REFERENCES
1.
Warner DO, Warner MA, Barnes RD, et al: Perioperative
respiratory complications in patients with asthma. Anesthesiology 85:460, 1996.
2.
Schnider WM, Papper EM: Anesthesia for the asthmatic
patient. Anesthesiology 22:886, 1961.
3.
Gold MI, Helrich M: A study of the complications
related to anesthesia in asthmatic patients. Anesth Analg 42:283, 1963.
4.
Forrest JB, Rehder K, Cahalan MK, et al: Multicenter
study of general anesthesia. III. Predictors of severe perioperative adverse outcomes.
Anesthesiology 76:3, 1992.
5.
Pizov R, Brown RH, Weiss YS, et al: Wheezing during
induction of general anesthesia in patients with and without asthma. A randomized,
blinded trial. Anesthesiology 82:1111, 1995.
5A.
Cheney FW, Posner KL, Caplan RA: Adverse respiratory
events infrequently leading to malpractice suits. A closed system analysis. Anesthesiology
75:932, 1991.
6.
Mougdil GC: The patient with reactive airways disease.
Can J Anaesth 44:R77, 1997.
7.
Pinto-Pereira LM, Orrett FA, Balbirsingh M: Physiological
perspectives of therapy in bronchial hyperreactivity. Can J Anaesth 43:700, 1996.
8.
Kai T, Yoshimura H, Jones KA, et al: Relationship
between force and regulatory myosin light chain phosphorylation in airway smooth
muscle. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 279:L52, 2000.
9.
Prakash YS, Kannan MS, Walseth TF, et al: Role
of cyclic ADP ribose in the regulation of [Ca2+
] in porcine tracheal smooth
muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 274:C1653, 1998.
10.
Rho EH, Perkins WJ, Lorenz RR, et al: Differential
effects of soluble and particulate guanylyl cyclase on Ca2+
sensitivity
in airway smooth muscle. J Appl Physiol 92:257, 2002.
11.
Hirshman CA, Lande B, Croxton TL: Role of M2 muscarinic
receptors in airway smooth muscle contraction. Life Sci 64:443, 1999.
12.
Groeben H, Brown RH: Ipratropium decreases airway
size in dogs by preferential M2 muscarinic receptor blockade in vivo. Anesthesiology
85:867, 1996.
13.
Emala CW, McQuitty CK, Eleff SM, et al: Asthma,
allergy, and airway hyperresponsiveness are not linked to the beta(2)-adrenoceptor
gene. Chest 121:722, 2002.
14.
Flavahan NA, Aarhus LL, Rimele TJ, et al: Respiratory
epithelium inhibits bronchial smooth muscle tone. J Appl Physiol 65:721, 1985.
15.
Stuart-Smith K, Vanhoutte PM: Heterogeneity in
the effects of epithelium-removal in the canine bronchial tree. J Appl Physiol 63:2510,
1987.
16.
Park KW, Sato K, Dai HB, et al: Epithelium-dependent
bronchodilatory activity is preserved in pig bronchioles after normothermic cardiopulmonary
bypass. Anesth Analg 90:778, 2000.
17.
Fehr JJ, Hirshman CA, Emala CW: Cellular signaling
by the potent bronchoconstrictor endothelin-1 in airway smooth muscle. Crit Care
Med 28:1884, 2000.
18.
Colgan FJ: Performance of lungs and bronchi during
inhalation anesthesia. Anesthesiology 26:778, 1965.
19.
Klide AM, Aviado DM: Mechanism for the reduction
in pulmonary resistance induced by halothane. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 158:28, 1967.
20.
Fletcher SW, Flacke W, Alper MH: The actions of
general anesthetic agents on tracheal smooth muscle. Anesthesiology 29:517, 1969.
21.
Hickey RF, Graf PD, Nadel JA, et al: The effects
of halothane and cyclopropane on total pulmonary resistance in the dog. Anesthesiology
31:334, 1969.
22.
Coon RL, Kampine JP: Hypocapnic bronchoconstriction
and inhalation anesthetics. Anesthesiology 43:635, 1975.
23.
Patterson RW, Sullivan SF, Malm JR, et al: The
effect of halothane on human airway mechanics. Anesthesiology 29:900, 1968.
24.
D'Angelo E, Calderini IS, Tavola M: The effects
of CO2
on respiratory mechanics in anesthetized paralyzed humans. Anesthesiology
94:604, 2001.
25.
Hirshman CA, Bergman NA: Halothane and enflurane
protect against bronchospasm in an asthma dog model. Anesth Analg 57:629, 1978.
26.
Hirshman CA, Edelstein G, Pectz S, et al: Mechanism
of action of inhalational anesthesia on airways. Anesthesiology 56:107, 1982.
27.
Mazzeo AJ, Cheng EY, Stadnicka A, et al: Topographic
differences in the direct effects of isoflurane on airway smooth muscle. Anesth
Analg 78:948, 1994.
28.
Park KW, Dai HB, Lowenstein E, et al: Isoflurane-
and halothane-mediated dilation of distal bronchi in the rat depends on the epithelium.
Anesthesiology 86:1078, 1997.
29.
Habre W, Petak F, Sly PD, et al: Protective effects
of volatile agents against methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in rats. Anesthesiology
94:348, 2001.
30.
Hermans JM, Edelstein G, Hanifen JM, et al: Inhalational
anesthesia and histamine release during bronchospasm. Anesthesiology 61:69, 1984.
31.
Shah MV, Hirshman CA: Mode of action of halothane
on histamine-induced airway constriction in dogs with reactive airways. Anesthesiology
65:170, 1986.
32.
Brown RH, Zerhouni EA, Hirshman CA: Comparison
of low concentrations of halothane and isoflurane as bronchodilators. Anesthesiology
78:1097, 1993.
33.
Yamamoto K, Morimoto N, Warner DO, et al: Factors
influencing the direct actions of volatile anesthetics on airway smooth muscle.
Anesthesiology 78:1102, 1993.
34.
Mitsuhata H, Saitoh J, Shimizu R, et al: Sevolfurane
and isoflurane protect against bronchospasm in dogs. Anesthesiology 81:1230, 1004.
35.
Katoh T, Ikeda K: A comparison of sevoflurane
with halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on bronchoconstriction caused by histamine.
Can J Anaesth 41:1214, 1994.
36.
Mazzeo AJ, Cheng EY, Bosnjak ZJ, et al: Differential
effects of desflurane and halothane on peripheral airway smooth muscle. Br J Anaesth
76:841, 1996.
37.
Goff MJ, Arain SR, Ficke DJ, et al: Absence of
bronchodilation during desflurane anesthesia: A comparison to sevoflurane and thiopental.
Anesthesiology 93:404, 2000.
38.
Cheng EY, Mazzeo AJ, Bosnjak ZJ, et al: Direct
relaxant effects of intravenous anesthetics on airway smooth muscle. Anesth Analg
83:162, 1996.
39.
Yamakage M, Chen X, Tsuijiguchi N, et al: Different
inhibitory effects of volatile anesthetics on T- and L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+
channels in porcine tracheal and bronchial smooth muscles. Anesthesiology 94:683,
2001.
40.
Hashimoto Y, Hirota K, Ohtomo N, et al: In vivo
direct measurement of the bronchodilating effect of sevoflurane using a superfine
fiberoptic bronchoscope: Comparison with enflurane and halothane. J Cardiothorac
Vasc Anesth 10:213, 1996.
41.
Yamakage M: Direct inhibitory mechanisms of halothane
on canine tracheal smooth muscle contraction. Anesthesiology 77:546, 1992.
42.
Janssen LJ: T-type and L-type Ca2+
currents in canine bronchial smooth muscle: Characterization and physiological roles.
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 272:C1757, 1997.
43.
Lindeman KS, Croxton TL, Lande B, et al: Hypocapnia-induced
contraction of porcine airway smooth muscle. Eur Respir J 12:1046, 1998.
44.
Fukushima T, Hirasaki A, Jones KA, et al: Halothane
and potassium channels in airway smooth muscle. Br J Anaesth 76:847, 1996.
45.
Yamakage M, Chen X, Kimura A, et al: The repolarizing
effects of volatile anesthetics on porcine tracheal and bronchial smooth muscle cells.
Anesth Analg 94:84, 2002.
46.
Chen X, Yamakage M, Namiki A: Inhibitory effects
of volatile anesthetics on K+ and Cl-channel currents in porcine tracheal and bronchial
smooth muscle. Anesthesiology 96:458, 2002.
47.
Yamakage M, Kohro S, Matsuzaki T, et al: Role
of intracellular Ca2+
stores in the inhibitory effect of halothane on
airway smooth muscle contraction. Anesthesiology 89:165, 1998.
48.
Pabelick CM, Prakash YS, Kannan MS, et al: Effects
of halothane on sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release channels in porcine airway
smooth muscle cells. Anesthesiology 95:207, 2001.
49.
Pabelick CM, Prakash YS, Kannan MS, et al: Effect
of halothane on intracellular calcium oscillations in porcine tracheal smooth muscle
cells. Am J Physiol 276:L81, 1999.
50.
Morimoto N, Yamamoto K, Jones KA, et al: Halothane
and pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins in airway smooth muscle. Anesth Analg 78:328,
1994.
51.
Jones KA, Wong GY, Lorenz RR, et al: Effects of
halothane on the relationship between cytosolic calcium and force in airway smooth
muscle. Am J Physiol 266:L199, 1994.
52.
Warner DO, Jones KA, Lorenz RR: The effects of
halothane pretreatment on manganese influx induced by muscarinic stimulation of airway
smooth muscle. Anesth Analg 84:1366, 1997.
53.
Kai T, Bremerich DH, Jones KA, et al: Drug-specific
effects of volatile anesthetics on Ca2+
sensitization in airway smooth
muscle. Anesth Analg 87:425, 1998.
54.
Hanazaki M, Jones KA, Perkins WJ, et al: Halothane
increases smooth muscle protein phosphatase in airway smooth muscle. Anesthesiology
94:129, 2001.
55.
Kai T, Jones KA, Warner DO: Halothane attenuates
calcium sensitization in airway smooth muscle by inhibiting G-proteins. Anesthesiology
89:1543, 1998.
56.
Jones KA, Wong GY, Jankowski CJ, et al: cGMP modulation
of Ca2+
sensitivity in airway smooth muscle. Am J Physiol 276:L35, 1999.
57.
Croxton TL, Lande B, Hirshman CA: Role of G proteins
in agonist-induced Ca2+
sensitization of tracheal smooth muscle. Am J
Physiol 275:L748, 1998.
58.
Yoshimura H, Jones KA, Perkins WJ, et al: Calcium
sensitization produced by G protein activation in airway smooth muscle. Am J Physiol
Lung Cell Mol Physiol 281:L631, 2001.
59.
Korenaga S, Tekeda K, Ito Y: Differential effects
of halothane on airway nerves and muscle. Anesthesiology 60:309, 1984.
60.
Park KW, Dai HB, Lowenstein E, et al: Epithelial
dependence of the bronchodilatory effect of sevoflurane and desflurane in rat distal
bronchi. Anesth Analg 86:646, 1998.
61.
Warner DO, Brichant JF, Rehder K: Direct and neurally
mediated effects of halothane on pulmonary resistance in vivo. Anesthesiology 72:1057,
1990.
62.
Wiklund CU, Lim S, Lindsten U, et al: Relaxation
by sevoflurane, desflurane and halothane in the isolated guinea-pig trachea via inhibition
of cholinergic neurotransmission. Br J Anaesth 83:422, 1999.
63.
Brown RH, Mitzner W, Zerhouni E, et al: Direct
in vivo visualization of bronchodilation induced by inhalational anesthesia using
high-resolution computed tomography. Anesthesiology 78:295, 1993.
64.
Kannan MS, Johnson DE: Nitric oxide mediates the
neural nonadrenergic, noncholinergic relaxation in pig tracheal smooth muscle. Am
J Physiol 262:L511, 1992.
65.
Lindeman KS, Baker SG, Hirshman CA: Interaction
between halothane and the nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory system in porcine
trachealis muscle. Anesthesiology 81:641, 1994.
66.
Kingstone HGG, Hirshman CA: Perioperative management
of the patient with asthma. Anesth Analg 63:844, 1984.
67.
Gold MI, Helrich M: Pulmonary mechanics during
general anesthesia, status asthmaticus. Anesthesiology 32:422, 1970.
68.
Schwartz SH: Treatment of status asthmaticus with
halothane. JAMA 251:2688, 1984.
69.
Johnston RG, Noseworthy TW, Friesen EG, et al:
Isoflurane therapy for status asthmaticus in children and adults. Chest 97:698,
1990.
70.
Parnass SM, Feld JM, Chamberlin WH, et al: Status
asthmaticus treated with isoflurane and enflurane. Anesth Analg 66:1193, 1987.
71.
Echeverria M, Gelb AW, Wexler HR, et al: Enflurane
and halothane in status asthmaticus. Chest 89:152, 1986.
72.
Saulnier FF, Durocher AV, Deturck RA, et al: Respiratory
and hemodynamic effects of halothane in status asthmaticus. Intensive Care Med 16:104,
1990.
73.
Maltais F, Sovilj M, Goldberg P, et al: Respiratory
mechanics in status asthmaticus. Effects of inhalational anesthesia. Chest 106:1401,
1994.
74.
Revich LR, Grinspon SG, Paredes C, et al: Respiratory
effects of halothane in a patient with refractory status asthmaticus. Pulm Pharmacol
Ther 14:455, 2001.
75.
Arakawa H, Takizawa T, Tokuyama K, et al: Efficacy
of inhaled anticholinergics and anesthesia in treatment of a patient in status asthmaticus.
J Asthma 39:77, 2002.
76.
Rooke GA, Choi JH, Bishop MJ: The effect of isoflurane,
halothane, sevoflurane, and thiopental/nitrous oxide on respiratory system resistance
after tracheal intubation. Anesthesiology 86:1294, 1997.
77.
Lynch C III, Baum J, Tenbrinck R: Xenon anesthesia.
Anesthesiology 92:865, 2000.
78.
Rueckoldt H, Vangerow B, Marx G, et al: Xenon
inhalation increases airway pressure in ventilated patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand
43:1060, 1999.
79.
Calzia E, Stahl W, Handschuh T, et al: Respiratory
mechanics during xenon anesthesia in pigs: Comparison with nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology
91:1378, 1999.
80.
Fujii Y: Respiratory effects of xenon. Int Anesthesiol
Clin 39:95, 2001.
81.
Zhang P, Ohara A, Mashimo T, et al: Pulmonary
resistance in dogs: A comparison of xenon with nitrous oxide. Can J Anaesth 42,
1995.
82.
Lachmann B, Armbruster S, Schairer W, et al: Safety
and efficacy of xenon in routine use as an inhalational anaesthetic. Lancet 335:1413,
1995.
83.
Moote CA, Knill RL, Clement J: Ventilatory compensation
for continuous inspiratory resistive and elastic loads during halothane anesthesia
in humans. Anesthesiology 64:582, 1986.
84.
Calzia E, Stahl W, Handschuh T, et al: Continuous
arterial P(O2) and P(CO2) measurements in swine during nitrous oxide and xenon elimination:
Prevention of diffusion. Anesthesiology 90:829, 1999.
85.
Tobias JD, Hirshman CA: Attenuation of histamine-induced
airway constriction by albuterol during halothane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 72:105,
1990.
86.
Wu RSC, Wu KC, Wong TKM, et al: Isoflurane anesthesia
does not add to the bronchodilating effect of a beta 2-adrenergic agonist after tracheal
intubation. Anesth Analg 83:238, 1996.
87.
Lehane JR, Jordan C, Jones JG: Influence of halothane
and enflurane on respiratory airflow resistance and specific conductance in anaesthetized
man. Br J Anaesth 52:773, 1980.
88.
Yamakage M, Tsujiguchi N, Hattori J, et al: Low-temperature
modification of the inhibitory effects of volatile anesthetics on airway smooth muscle
contraction in dogs. Anesthesiology 93:179, 2000.
89.
Bennett DJ, Torda TA, Horton DA, et al: Severe
bronchospasm complicating thoracotomy. Arch Surg 101:555, 1970.
90.
Leeson TS, Leeson CR: A light and electron microscope
study of developing respiratory tissue in the rat. J Anat 98:183, 1964.
91.
Lund VJ: Nasal physiology: Neurochemical receptors,
nasal cycle, and ciliary action. Allergy Asthma Proc 17:179, 1996.
92.
Reid L: Natural history of mucous in the bronchial
tree. Arch Environ Health 10:265, 1965.
93.
Wanner A: Clinical aspects of mucociliary transport.
Am Rev Respir Dis 116:73, 1977.
94.
Foster WM, Walters DM, Longphre M, et al: Methodology
for the measurement of mucociliary function in the mouse by scintigraphy. J Appl
Physiol 90:1111, 2001.
95.
Lindberg S, Cervin A, Runer T: Low levels of nasal
nitric oxide (NO) correlate to impaired mucociliary function in the upper airways.
Acta Otolaryngol 117:728, 1997.
96.
Wagner EM, Foster WM: Importance of airway blood
flow on particle clearance from the lung. J Appl Physiol 81:1878, 1996.
97.
Forbes AR: Temperature, humidity and mucous flow
in the intubated trachea. Br J Anaesth 45:874, 1973.
98.
Hirsch JA, Tokayer JL, Robinson MJ, et al: Effects
of dry air and subsequent humidification on tracheal mucous velocity in dogs. J
Appl Physiol 39:242, 1975.
99.
Forbes AR, Gamsu G: Lung mucociliary clearance
after anesthesia with spontaneous and controlled ventilation. Am Rev Resp Dis 120:857,
1979.
100.
Forbes AR: Halothane depresses mucociliary flow
in the trachea. Anesthesiology 45:59, 1976.
101.
Forbes AR, Horrigan RW: Mucociliary flow in the
trachea during anesthesia with enflurane, ether, nitrous oxide, and morphine. Anesthesiology
46:319, 1977.
102.
Forbes AR, Gamsu G: Mucociliary clearance in
the canine lung during and after general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 50:26, 1979.
103.
Nunn JF, Sturrock JE, Wills EJ, et al: The effect
of inhalational anaesthetics on the swimming velocity of Tetrahymena
pyriformis. J Cell Sci 15:537, 1974.
104.
Manawadu BR, Mostow SR, LaForce FM: Impairment
of tracheal ring ciliary activity by halothane. Anesth Analg 58:500, 1979.
105.
Yang T, Li Y, Liu Q, et al: Isoflurane aggravates
the decrease of phosphatidylcholine synthesis in alveolar type II cells induced by
hydrogen peroxide. Drug Metabol Drug Interact 18:243, 2001.
106.
Molliex S, Crestani B, Dureuil B, et al: Effects
of halothane on surfactant biosynthesis by rat alveolar type II cells in primary
culture. Anesthesiology 81:668, 1994.
107.
Patel AB, Sokolowski J, Davidson BA, et al: Halothane
potentiation of hydrogen peroxide-induced inhibition of surfactant synthesis: The
role of type II cell energy status. Anesth Analg 94:943, 2002.
108.
Paugam-Burtz C, Molliex S, Lardeux B, et al:
Differential effects of halothane and thiopental on surfactant protein C messenger
RNA in vivo and in vitro in rats. Anesthesiology 93:805, 2000.
109.
Gamsu G, Singer MM, Vincent HH, et al: Postoperative
impairment of mucous transport in the lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 114:673, 1976.
110.
Lichtiger M, Landa JF, Hirsch JA: Velocity of
tracheal mucus in anesthetized women undergoing gynecologic surgery. Anesthesiology
42:753, 1975.
111.
Konrad F, Marx T, Schraag M, et al: Combination
anesthesia and bronchial transport velocity. Effects of anesthesia with isoflurane,
fentanyl, vecuronium and oxygen-nitrous oxide breathing on bronchial mucus transport.
Anaesthesist 46:403, 1997.
112.
Konrad FX, Schreiber T, Brecht-Kraus D, et al:
Bronchial mucus transport in chronic smokers and nonsmokers during general anesthesia.
J Clin Anesth 5:375, 1993.
113.
Tarhan S, Moffitt EA, Sessler AD, et al: Risk
of anesthesia and surgery in patients with chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease. Surgery 74:720, 1973.
114.
Rivero DH, Lorenzi-Filho G, Pazetti R, et al:
Effects of bronchial transection and reanastomosis on mucociliary system. Chest
119:1510, 2001.
115.
Hamada H, Damron DS, Hong SJ, et al: Phenylephrine-induced
Ca2+
oscillations in canine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Circ
Res 81:812, 1997.
116.
Doi S, Damron DS, Horibe M, et al: Capacitative
Ca2+
entry and tyrosine kinase activation in canine pulmonary arterial
smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 278:L118, 2000.
117.
Doi S, Damron DS, Ogawa K, et al: K+ channel
inhibition, calcium signaling, and vasomotor tone in canine pulmonary artery smooth
muscle. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 279:L242, 2000.
118.
Sweeney M, Beddy D, Honner V, et al: Effects
of changes in pH and CO2
on pulmonary arterial wall tension are not endothelium
dependent. J Appl Physiol 85:2040, 1998.
119.
Myers JL, Wizorek JJ, Myers AK, et al: Pulmonary
arterial endothelial dysfunction potentiates hypercapnic vasoconstriction and alters
the response to inhaled nitric oxide. Ann Thorac Surg 62:1677, 1996.
120.
Johns RA: New mechanisms for inhaled NO: Release
of an endogenous NO inhibitor? Anesthesiology 95:3, 2001.
121.
Rengasamy A, Johns RA: Determination of Km for
oxygen of NO synthase isoforms. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 276:30, 1996.
122.
Rengasamy A, Johns RA: Characterization of EDRF/NO
synthase from bovine cerebellum and mechanism of modulation by high and low oxygen
tensions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 259:310, 1991.
123.
Heyman SN, Goldfarb M, Darmon D, et al: Tissue
oxygenation modifies nitric oxide bioavailability. Microcirculation 63:199, 1999.
124.
Hampl V, Herget J: Role of NO in the pathogenesis
of chronic pulmonary hypertension. Physiol Rev 80:1337, 2000.
125.
Rocca GD, Passariello M, Coccia C, et al: Inhaled
nitric oxide administration during one-lung ventilation in patients undergoing thoracic
surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 15:218, 2001.
126.
Hermle G, Schutte H, Walmrath D, et al: Ventilationperfusion
mismatch after lung ischemia-reperfusion. Protective effect of nitric oxide. Am
J Respir Crit Care Med 160:1179, 1999.
127.
Hambraeus-Jonzon K, Chen L, Freden F, et al:
Pulmonary vasoconstriction during regional nitric oxide inhalation: Evidence of
a blood-borne regulator of nitric oxide synthase activity. Anesthesiology 95:102,
2001.
128.
Weinberger B, Heck DE, Laskin DL, et al: Nitric
oxide in the lung: Therapeutic and cellular mechanisms of action. Pharmacol Ther
84:401, 1999.
129.
Scherrer U, Vollenweider L, Delabays A, et al:
Inhaled nitric oxide for high-altitude pulmonary edema. N Engl J Med 334:624, 1996.
130.
Roberts JDJ, Fineman JR, Morin FCR, et al: Inhaled
nitric oxide and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. The Inhaled Nitric
Oxide Study Group. N Engl J Med 336:605, 1997.
131.
Takahashi Y, Kobayashi H, Tanaka N, et al: Worsening
of hypoxemia with nitric oxide inhalation during bronchospasm in humans. Respir
Physiol 112:113, 1998.
132.
Zanaboni P, Murray PA, Simon BA, et al: Selective
endothelial dysfunction in conscious dogs after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Appl Physiol
82:1776, 1997.
133.
Prabhakar NR: Endogenous carbon monoxide in control
of respiration. Respir Physiol 114:57, 1998.
134.
Nachar RA, Pastene CM, Herrera EA, et al: Low-dose
inhaled carbon monoxide reduces pulmonary vascular resistance during acute hypoxemia
in adult sheep. High Alt Med Biol 2:377, 2001.
135.
Colley PS, Cheney FWJ, Hlastala MP: Ventilation-perfusion
and gas exchange effects of sodium nitroprusside in dogs with normal and edematous
lungs. Anesthesiology 50:489, 1979.
136.
Putensen C, Rasanen J, Putensen-Himmer G, et al:
Effect of low isoflurane concentrations on the ventilation-perfusion distribution
in injured canine lungs. Anesthesiology 97:652, 2002.
137.
Marshall C, Lindgren L, Marshall BE: Effects
of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in
rat lungs. Anesthesiology 60:304, 1984.
138.
Ishibe Y, Gui X, Uno H, et al: Effect of sevoflurane
on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the perfused rabbit lung. Anesthesiology
79:1348, 1993.
139.
Loer SA, Scheeren TWL, Tarnow J: Desflurane inhibits
hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in isolated rabbit lungs. Anesthesiology 83:552,
1995.
140.
Marshall BE, Clarke WR, Costarino AT, et al:
The dose-response relationship for hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Respir Physiol
96:231, 1994.
141.
Marshall BE, Marshall C, Benumof J, et al: Hypoxic
pulmonary vasoconstriction in dogs: Effect of lung segment size and oxygen-tension.
J Appl Physiol 51:1543, 1981.
142.
Hambraeus-Jonzon K, Bindslev L, Mellgard AJ, et
al: Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in human lungs: A stimulus-response study.
Anesthesiology 86:308, 1997.
143.
Benumof JL, Pirho AF, Johansen I, et al: Interaction
of PVO2 with PAO2 on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. J Appl Physiol 51:871,
1981.
144.
Domino KB, Wetstein L, Glasser SA, et al: Influence
of mixed venous oxygen tension (PVO2) on blood flow to atelectatic lung. Anesthesiology
59:428, 1983.
145.
Adding LC, Agvald P, Persson MG, et al: Regulation
of pulmonary nitric oxide by carbon dioxide is intrinsic to the lung. Acta Anaesthesiol
Scand 167:167, 1999.
146.
Yamamoto Y, Nakano H, Ide H, et al: Role of airway
nitric oxide on the regulation of pulmonary circulation by carbon dioxide. J Appl
Physiol 91:1121, 2001.
147.
Brogan TV, Hedges RG, McKinney S, et al: Pulmonary
NO synthase inhibition and inspired CO2
: Effects on V'/Q' and pulmonary
blood flow distribution. Eur Respir J 16:288, 2000.
148.
Sykes MK, Davies DM, Chakrabarti K, et al: The
effects of halothane, trichloroethylene and ether on the hypoxic pressor response
and pulmonary vascular resistance in the isolated, perfused cat lung. Br J Anaesth
45:655, 1973.
149.
Loh L, Sykes MK, Chakrabarti MK: The effects
of halothane and ether on the pulmonary circulation in the innervated perfused cat
lung. Br J Anaesth 49:309, 1977.