: Patient-controlled
analgesia with low dose background infusions after lower abdominal surgery in children.
Br J Anaesth 71:818, 1993.
430.
Doyle E, Mottart KJ, Marshall C, et al: Comparison
of different bolus doses of morphine for patient-controlled analgesia in children.
Br J Anaesth 72:160, 1994.
431.
McNeely JK, Trentadue NC: Comparison of patient-controlled
analgesia with and without nighttime morphine infusion following lower extremity
surgery in children. J Pain Symptom Manage 13:268, 1997.
432.
Monitto CL, Greenberg RS, Kost-Byerly S, et al:
The safety and efficacy of parent-/nurse-controlled analgesia in patients less than
six years of age. Anesth Analg 91:573, 2000.
433.
Esmail Z, Montgomery C, Courtrn C, et al: Efficacy
and complications of morphine infusions in postoperative paediatric patients. Paediatr
Anaesth 9:321, 1999.
434.
van Dijk M, Bouwmeester NJ, Duivenvoorden HJ,
et al: Efficacy of continuous versus intermittent morphine administration after
major surgery in 0–3-year-old infants; a double-blind randomized controlled
trial. Pain 98:305, 2002.
435.
Tyler DC, Woodham M, Stocks J, et al: Oxygen
saturation in children in the postoperative period. Anesth Analg 80:14, 1995.
436.
Korpela R, Korvenoja P, Meretoja OA: Morphine-sparing
effect of acetaminophen in pediatric day-case surgery. Anesthesiology 91:442, 1999.
437.
Vetter TR, Heiner EJ: Intravenous ketorolac as
an adjuvant to pediatric patient-controlled analgesia with morphine. J Clin Anesth
6:110, 1994.
438.
Sutters KA, Shaw BA, Gerardi JA, et al: Comparison
of morphine patient-controlled analgesia with and without ketorolac for postoperative
analgesia in pediatric orthopedic surgery. Am J Orthop 28:351, 1999.
439.
Birmingham PK, Tobin MJ, Fisher DM, et al: Initial
and subsequent dosing of rectal acetaminophen in children: A 24-hour pharmacokinetic
study of new dose recommendations. Anesthesiology 94:385, 2001.
440.
Krane EJ, Dalens BJ, Murat I, et al: The safety
of epidurals placed during general anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 23:433, 1998.
441.
Ivani G, DeNegri P, Conio A, et al: Comparison
of racemic bupivacaine, ropivacaine, and levo-bupivacaine for pediatric caudal anesthesia:
Effects on postoperative analgesia and motor block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 27:157,
2002.
442.
Lejus C, Roussiere G, Testa S, et al: Postoperative
extradural analgesia in children: Comparison of morphine with fentanyl. Br J Anaesth
72:156, 1994.
443.
Pirotte T, Veyckemans F: Postoperative apnea
in a former preterm infant: Clonidine or too much unbound bupivacaine? Reg Anesth
Pain Med 27:110, 2002.
444.
De Negri P, Ivani G, Visconti C, et al: The dose-response
relationship for clonidine added to a postoperative continuous epidural infusion
of ropivacaine in children. Anesth Analg 93:71, 2001.
445.
Strafford MA, Wilder RT, Berde CB: The risk of
infection from epidural analgesia in children: A review of 1620 cases. Anesth Analg
80:234, 1995.
446.
Paut O, Sallabery M, Schreiber-Deturmeny E, et
al: Continuous fascia iliaca compartment block in children: A prospective evaluation
of plasma bupivacaine concentrations, pain scores, and side effects. Anesth Analg
92:1159, 2001.
447.
McNeely JK, Farber NE, Rusy LM, et al: Epidural
analgesia improves outcome following pediatric fundoplication. A retrospective analysis.
Reg Anesth 22:16, 1997.
448.
Cassady JF Jr, Lederhaas G, Cancel DD, et al:
A randomized comparison of the effects of continuous thoracic epidural analgesia
and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia after posterior spinal fusion in adolescent.
Reg Anesth Pain Med 25:246, 2000.
449.
Benumof JL: Obstructive sleep apnea in the adult
obese patient: Implications for airway management. J Clin Anesth 13:144, 2001.
450.
Rawal N, Sjostrand U, Christoffersson E, et al:
Comparison of intramuscular and epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia in
the grossly obese: Influence on postoperative ambulation and pulmonary function.
Anesth Analg 63:583, 1984.