 |
|
|
REFERENCES
1.
Carr DB, Jacox AK, Chapman RC, et al: Clinical
Practice Guideline: Acute Pain Management: Operative or Medical Procedures and
Trauma. Rockville, MD, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services, 1992.
2.
American Society of Anesthesiologists: Practice
guidelines for acute pain management in the perioperative setting: A report by the
American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Pain Management, Acute Pain Section.
Anesthesiology 82:1071, 1995.
3.
American Pain Society Quality of Care Committee:
Quality improvement guidelines for the treatment of acute pain and cancer pain.
JAMA 274:1874, 1995.
4.
Phillips DM: JCAHO pain management standards are
unveiled. JAMA 284:428, 2000.
5.
Ready LB, Oden R, Chadwick HS, et al: Development
of an anesthesiology-based postoperative pain management service. Anesthesiology
68:100, 1988.
6.
Wu CL, Garry MG, Zollo RA, et al: Gene therapy
for the management of pain. Part II. Molecular targets. Anesthesiology 95:216,
2001.
7.
Ilfeld BM, Enneking FK: A portable mechanical pump
providing over four days of patient-controlled analgesia by perineural infusion at
home. Reg Anesth Pain Med 27:100, 2002.
8.
Grant GJ, Bansinath M: Liposomal delivery systems
for local anesthetics. Reg Anesth Pain Med 26:61, 2001.
9.
Julius D, Basbaum AI: Molecular mechanisms of nociception.
Nature 413:203, 2001.
10.
Carr DB, Goudas LC: Acute pain. Lancet 353:2051,
1999.
11.
Kissin I: Preemptive analgesia. Anesthesiology
93:1138, 2000.
12.
Besson JM: The neurobiology of pain. Lancet 353:1610,
1999.
13.
Basbaum AI: Spinal mechanisms of acute and persistent
pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med 24:59, 1999.
14.
Katz J, Jackson M, Kavanagh BP, et al: Acute pain
after thoracic surgery predicts long-term post-thoracotomy pain. Clin J Pain 12:50,
1996.
15.
Kalso E, Perttunen K, Kaasinen S: Pain after thoracic
surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 36:96, 1992.
16.
Tasmuth T, Kataja M, Blomqvist C, et al: Treatment-related
factors predisposing to chronic pain in patients with breast cancer—A multivariate
approach. Acta Oncol 36:625, 1997.
17.
Perkins FM, Kehlet H: Chronic pain as an outcome
of surgery. A review of predictive factors. Anesthesiology 93:1123, 2000.
18.
Kehlet H, Holte K: Effect of postoperative analgesia
on surgical outcome. Br J Anaesth 87:62, 2001.
19.
Liu S, Carpenter RL, Neal JM: Epidural anesthesia
and analgesia. Their role in postoperative outcome. Anesthesiology 82:1474, 1995.
20.
Kehlet H: Modification of responses to surgery
by neural blockade. In Cousins MJ, Bridenbaugh PO
(eds): Neural Blockade in Clinical Anesthesia and Management of Pain, 3rd ed. Philadelphia,
Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1998.
21.
Desborough JP: The stress response to trauma and
surgery. Br J Anaesth 85:109, 2000.
22.
Rosenfeld BA: Benefits of regional anesthesia
on thromboembolic complications following surgery. Reg Anesth 21(Suppl):9, 1996.
23.
Wu CL, Fleisher LA: Outcomes research in regional
anesthesia and analgesia. Anesth Analg 91:1232, 2000.
24.
Pomposelli JJ, Baxter JK 3rd, Babineau TJ, et al:
Early postoperative glucose control predicts nosocomial infection rate in diabetic
patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 22:77, 1998.
25.
Warltier DC, Pagel PS, Kersten JR: Approaches
to the prevention of perioperative myocardial ischemia. Anesthesiology 92:253, 2000.
26.
Livingston EH, Passaro EP Jr: Postoperative ileus.
Dig Dis Sci 35:121, 1990.
27.
Fratacci MD, Kimball WR, Wain JC, et al: Diaphragmatic
shortening after thoracic surgery in humans. Effects of mechanical ventilation and
thoracic epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 79:654, 1993.
28.
Kavanagh BP, Katz J, Sandler AN: Pain control
after thoracic surgery: A review of current techniques. Anesthesiology 81:737,
1994.
29.
Macrae WA: Chronic pain after surgery. Br J Anaesth
87:88, 2001.
30.
Kalso E, Mennander S, Tasmuth T, et al: Chronic
post-sternotomy pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 45:935, 2001.
31.
Ochroch EA, Gottschalk A, Augostides J, et al:
Long-term pain and activity during recovery from major thoracotomy using thoracic
epidural analgesia. Anesthesiology 97:1234, 2002.
32.
Callesen T, Bech K, Kehlet H: Prospective study
of chronic pain after groin hernia repair. Br J Surg 86:1528, 1999.
33.
Fisher A, Meller Y: Continuous postoperative regional
analgesia by nerve sheath block for amputation—A pilot study. Anesth Analg
72:300, 1991.
34.
Borly L, Anderson IB, Bardram L, et al: Preoperative
prediction model of outcome after cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallstones. Scand
J Gastroenterol 34:1144, 1999.
35.
Obata H, Saito S, Fujita N, et al: Epidural block
with mepivacaine before surgery reduces long-term post-thoracotomy pain. Can J Anaesth
46:1127, 1999.
36.
Schug SA, Burrell R, Payne J, et al: Preemptive
epidural analgesia may prevent phantom limb pain. Reg Anesth 20:256, 1995.
37.
Stiller KR, Munday RM: Chest physiotherapy for
the surgical patient. Br J Surg 79:745, 1992.
38.
Capdevila X, Barthelet Y, Biboulet P, et al: Effects
of perioperative analgesic technique on the surgical outcome and duration of rehabilitation
after major knee surgery. Anesthesiology 91:8, 1999.
39.
Gottschalk A, Smith DS, Jobes DR, et al: Preemptive
epidural analgesia and recovery from radical prostatectomy: A randomized controlled
trial. JAMA 279:1076, 1998.
40.
Carli F, Mayo N, Klubien K, et al: Epidural analgesia
enhances functional exercise capacity and health-related quality of life after colonic
surgery: Results of a randomized trial. Anesthesiology 97:540, 2002.
41.
Perttunen K, Tasmuth T, Kalso E: Chronic pain
after thoracic surgery: A follow-up study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 43:563, 1999.
42.
Kissin I: Preemptive analgesia. Why its effect
is not always obvious. Anesthesiology 84:1015, 1996
43.
Woolf CJ, Chong MS: Preemptive analgesia—Treating
postoperative pain by preventing the establishment of central sensitization. Anesth
Analg 77:362, 1993.
44.
Moiniche S, Kehlet H, Dahl JB: A qualitative and
quantitative systematic review of preemptive analgesia for postoperative pain: The
role of timing of analgesia. Anesthesiology 96:725, 2002.
45.
Shir Y, Raja SN, Frank SM: The effect of epidural
versus general anesthesia on postoperative pain and analgesic requirements in patients
undergoing radical prostatectomy. Anesthesiology 80:49, 1994.
46.
Kissin I, Lee SS, Bradley EL Jr: Effect of prolonged
nerve block on inflammatory hyperalgesia in rats: Prevention of late hyperalgesia.
Anesthesiology 88:224, 1998.
47.
Kehlet H, Wilmore DW: Multimodal strategies to
improve surgical outcome. Am J Surg 183:630, 2002.
48.
Kehlet H: Multimodal approach to control postoperative
pathophysiology and rehabilitation. Br J Anaesth 78:606, 1997.
49.
Boisseau N, Rabary O, Padovani B, et al: Improvement
of "dynamic analgesia" does not decrease atelectasis after thoracotomy. Br J Anaesth
87:564, 2001.
50.
Jin F, Chung F: Multimodal analgesia for postoperative
pain control. J Clin Anesth 13:524, 2001.
51.
Ballantyne JC, Carr DB, deFerranti S, et al: The
comparative effects of postoperative analgesic therapies on pulmonary outcome: Cumulative
meta-analyses of randomized, controlled trials. Anesth Analg 86:598, 1998.
52.
Jorgensen H, Wetterslev J, Moiniche S, et al:
Epidural local anaesthetics versus opioid-based analgesic regimens on postoperative
gastrointestinal paralysis, PONV and pain after abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database
Syst Rev 4:CD001893, 2000.
53.
Barratt SM, Smith RC, Kee AJ, et al: Multimodal
analgesia and intravenous nutrition preserves total body protein following major
upper gastrointestinal surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med 27:15, 2002.
54.
Brodner G, Pogatzki E, Van Aken H, et al: A multimodal
approach to control postoperative pathophysiology and rehabilitation in patients
undergoing abdominothoracic esophagectomy. Anesth Analg 86:228, 1998.
55.
Brodner G, Van Aken H, Hertle L, et al: Multimodal
perioperative management—combining thoracic epidural analgesia, forced mobilization,
and oral nutrition—reduces hormonal and metabolic stress and improves convalescence
after major urologic surgery. Anesth Analg 92:1594, 2001.
56.
Basse L, Raskov HH, Hjort Jakobsen D, et al: Accelerated
postoperative recovery programme after colonic resection improves physical performance,
pulmonary function and body composition. Br J Surg 89:446, 2002.
57.
Jiang HJ, Lagasse RS, Ciccone K, et al: Factors
influencing hospital implementation of acute pain management practice guidelines.
J Clin Anesth 13:268, 2001.
58.
Stein C: The control of pain in peripheral tissue
by opioids. N Engl J Med 332:1685, 1995.
59.
Taylor DA, Fleming WW: Unifying perspectives of
the mechanisms underlying the development of tolerance and physical dependence to
opioids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 297:11, 2001.
60.
Gourlay GK, Kowalski SR, Plummer JL, et al: Fentanyl
blood concentration-analgesic response relationship in the treatment of postoperative
pain. Anesth Analg 67:329, 1988.
61.
Cruickshank RH, Spencer A, Ellis FR: Pretreatment
with controlled-release morphine for pain after hysterectomy. Anaesthesia 51:1097,
1996.
62.
Reuben SS, Connelly NR, Maciolek H: Postoperative
analgesia with controlled-release oxycodone for outpatient anterior cruciate ligament
surgery. Anesth Analg 88:1286, 1999.
63.
Bourke M, Hayes A, Doyle M, et al: A comparison
of regularly administered sustained release oral morphine with intramuscular morphine
for control of postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 90:427, 2000.
64.
Lehmann LJ, DeSio JM, Radvany T, et al: Transdermal
fentanyl in postoperative pain. Reg Anesth 22:24, 1997.
65.
Gupta SK, Sathyan G, Phipps B, et al: Reproducible
fentanyl doses delivered intermittently at different time intervals from an electrotransport
system. J Pharm Sci 88:835, 1999.
66.
Macintyre PE: Safety and efficacy of patient-controlled
analgesia. Br J Anaesth 87:36, 2001.
67.
Doyle DJ, Vicente KJ: Electrical short circuit
as a possible cause of death in patients on PCA machines: Report on an opiate overdose
and a possible preventative remedy. Anesthesiology 94:940, 2001.
68.
Wakerlin G, Larson CP Jr: Spouse-controlled analgesia.
Anesth Analg 70:119, 1990.
69.
Tobias MD, Ferrante FM: Intravenous patient-controlled
analgesia. Probl Anesth 10:37, 1998.
70.
Camu F, Van Aken H, Bovill JG: Postoperative analgesic
effects of three demand-dose sizes of fentanyl administered by patient-controlled
analgesia. Anesth Analg 87:890, 1998.
71.
Owen H, Plummer JL, Armstrong I, et al: Variables
of patient-controlled analgesia. I. Bolus size. Anaesthesia 44:7, 1989.
72.
Ginsberg B, Gil KM, Muir M, et al: The influence
of lockout intervals and drug selection on patient-controlled analgesia following
gynecological surgery. Pain 62:95, 1995.
73.
Dawson PJ, Libreri FC, Jones DJ, et al: The efficacy
of adding a continuous intravenous morphine infusion to patient-controlled analgesia
(PCA) in abdominal surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care 23:453, 1995.
74.
Doyle E, Robinson D, Morton NS: Comparison of
patient-controlled analgesia with and without a background infusion after lower abdominal
surgery in children. Br J Anaesth 71:670, 1993.
75.
Parker RK, Holtmann B, White PF: Patient-controlled
analgesia. Does a concurrent opioid infusion improve management after surgery?
JAMA 266:1947, 1991.
76.
Smythe MA, Zak MB, O'Donnell MP, et al: Patient-controlled
analgesia versus patient-controlled analgesia plus continuous infusion after hip
replacement surgery. Ann Pharmacother 30:224, 1996.
77.
Fleming BM, Coombs DW: A survey of complications
documented in a quality-control analysis of patient-controlled analgesia in the postoperative
patient. J Pain Symptom Manage 7:463, 1992.
78.
Hansen LA, Noyes MA, Lehman ME: Evaluation of
patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) versus PCA plus continuous infusion in postoperative
cancer patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 6:4, 1991.
79.
Looi-Lyons LC, Chung FF, Chan VW, et al: Respiratory
depression: An adverse outcome during patient-controlled analgesia therapy. J Clin
Anesth 8:151, 1996.
80.
Parker RK, Holtmann B, White PF: Effects of a
nighttime opioid infusion with PCA therapy on patient comfort and analgesic requirements
after abdominal hysterectomy. Anesthesiology 76:362, 1992.
81.
Walder B, Schafer M, Henzi I, et al: Efficacy
and safety of patient-controlled opioid analgesia for acute postoperative pain:
A quantitative systematic review. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 45:795, 2001.
82.
Ballantyne JC, Carr DB, Chalmers TC, et al: Postoperative
patient-controlled analgesia: Meta-analyses of initial randomized control trials.
J Clin Anesth 5:182, 1993.
83.
Fleisher LA, Mantha S, Roizen MF: Medical technology
assessment: An overview. Anesth Analg 87:1271, 1998.
84.
Chan VW, Chung F, McQuestion M, et al: Impact
of patient-controlled analgesia on required nursing time and duration of postoperative
recovery. Reg Anesth 20:506, 1995.
85.
Choiniere M, Rittenhouse BE, Perreault S, et al:
Efficacy and costs of patient-controlled analgesia versus regularly administered
intramuscular opioid therapy. Anesthesiology 89:1377, 1998.
86.
Koh P, Thomas VJ: Patient-controlled analgesia
(PCA): Does time saved by PCA improve patient satisfaction with nursing care? J
Adv Nurs 20:61, 1994.
87.
Thomas V, Health M, Rose D, et al: Psychological
characteristics and the effectiveness of patient-controlled analgesia. Br J Anaesth
74:271, 1995.
88.
Pellino TA, Ward SE: Perceived control mediates
the relationship between pain severity and patient satisfaction. J Pain Symptom
Manage 15:110, 1998.
89.
Chumbley GM, Hall GM, Salmon P: Why do patients
feel positive about patient-controlled analgesia? Anaesthesia 54:386, 1999.
90.
Jamison RN, Taft K, O'Hara JP, et al: Psychosocial
and pharmacologic predictors of satisfaction with intravenous patient-controlled
analgesia. Anesth Analg 77:121, 1993.
91.
Badner NH, Komar WE, Craen RA: Patient attitudes
regarding PCA and associated costs. Can J Anaesth 44:255, 1997.
92.
Chen PP, Chui PT, Ma M, et al: A prospective survey
of patients after cessation of patient-controlled analgesia. Anesth Analg 92:224,
2001.
93.
Fung D, Cohen MM: Measuring patient satisfaction
with anesthesia care: A review of current methodology. Anesth Analg 87:1089, 1998.
94.
Wu CL, Naqibuddin M, Fleisher LA: Measurement
of patient satisfaction as an outcome of regional anesthesia and analgesia. Reg
Anesth Pain Med 26:196, 2001.
95.
Etches RC: Respiratory depression associated with
patient-controlled analgesia: A review of eight cases. Can J Anaesth 41:125, 1994.
96.
Schug SA, Torrie JJ: Safety assessment of postoperative
pain management by an acute pain service. Pain 55:387, 1993.
97.
Sidebotham D, Dijkhuizen MR, Schug SA: The safety
and utilization of patient-controlled analgesia. J Pain Symptom Manage 14:202, 1997.
98.
Ashburn MA, Love G, Pace NL: Respiratory-related
critical events with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. Clin J Pain 10:52,
1994.
99.
Stone JG, Cozine KA, Wald A: Nocturnal oxygenation
during patient-controlled analgesia. Anesth Analg 89;104, 1999.
100.
Vanegas H, Schiable HG: Prostaglandins and cyclooxygenases
in the spinal cord. Prog Neurobiol 64:327, 2001.
101.
Svensson CI, Yaksh TL: The spinal phospholipase-cyclooxygenase-prostanoid
cascade in nociceptive processing. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 42:553, 2002.
102.
Sinatra R: Role of COX-2 inhibitors in the evolution
of acute pain management. J Pain Symptom Manage 24(Suppl):S18, 2002.
103.
Chandrasekharan NV, Dai H, Roos KL, et al: COX-3,
a cyclooxygenase-1 variant inhibited by acetaminophen and other analgesic/antipyretic
drugs: Cloning, structure, and expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:13926, 2002.
104.
Warner TD, Mitchell JA: Cyclooxygenase-3 (COX-3):
Filling in the gaps toward a COX continuum? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:13371,
2002.
105.
Ballantyne JC: Use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
drugs for acute pain management. Probl Anesth 10:23, 1998.
106.
Smith LA, Moore RA, McQuay HJ, et al: Using evidence
from different sources: An example using paracetamol 1000 mg plus codeine 60 mg.
BMC Med Res Methodol 1:1, 2001.
107.
Collins SL, Moore RA, McQuay HJ, et al: Oral
ibuprofen and diclofenac in post-operative pain: A quantitative systematic review.
Eur J Pain 2:285, 1998.
108.
Barden J, Edwards JE, McQuay HJ, et al: Single-dose
rofecoxib for acute postoperative pain in adults: A quantitative systematic review.
BMC Anesthesiol 2:4, 2002.
109.
Edwards JE, Moore RA, McQuay HJ: Single dose
oxycodone and oxycodone plus paracetamol (acetaminophen) for acute postoperative
pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD002763, 2000.
110.
Smith LA, Carroll D, Edwards JE, et al: Single-dose
ketorolac and pethidine in acute postoperative pain: Systematic review with meta-analysis.
Br J Anaesth 84:48, 2000.
111.
McQuay HJ, Carroll D, Moore RA: Injected morphine
in postoperative pain: A quantitative systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage
17:164, 1999.
112.
Moore A, Collins S, Carroll D, et al: Single
dose paracetamol (acetaminophen), with and without codeine, for postoperative pain.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD001547, 2000.
113.
Edwards JE, Oldman AD, Smith LA, et al: Oral
aspirin in postoperative pain: A quantitative systematic review. Pain 81:289, 1999.
114.
Collins SL, Edwards JE, Moore RA, et al: Single
dose dextropropoxyphene, alone and with paracetamol (acetaminophen), for postoperative
pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD001440, 2000.
115.
Moore RA, McQuay HJ: Single-patient data meta-analysis
of 3453 postoperative patients: Oral tramadol versus placebo, codeine and combination
analgesics. Pain 69:287, 1997.
116.
Cook RJ, Sackett DL: The number needed to treat:
A clinically useful measure of treatment effect. BMJ 310:452, 1995.
117.
Crews JC: Multimodal pain management strategies
for office-based and ambulatory procedures. JAMA 288:629, 2002.
118.
White PF: The role of non-opioid analgesic techniques
in the management of pain after ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 94:577, 2002.
119.
Grass JA, Sakima NT, Valley M, et al: Assessment
of ketorolac as an adjuvant to fentanyl patient-controlled epidural analgesia after
radical retropubic prostatectomy. Anesthesiology 78:642, 1993.
120.
Schug SA, Sidebotham DA, McGuinnety M, et al:
Acetaminophen as an adjunct to morphine by patient-controlled analgesia in the management
of acute postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 87:368, 1998.
121.
Gillis JC, Brogden RN: Ketorolac. A reappraisal
of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in pain
management. Drugs 53:139, 1997.
122.
Philip BK, Reese PR, Burch SP: The economic impact
of opioids on postoperative pain management. J Clin Anesth 14:354, 2002.
123.
Fitzgerald GA: Cardiovascular pharmacology of
nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and coxibs: Clinical considerations.
Am J Cardiol 89:26D, 2002.
124.
Schafer AI: Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
therapy on platelets. Am J Med 106:25S, 1999.
125.
Souter AJ, Fredman B, White PF: Controversies
in the perioperative use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Anesth Analg 79:1178,
1994.
126.
Strom BL, Berlin JA, Kinman JL, et al: Parenteral
ketorolac and risk of gastrointestinal and operative site bleeding. A postmarketing
surveillance study. JAMA 275:376, 1996.
127.
Whelton A: Nephrotoxicity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
drugs: Physiologic foundations and clinical implications. Am J Med 106:13S, 1999.
128.
Lee A, Cooper MG, Craig JC, et al: The effects
of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on postoperative renal function:
A meta-analysis. Anaesth Intensive Care 27:574, 1999.
129.
Maxy RJ, Glassman SD: The effect of nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs on osteogenesis and spinal fusion. Reg Anesth Pain Med 26:156,
2001.
130.
Szczeklik A, Stevenson DD: Aspirin-induced asthma:
Advances in pathogenesis and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol 104:5, 1999.
131.
Settipane RA, Schrank PJ, Simon RA, et al: Prevalence
of cross-sensitivity with acetaminophen in aspirin-sensitive asthmatic subjects.
J Allergy Clin Immunol 96:480, 1995.
132.
Laine L: Gastrointestinal safety of coxibs and
outcomes studies: What's the verdict? J Pain Symptom Manage 23(Suppl 2):S5, 2002.
133.
Leese PT, Hubbard RC, Karim A, et al: Effects
of celecoxib, a novel cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, on platelet function in healthy
adults: A randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Pharmacol 40:124, 2000.
134.
Brater DC: Renal effects of cyclooxygenase-2-selective
inhibitors. J Pain Symptom Manage 23(Suppl 2):S15, 2002.
135.
Reuben SS: Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs on osteogenesis and spinal fusion. Reg Anesth Pain Med 26:590, 2001.
136.
Schmid RL, Sandler AN, Katz J: Use and efficacy
of low-dose ketamine in the management of acute postoperative pain: A review of
current techniques and outcomes. Pain 82:111, 1999.
137.
Celerier E, Rivat C, Jun Y, et al: Long-lasting
hyperalgesia induced by fentanyl in rats: Preventive effect of ketamine. Anesthesiology
92:465, 2000.
138.
Tverskoy M, Oren M, Vaskovich M, et al: Ketamine
enhances local anesthetic and analgesic effects of bupivacaine by peripheral mechanism:
A study in postoperative patients. Neurosci Lett 215:5, 1996.
139.
Suzuki M, Tsueda K, Lansing PS, et al: Small-dose
ketamine enhances morphine-induced analgesia after outpatient surgery. Anesth Analg
89:98, 1999.
140.
Menigaux C, Guignard B, Fletcher D, et al: Intraoperative
small-dose ketamine enhances analgesia after outpatient knee arthroscopy. Anesth
Analg 93:606, 2001.
141.
Krystal JH, Karper LP, Bennett A, et al: Interactive
effects of subanesthetic ketamine and subhypnotic lorazepam in humans. Psychopharmacology
135:213, 1998.
142.
Sethna NF, Liu M, Gracely R, et al: Analgesic
and cognitive effects of intravenous ketamine-alfentanil combinations versus either
drug alone after intradermal capsaicin in normal subjects. Anesth Analg 86:1250,
1998.
143.
Wong CS, Liaw WJ, Tung CS, et al: Ketamine potentiates
analgesic effect of morphine in postoperative epidural pain control. Reg Anesth
21:534, 1996.
144.
Hawksworth C, Serpell M: Intrathecal anesthesia
with ketamine. Reg Anesth Pain Med 23:283, 1998.
145.
Hodgson PS, Neal JM, Pollock JE, et al: The neurotoxicity
of drugs given intrathecally (spinal). Anesth Analg 88:797, 1999.
146.
Pang WW, Huang PY, Chang DP, et al: The peripheral
analgesic effect of tramadol in reducing propofol injection: A comparison with lidocaine.
Reg Anesth Pain Med 24:246, 1999.
147.
Scott LJ, Perry CM: Tramadol: A review of its
use in perioperative pain. Drugs 60:139, 2000.
148.
Edwards JE, McQuay HJ, Moore RA: Combination
analgesic efficacy: Individual patient data meta-analysis of single-dose oral tramadol
plus acetaminophen in acute postoperative pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 23:121, 2002.
149.
Budd K, Langford R: Tramadol revisited. Br J
Anaesth 82:493, 1999.
150.
Wilder-Smith CH, Hill L, Wilkins J, et al: Effects
of morphine and tramadol on somatic and visceral sensory function and gastrointestinal
motility after abdominal surgery. Anesthesiology 91:639, 1999.
