Previous Next

REFERENCES

150. Johnson D, Mayers I, Hurst T: Halothane inhibits hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the presence of cyclooxygenase blockade. Can J Anaesth 37:287, 1990.

151. Johnson D, Mayers I, To T: The effects of halothane in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Anesthesiology 72:125, 1990.

152. Marshall C, Kim SD, Marshall BE: The actions of halothane, ibuprofen and BW755C on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Anesthesiology 66:537, 1987.

153. Bjertnaes LJ, Mundal R: The pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to hypoxia during enflurane anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 24:252, 1980.

154. Hurtig JB, Tait AR, Loh L, et al: Reduction of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by nitrous oxide administration in the isolated perfused cat lung. Can Anaesth Soc J 24:540, 1977.

155. Bindlsev L, Cannon D, Sykes MK: Effect of lignocaine and nitrous oxide on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the dog constant-flow perfused left lower lobe preparation. Br J Anaesth 58:315, 1986.

156. Bindlsev L, Cannon D, Sykes MK: Reversal of nitrous oxide-induced depression of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by lignocaine hydrochloride during collapse and ventilation hypoxia of the left lower lobe. Br J Anaesth 58:451, 1986.

157. Kjaeve J, Bjertnaes LJ: Interaction of verapamil and halogenated anesthetics on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Acta Anesthesiol Scand 33:193, 1989.

158. Johnson DH, Hurst TS, Mayers I: Effects of halothane on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in canine atelectasis. Anesth Analg 72:440, 1991.

159. Benumof JL, Wahrenbrock EA: Local effects of anesthetics on regional hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Anesthesiology 43:525, 1975.

160. Mathers J, Benumof JL, Wahrenbrock EA: General anesthetics and regional hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Anesthesiology 46:111, 1977.

161. Lennon PF, Murray PA: Attenuated hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction during isoflurane anesthesia is abolished by cyclooxygenase inhibition in chronically instrumented dogs. Anesthesiology 84:404, 1996.

162. Johns RA: Endothelium, anesthetics, and vascular control. Anesthesiology 79:1381, 1993.

163. Marshall C, Marshall BE: Endothelium-derived relaxing factor is not responsible for inhibition of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by inhalational anesthetics. Anesthesiology 73:441, 1990.

164. Marshall C, Marshall BE: Inhalational anesthetics directly inhibit hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Anesthesiology 79:A1238, 1993.

165. Yoshida K, Tewari S, Kirby T, et al: Halothane attenuates acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation and cyclic GMP accumulation in human pulmonary artery. Anesthesiology 87:A1104, 1997.

166. Fehr DM, Larach DR, Zangari KA, et al: Halothane constricts bovine pulmonary arteries by release of intracellular calcium. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 277:706, 1996.

167. Gambone LM, Murray PA, Flavahan NA: Isoflurane anesthesia attenuates endothelium-dependent pulmonary vasorelaxation by inhibiting the synergistic interaction between nitric oxide and prostacyclin. Anesthesiology 86:936, 1997.

168. Gambone LM, Murray PA, Flavahan NA: Synergistic interaction between endothelium-derived NO and prostacyclin in pulmonary artery: Potential role for K+ ATP channels. Br J Pharmacol 121:271, 1997.

169. Liu R, Ueda M, Okazaki N, et al: Role of potassium channels in isoflurane- and sevoflurane-induced attenuation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in isolated perfused rabbit lungs. Anesthesiology 95:939, 2001.

170. Carter EP, Sato K, Morio Y, et al: Inhibition of K(Ca) channels restores blunted hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in rats with cirrhosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 279:L903, 2000.

171. Gambone LM, Fujiwara Y, Murray PA: Endothelium-dependent pulmonary vasodilation is selectively attenuated during isoflurane anesthesia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 272:H290, 1997.

172. Seki S, Sato K, Nakayama M, et al: Halothane and enflurane attenuate pulmonary vasodilation mediated by adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels compared to the conscious state. Anesthesiology 86:923, 1997.

173. Nakayama M, Kondo U, Murray PA: Pulmonary vasodilator response to adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel activation is attenuated during desflurane but preserved during sevoflurane anesthesia compared with the conscious state. Anesthesiology 88:1023, 1998.

174. Seki S, Horibe M, Murray PA: Halothane attenuates endothelium-dependent pulmonary vasorelaxant response to lemakalim, an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium channel agonist. Anesthesiology 87:625, 1997.

175. Lennon PF, Murray PA: Isoflurane and the pulmonary vascular pressure-flow relation at baseline and during sympathetic α- and β-adrenoceptor activation in chronically instrumented dogs. Anesthesiology 82:723, 1995.

176. Sato K, Seki S, Murray PA: Effects of halothane and enflurane anesthesia on sympathetic B-adrenoreceptor-mediated pulmonary vasodilation in chronically instrumented dogs. Anesthesiology 97:478, 2002.

177. Fujiwara Y, Murray PA: Effects of isoflurane anesthesia on pulmonary vascular response to K+ ATP channel activation and circulatory hypotension in chronically instrumented dogs. Anesthesiology 90:799, 1999.

178. Su JY, Vo AC: Role of PKC in isoflurane-induced biphasic contraction in skinned pulmonary arterial strips. Anesthesiology 96:155, 2002.

179. Su JY, Vo AC: Ca2+ -calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II plays a major role in halothane-induced dose-dependent relaxation in the skinned pulmonary artery. Anesthesiology 97:207, 2002.

180. Zhong L, Su JY: Isoflurane activates PKC and Ca2+ -calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II via MAP kinase signaling in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Anesthesiology 96:148, 2002.

181. Sykes MK, Giggs JM, Loh L, et al: Preservation of the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to alveolar hypoxia during the administration of halothane to dogs. Br J Anaesth 50:1185, 1978.

182. Sykes MK, Hurtig JB, Tait AR, et al: Reduction of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction during diethyl ether anesthesia in the dog. Br J Anaesth 49:293, 1977.

183. Sykes MK, Hurtig JB, Tait AR, et al: Reduction of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the dog during administration of nitrous oxide. Br J Anaesth 49:301, 1977.

184. Lejeune P, Brimioulle S, Leeman M, et al: Multipoint pulmonary vascular pressure/flow relationships in hypoxic and in normoxic dogs: Effects of nitrous oxide with and without cyclooxygenase inhibition. Anesthesiology 68:92, 1988.

185. Bjertnaes LJ: Hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction in man: Inhibition due to diethyl ether and halothane anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 22:570, 1978.

186. Fargas-Babjak A, Forrest JB: Effect of halothane on the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia in dogs. Can J Anaesth 26:6, 1979.

187. Naeije RL, Lejeune P, Leeman M, et al: Pulmonary arterial presure-flow plots in dogs: Effects of isoflurane and nitroprusside. J Appl Physiol 63:969, 1987.


186


188. Domino KB, Borowec L, Alexander CM, et al: Influence of isoflurane on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in dogs. Anesthesiology 64:423, 1986.

189. Kerbaul F, Bellezza M, Guidon C, et al: Effects of sevoflurane on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in anaesthetized piglets. Br J Anaesth 85:440, 1999.

190. Lesitsky MA, Davis S, Murray PA: Preservation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction during sevoflurane and desflurane anesthesia compared to the conscious state in chronically instrumented dogs. Anesthesiology 89:1501, 1998.

191. Kerbaul F, Guidon C, Stephanazzi J, et al: Sub-MAC concentrations of desflurane do not inhibit hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in anesthetized piglets. Can J Anaesth 48:760, 2001.

192. Kleinsasser A, Lindner KA, Hoermann C, et al: Isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia in pigs with a preexistent gas exchange defect. Anesthesiology 95:1422, 2001.

193. Marshall BE, Marshall C: Anesthesia and the pulmonary circulation. In Covino BC, Fozzard HA, Rehder K, Strichartz G (eds): Effects of Anesthesia. Clinical Physiology Series. Bethesida, MD, American Physiological Society, 1985, p 121.

194. Nishiwaki K, Nyhan DP, Rock P, et al: N-nitro-L-arginine and pulmonary vascular pressure-flow relationship in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 262:H1331, 1992.

195. Karzai W, Haberstroh J, Priebe HJ: The effects of increasing concentrations of desflurane on systemic oxygenation during one-lung ventilation in pigs. Anesth Analg 89:215, 1999.

196. Karzai W, Haberstroh J, Priebe HJ: Effects of desflurane and propofol on arterial oxygenation during one-lung ventilation in the pig. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 42:648, 1998.

197. Abe K, Shimizu T, Takashina M, et al: The effects of propofol, isoflurane and sevoflurane on oxygenation and shunt fraction during one-lung ventilation. Anesth Analg 87:1164, 1998.

198. Beck DH, Doepfmer UR, Sinemus C, et al: Effects of sevoflurane and propofol on pulmonary shunt fraction during one-lung ventilation for thoracic surgery. Br J Anaesth 86:38, 2001.

199. Rees ID, Gaines GY: One lung anesthesia—A comparison of pulmonary gas exchange during anesthesia with ketamine or enflurane. Anesth Analg 63:521, 1984.

200. Schwarzkopf K, Schreiber T, Bauer R, et al: The effects of increasing concentrations of isoflurane and desflurane on pulmonary perfusion and systemic oxygenation during one-lung ventilation in pigs. Anesth Analg 93:1434, 2001.

201. Anderson MW, Benumof JL: Intrapulmonary shunting during one lung ventilation and surgical manipulation. Anesthesiology 45:A377, 1981.

202. Benumof JL, Augustine SD, Gibbons JA: Halothane and isoflurane only slightly impair arterial oxygenation during one-lung ventilation in patients undergoing thoracotomy. Anesthesiology 67:910, 1987.

203. Pagel P, Fu FL, Damask MC, et al: Desflurane and isoflurane produce similar alterations in systemic and pulmonary hemodynamics and arterial oxygenation in patients undergoing one-lung ventilation during thoracotomy. Anesth Analg 87:800, 1998.

204. Abe K, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I: Arterial oxygenation and shunt fraction during one-lung ventilation: A comparison of isoflurane and sevoflurane. Anesth Analg 86:266, 1998.

205. Reid CW, Slinger PD, Lenis S: A comparison of the effects of propofol-alfentanil versus isoflurane anesthesia on arterial oxygenation during one-lung ventilation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 10:860, 1996.

206. Liu R, Ishibe Y, Ueda M, et al: Isoflurane administration before ischemia and during reperfusion attenuates ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury of isolated rabbit lungs. Anesth Analg 89:561, 1999.

207. Doi S, Smedira N, Murray PA: Pulmonary vasoregulation by endothelin in conscious dogs after left lung transplantation. J Appl Physiol 88:210, 2000.

208. Lennon PF, Murray PA: Pulmonary vascular effects of isoflurane anesthesia after left lung autotransplantation in chronically instrumented dogs. Anesthesiology 85:592, 1996.

209. Forster HV, Pan LG, Lowry TF, et al: Important role of carotid chemoreceptor afferents in control of breathing of adult and neonatal mammals. Respir Physiol 119:199, 2000.

210. Gandevia SC, Allen GM, Butler JE, et al: Human respiratory muscles: Sensations, reflexes and fatigability. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 25:757, 1998.

211. Tobin MJ: Sleep-disordered breathing, control of breathing, respiratory muscles, pulmonary function testing, nitric oxide and bronchoscopy in AJRCCM 2000. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:1362, 2001.

212. Georgopoulos D, Roussos C: Control of breathing in mechanically ventilated patients. Eur Respir J 9:2151, 1996.

213. St-John WM: Neurogenesis of patterns of automatic ventilatory activity. Prog Neurobiol 56:97, 1998.

214. Ward DS, Temp JA: Neuropharmacology of the control of ventilation. In Yaksh TL, Lynch C III, Zapol WM, et al (eds): Anesthesia: Biologic Foundations. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1997.

215. Krolo M, Stuth EA, Tonkovic-Capin M, et al: Relative magnitude of tonic and phasic synaptic excitation of medullary inspiratory neurons in dogs. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 279:R639, 2000.

216. Dogas Z, Stuth EAE, Hopp FA, et al: NMDA receptor-mediated transmission of carotid body chemoreceptor input to expiratory bulbospinal neurones in dogs. J Physiol 487:639, 1995.

217. Dogas Z, Krolo M, Stuth EA, et al: Differential effects of GABAA receptor antagonists in the control of respiratory neuronal discharge patterns. J Neurophysiol 80:2368, 1998.

218. Von Euler C: Neural organization and rhythm generation. In Crystal RG, West JB, Barnes PJ, et al (eds): The Lung: Scientific Foundations. New York, Raven Press, 1991, p 1307.

219. Solomon IC: Excitation of phrenic and sympathetic output during acute hypoxia: Contribution of medullary oxygen detectors. Respir Physiol 121:101, 2000.

220. Teppema L, Veening JG, Kranenburg A, et al: Expression of c-fos in the rat brainstem after exposure to hypoxia and to normoxic and hyperoxic hypercapnia. J Comp Neurol 388:169, 1997.

221. Smith JC, Ellenberger HH, Ballanyi K, et al: Pre-Botzinger complex: A brainstem region that may generate respiratory rhythm in mammals. Science 254:726, 1991.

222. Whitelaw WA, Derenne JP, Milic-Emili J: Occlusion pressure as a measure of respiratory center output in conscious man. Respir Physiol 23:181, 1975.

223. Larson CP Jr, Egar EI, Muallem M, et al: The effects of diethyl ether and methoxyflurane on ventilation. Anesthesiology 30:174, 1969.

224. Hickey RF, Severinghaus JW: Regulation of breathing: Drug effects. In Hornbein RF (ed): Regulation of Breathing. Lung Biology in Health and Disease, vol 17. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1981.

225. Fourcade HE, Stevens WC, Larson CPJ, et al: The ventilatory effects of Forane, a new inhaled anesthetic. Anesthesiology 35:26, 1971.

226. Eger EI: Isoflurane: A review. Anesthesiology 55:559, 1981.

227. Calverley RK, Smith NT, Jones CW, et al: Ventilatory and cardiovascular effects of enflurane anesthesia during spontaneous ventilation in man. Anesth Analg 57:610, 1978.

228. Fourcade HE, Larson CP, Hickey RF, et al: Effects of time on ventilation during halothane and cyclopropane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 36:83, 1972.

229. Kulkarni P, Brown KA: Ventilatory parameters in children during propofol anaesthesia: A comparison with halothane. Can J Anaesth 43:653, 1996.

230. Brown KA: Pattern of ventilation during halothane anaesthesia in infants less than two months of age. Can J Anaesth 43:121, 1996.

231. Lockhart SH, Rampil IJ, Yasuda N, et al: Depression of ventilation by desflurane in humans. Anesthesiology 74:484, 1991.

232. Doi M, Ikeda K: Respiratory effects of sevoflurane. Anesth Analg 66:241, 1987.

233. Green WB: The ventilatory effects of sevoflurane. Anesth Analg 81(Suppl 6):S23, 1995.
187


234. Warltier DC, Pagel PS: Cardiovascular and respiratory actions of desflurane: Is desflurane different from isoflurane? Anesth Analg 75:517, 1992.

235. Erb T, Christen P, Kern C, et al: Similar haemodynamic, respiratory and metabolic changes with the use of sevoflurane or halothane in children breathing spontaneously. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 45:639, 2001.

236. Brown K, Aun C, Stocks J, et al: A comparison of the respiratory effects of sevoflurane and halothane in infants and young children. Anesthesiology 89:86, 1998.

237. Mutoh T, Nishimura R, Kim HY, et al: Cardiopulmonary effects of sevoflurane, compared with halothane, enflurane, and sevoflurane, in dogs. Am J Vet Res 58:885, 1997.

238. Eger EI, Dolan WM, Stevens WC, et al: Surgical stimulation antagonizes the respiratory depression produced by Forane. Anesthesiology 36:544, 1972.

239. Einarsson S, Bengtsson A, Stenqvst O, et al: Decreased respiratory depression during emergence from anesthesia with sevoflurane/N2 O than with sevoflurane alone. Can J Anaesth 46:335, 1999.

240. Pittinger CB, Faulconer AJ, Knott JR, et al: Electroencephalographic and other observations in monkeys during xenon anesthesia at elevated pressures. Anesthesiology 16:551, 1955.

241. Winkler SS, Nielsen A, Mesina J: Respiratory depression in goats by stable xenon: Implications for CT studies. J Comput Assist Tomogr 11:496, 1987.

242. Holl K, Nemati N, Kohmura E, et al: Stable-xenon-CT: Effects of xenon inhalation on EEG and cardio-respiratory parameters in the human. Acta Neurochir 87:129, 1987.

243. Krishnan BS, Stockwell MJ, Clemens RE, et al: Airway anesthesia and respiratory adaptations to dead space loading and exercise. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155:459, 1997.

244. Mitrouska I, Bshouty Z, Younes M, et al: Effects of pulmonary and intercostal denervation on the response of breathing frequency to varying inspiratory flow. Eur Respir J 11:895, 1998.

245. Corne S, Gillespie D, Roberts D, et al: Effect of inspiratory flow rate on respiratory rate in intubated ventilated patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156:304, 1997.

246. Ripamonti C, Bruera E: Dyspnea: Pathophysiology and assessment. J Pain Symptom Manage 13:220, 1997.

247. Fontanari P, Burnet H, Zattara-Hartmann MC, et al: Changes in airway resistance induced by nasal inhalation of cold dry, dry, or moist air in normal individuals. J Appl Physiol 81:1739, 1996.

248. Meessen NE, Van de Grinten CP, Luijendijk SC, et al: Histamine-induced bronchoconstriction and end tidal inspiratory activity in man. Thorax 51:1192, 1996.

249. Nishino T, Kochi T, Ishii M: Differences in respiratory reflex responses from the larynx, trachea, and bronchi in anesthetized female subjects. Anesthesiology 84:70, 1996.

250. Daubenspeck JA, Manning HL, Akay M: Contribution of supraglottal mechanoreceptor afferents to respiratory-related evoked potentials in humans. J Appl Physiol 88:291, 2000.

251. Pisarri TE, Giesbrecht GG: Reflex tracheal smooth muscle contraction and bronchial vasodilation evoked by airway cooling in dogs. J Appl Physiol 82:1566, 1997.

252. Matsumoto S, Ikeda M, Nishikawa T: Effects of sodium and potassium channel blockers on hyperinflation-induced slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptor stimulation in the rat. Life Sci 67:2167, 2000.

253. Carl ML, Schelegle ES, Hollstein SB, et al: Control of ventilation during lung volume changes and permissive hypercapnia in dogs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158:742, 1998.

254. Whittenridge D, Bulbring E: Changes in the activity of pulmonary receptors in anesthesia and their influence on respiratory behavior. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 81:340, 1944.

255. Paskin S, Skovsted P, Smith TC: Failure of the Hering-Breuer reflex to account for tachypnea in anesthetized man: A survey of halothane, fluroxene, methoxyflurane and cyclopropane. Anesthesiology 29:550, 1968.

256. Nishino T, Anderson JW, Sant'Ambrogio G: Effects of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on laryngeal receptors in dogs. Respir Physiol 91:247, 1993.

257. Nishino T, Anderson JW, Sant'Ambrogio G: Responses of tracheobronchial receptors to halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane in anesthetized dogs. Respir Physiol 95:281, 1994.

258. Widdicombe J: Airway receptors. Respir Physiol 125:3, 2001.

259. Sant'Ambrogia G, Widdicombe J: Reflexes from airway rapidly adapting receptors. Respir Physiol 125:33, 2001.

260. Moores C, Davies AS, Dallak M: Sevoflurane has less effect than halothane on pulmonary afferent activity in the rabbit. Br J Anaesth 80:257, 1998.

261. Sivarajan M, Joy JV: Effects of general anesthesia and paralysis on upper airway changes due to head position in humans. Anesthesiology 85:787, 1996.

262. Nandi PR, Charlesworth CH, Taylor SJ, et al: Effect of general anesthesia on the pharynx. Br J Anaesth 66:157, 1991.

263. Litman RS, Weissend EE, Shrier DA, et al: Morphologic changes in the upper airway of children during awakening from propofol administration. Anesthesiology 96:607, 2002.

264. Badr MS: Effect of ventilatory drive on upper airway patency in humans during NREM sleep. Respir Physiol 103:1, 1996.

265. van de Graaff WB: Thoracic influence on upper airway patency. J Appl Physiol 65:2124, 1988.

266. Akahoshi T, White DP, Edwards JK, et al: Phasic mechanoreceptor stimuli can induce phasic activation of upper airway muscles in humans. J Physiol 531:677, 2001.

267. Pillar G, Fogel RB, Malhotra A, et al: Genioglossal inspiratory activation: Central respiratory vs mechanoreceptive influences. Respir Physiol 127:23, 2001.

268. Ochiai R, Guthrie RD, Motoyama EK: Effects of varying concentrations of halothane on the activity of the genioglossus, intercostals, and diaphragm in cats: An electromyographic study. Anesthesiology 70:812, 1989.

269. Nishino T, Kohchi T, Yonezawa T, et al: Responses of recurrent laryngeal, hypoglossal, and phrenic nerves to increasing depths of anesthesia with halothane or enflurane in vagotomized cats. Anesthesiology 63:404, 1985.

270. Pappas AL, Sukhani R, Lurie J, et al: Severity of airway hyperreactivity associated with laryngeal mask airway removal: Correlation with volatile anesthetic choice and depth of anesthesia. J Clin Anesth 13:498, 2001.

271. Klock PAJ, Czeslick EG, Klafta JM, et al: The effect of sevoflurane and desflurane on upper airway reactivity. Anesthesiology 94:963, 2001.

272. Tusiewicz K, Bryan AC, Froese AB: Contributions of changing rib cage-diaphragm interactions to the ventilatory depression of halothane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 47:327, 1977.

273. Warner DO, Warner MA, Ritman EL: Mechanical significance of respiratory muscle activity in humans during halothane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 84:309, 1996.

274. Warner DO, Warner MA, Ritman EL: Human chest wall function while awake and during halothane anesthesia. I. Quiet breathing. Anesthesiology 82:6, 1995.

275. Warner DO, Warner MA, Ritman EL: Atelectasis and chest wall shape during halothane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 85:49, 1996.

276. Krayer S, Rehder K, Vettermann J, et al: Position and motion of the human diaphragm during anesthesia-paralysis. Anesthesiology 70:891, 1989.

277. Warner DO: Diaphragm function during anesthesia: Still crazy after all these years. Anesthesiology 97:295, 2002.

278. Hedenstierna G, Tokics L, Lundquist H, et al: Phrenic nerve stimulation during halothane anesthesia: Effects on atelectasis. Anesthesiology 80:751, 1994.

279. Stuth EAE, Tonkovic-Capin M, Kampine JP, et al: Dose-dependent effects of isoflurane on the CO2 responses of expiratory medullary neurons and the phrenic nerve activities in dogs. Anesthesiology 76:763, 1992.

280. Stuth EAE, Tonkovic-Capin M, Kampine JP, et al: Dose-dependent effects of halothane on expiratory and inspiratory bulbospinal neurons and the phrenic nerve activities in dogs. Anesthesiology 81:1470, 1994.
188


281. Stucke AG, Stuth EAE, Tonkovic-Capin V, et al: Effects of sevoflurane on excitatory neurotransmission to medullary expiratory neurons and on phrenic nerve activity in a decerebrate dog model. Anesthesiology 95:485, 2001.

282. Stuth EAE, Krolo M, Stucke AG, et al: Effects of halothane on excitatory neurotransmission to medullary expiratory neurons in a decerebrate dog model. Anesthesiology 93:1474, 2000.

283. Stucke AG, Stuth EAE, Tonkovic-Capin V, et al: Effects of halothane and sevoflurane on inhibitory neurotransmission to medullary expiratory neurons in a decerebrate dog model. Anesthesiology 96:955, 2002.

284. Kochi T, Ide T, Isono S, et al: Different effects of halothane and enflurane on diaphragmatic contractility in vivo. Anesth Analg 70:362, 1990.

285. Ide T, Kochi T, Isono S, et al: Diaphragmatic function during sevoflurane anaesthesia in dogs. Can J Anaesth 38:116, 1991.

286. Veber B, Dureuil B, Viires N, et al: Effects of isoflurane on contractile properties of diaphragm. Anesthesiology 70:684, 1989.

287. Ide T, Kochi T, Isono S, et al: Effects of sevoflurane on diaphragmatic contractility in dogs. Anesth Analg 74:739, 1992.

288. Warner DO, Warner MA, Joyner MJ, et al: The effect of nitrous oxide on chest wall function in humans and dogs. Anesth Analg 86:1058, 1998.

289. Hoshi T, Fujii Y, Takahashi S, et al: Effect of xenon on diaphragmatic contractility in dogs. Can J Anaesth 47:819, 2000.

290. De Troyer A, Brunko E, Leduc D, et al: Reflex inhibition of canine inspiratory intercostals by diaphragmatic tension receptors. J Physiol 514:255, 1999.

291. Moote CA, Knill RL, Clement J: Ventilatory compensation for continuous inspiratory resistive and elastic loads during halothane anesthesia in humans. Anesthesiology 64:582, 1986.

292. Slee TA, Sharar SR, Pavlin EG, et al: The effects of airway impedance on work of breathing during halothane anesthesia. Anesth Analg 69:374, 1989.

293. Rheder K, Marsh HM: Respiratory mechanics during anesthesia and mechanical ventilation. In Fishman AP, Macklem PT, Mead J, Geiger SR (eds): Handbook of Physiology: The Respiratory System. Mechanics of Breathing, vol 3. Bethesda, MD, American Physiological Society, 1986, p 737.

294. Westbrook PR, Stubbs SE, Sessler AD, et al: Effect of anesthesia and muscle paralysis on respiratory mechanics in normal man. J Appl Physiol 34:81, 1973.

295. Keidan I, Fine GF, Kagawa T, et al: Work of breathing during spontaneous ventilation in anesthetized children: A comparative study among the facemask, laryngeal mask airway and endotracheal tube. Anesth Analg 91:1381, 2000.

296. Isono S, Nishino T, Sugimori K, et al: Respiratory effects of expiratory flow-resistive loading in conscious and anesthetized humans. Anesth Analg 70:594, 1990.

297. Pietak S, Weenig CS, Hickey RG, et al: Anesthetic effects on ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Anesthesiology 42:160, 1975.

298. Kleinman BS, Frey K, VanDrunen M, et al: Motion of the diaphragm in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease while spontaneously breathing versus during positive pressure breathing after anesthesia and neuromuscular blockade. Anesthesiology 97:298, 2002.

299. Berger AJ, Mitchell RA, Severinghaus JW: Regulation of respiration. N Engl J Med 297:92, 1977.

300. Burton MD, Kazemi H: Neurotransmitters in central respiratory control. Respir Physiol 122:111, 2000.

301. Gonzalez C, Almaraz L, Obeso A, et al: Carotid body chemoreceptors from natural stimuli to sensory discharges. Physiol Rev 74:829, 1994.

302. Lang JDJ, Chumley P, Eiserich JP, et al: Hypercapnia induces injury to alveolar epithelial cells via a nitric oxide-dependent pathway. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 279:L994, 2000.

303. Hickey RF, Fourcade HE, Eger E II, et al: The effects of ether, halothane and Forane on apneic threshold in man. Anesthesiology 35:32, 1971.

304. Fung ML, Ye JS, Fung PC: Acute hypoxia elevates nitric oxide generation in rat carotid body in vitro. Pflugers Archiv 442:903, 2001.

305. Teppema L, Berkenbosch A, Olievier C: Effect of N omeganitro-L-arginine on ventilatory response to hypercapnia in anesthetized cats. J Appl Physiol 82:292, 1997.

306. Iturriaga R: Nitric oxide and carotid body chemoreception. Biol Res 34:135, 2001.

307. Royston D, Jordan C, Jones JG: Effect of subanesthetic concentrations of nitrous oxide on the regulation of ventilation in man. Br J Anaesth 55:449, 1983.

308. Hornbein TF, Martin WE, Bonica JJ, et al: Nitrous oxide effects on the circulatory and ventilatory responses to halothane. Anesthesiology 31:250, 1969.

309. van den Elsen M, Sarton E, Teppema L, et al: Influence of 0.1 minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane, desflurane and isoflurane on dynamic ventilatory response to hypercapnia in humans. Br J Anaesth 80:174, 1998.

310. van den Elsen MJ, Dahan A, DeGoede J, et al: Influences of subanesthetic isoflurane on ventilatory control in humans. Anesthesiology 83:478, 1995.

311. Dahan A, van den Elsen MJ, Berkenbosch A, et al: Effects of subanesthetic halothane on the ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and acute hypoxia in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology 80:727, 1994.

312. Dahan A, Teppema L: Influence of low-dose anaesthetic agents on ventilatory control: Where do we stand? Br J Anaesth 83:199, 1999.

313. Dahan A, Sarton E, van den Elsen M, et al: Ventilatory response to hypoxia in humans. Influences of subanesthetic desflurane. Anesthesiology 85:60, 1996.

314. Pandit JJ, Manning-Fox J, Dorringtion KL, et al: Effects of subanaesthetic sevoflurane on ventilation. 1: Response to acute and sustained hypercapnia in humans. Br J Anaesth 83:204, 1999.

315. Nieuwenhuijs D, Sarton E, Teppema L, et al: Respiratory sites of action of propofol: Absence of depression of peripheral chemoreflex loop by low-dose propofol. Anesthesiology 95:889, 2001.

316. Warner DO, Warner MA: Human chest wall function while awake and during halothane anesthesia. II. Carbon dioxide rebreathing. Anesthesiology 82:20, 1995.

317. Warner DO, Joyner MJ, Ritman EL: Chest wall responses to rebreathing in halothane-anesthetized dogs. Anesthesiology 83:835, 1995.

318. Stuth EAE, Dogas Z, Krolo M, et al: Effects of halothane on the phrenic nerve responses to carbon dioxide mediated by the carotid body chemoreceptors in vagotomized dogs. Anesthesiology 87:1440, 1997.

319. van Dissel JT, Berkenbosch A, Olievier CN, et al: Effects of halothane on the ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia in cats. Anesthesiology 62:448, 1985.

320. Knill RL, Manninen PH, Clement JL: Ventilation and chemoreflexes during enflurane sedation and anaesthesia in man. Can Anaesth Soc J 26:353, 1979.

321. Knill RL, Gelb AW: Ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia during halothane sedation and anesthesia in man. Anesthesiology 49:244, 1978.

322. Weiskopf RB, Raymond LW, Severinghaus JW: Effects of halothane on canine respiratory responses to hypoxia with and without hypercarbia. Anesthesiology 41:350, 1974.

323. Hirshman CA, McCullough RE, Cohen PJ, et al: Depression of hypoxic ventilatory response by halothane, enflurane and isoflurane in dogs. Br J Anaesth 43:957, 1977.

324. Yacoub O, Doell D, Kryger MH, et al: Depression of hypoxic ventilatory response by nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology 45:385, 1976.

325. Morray JP, Nobel R, Bennet L, et al: The effect of halothane on phrenic and chemoreceptor responses to hypoxia in anesthetized kittens. Anesth Analg 83:329, 1996.
189


326. Knill RL, Clement JL: Site of selective action of halothane on the peripheral chemoreflex pathway in humans. Anesthesiology 61:121, 1984.

327. Davies RO, Edwards MWJ, Lahiri S: Halothane depresses the response to carotid body chemoreceptors to hypoxia and hypercapnia in the cat. Anesthesiology 57:153, 1982.

328. Stuth EAE, Dogas Z, Krolo M, et al: Dose-dependent effects of halothane on the phrenic nerve responses to acute hypoxia in vagotomized dogs. Anesthesiology 87:1428, 1997.

329. Mohan R, Duffin J: The effect of hypoxia on the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide in man. Respir Physiol 108:101, 1997.

330. Kline DD, Yang T, Huang PL, et al: Altered respiratory responses to hypoxia in mutant mice deficient in neuronal nitric oxide synthase. J Physiol 511:273, 1998.

331. Zanzinger J, Czachurski J, Seller H: Nitric oxide in the ventrolateral medulla regulates sympathetic responses to systemic hypoxia in pigs. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 275:R33, 1998.

332. Fung ML, Wang W, Darnall RA, et al: Characterization of ventilatory responses to hypoxia in neonatal rats. Respir Physiol 103:57, 1996.

333. Maxova H, Vizek M: Ventilatory response to sustained hypoxia in carotid body denervated rats. Physiol Res 50:327, 2001.

334. Nagyova B, Dorringtion KL, Poulin MJ, et al: Influence of 0.2 minimum alveolar concentration of enflurane on the ventilatory response to sustained hypoxia in humans. Br J Anaesth 78:707, 1997.

335. Sarton E, Teppema L, Dahan A: Sex differences in morphine-induced ventilatory depression reside within the peripheral chemoreflex loop. Anesthesiology 90:1329, 1999.

336. Sarton E, van de Wal M, Nieuwenhuijs D, et al: Sevoflurane-induced reduction of hypoxic drive is sex-independent. Anesthesiology 90:1288, 1999.

337. Knill RL, Kieraszewicz HT, Dodgson BG: Chemical regulation of ventilation during isoflurane sedation and anaesthesia in humans. Can Anaesth Soc J 30:607, 1983.

338. Pandit JJ, Manning-Fox J, Dorringtion KL, et al: Effects of subanaesthetic sevoflurane on ventilation. 2: Response to acute and sustained hypoxia in humans. Br J Anaesth 83:210, 1999.

339. Temp JA, Henson LC, Ward DS: Does a subanesthetic concentration of isoflurane blunt the ventilatory response to hypoxia? Anesthesiology 77:1116, 1992.

340. Temp JA, Henson LC, Ward DS: Effect of a subanesthetic minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane on two tests of the hypoxic ventilatory response. Anesthesiology 80:739, 1994.

341. Joensen H, Sadler CL, Ponte J, et al: Isoflurane does not depress the hypoxic response of rabbit carotid body chemoreceptors. Anesth Analg 91:480, 2000.

342. van den Elsen MJ, Dahan A, Berkenbosch A, et al: Does subanesthetic isoflurane affect the ventilatory responses to acute isocapnic hypoxia in healthy volunteers? Anesthesiology 81:860, 1994.

343. Nagyova B, Dorrington KL, Robbins PA: Effect of low-dose enflurane on the ventilatory response to hypoxia in humans. Br J Anaesth 72:509, 1994.

344. Sarton E, Dahan A, Teppema L, et al: Acute pain and central nervous system arousal do not restore impaired hypoxic ventilatory response during sevoflurane sedation. Anesthesiology 85:295, 1996.

345. Lam AM, Clement JL, Knill RL: Surgical stimulation does not enhance ventilatory chemoreflexes during enflurane anaesthesia in man. Can Anaesth Soc J 27:22, 1980.

346. Galley HF, DiMatteo MA, Webster NR: Immunomodulation by anaesthetic, sedative and analgesic agents: Does it matter? Intensive Care Med 26:267, 2000.

347. Kotani N, Takahashi S, Sessler DI, et al: Volatile anesthetics augment expression of proinflammatory cytokines in rat alveolar macrophages by mechanical ventilation. Anesthesiology 91:187, 1999.

348. Wrigge H, Zinserling J, Stuber F, et al: Effects of mechanical ventilation on release of cytokines into systemic circulation in patients with normal pulmonary function. Anesthesiology 93:1413, 2000.


190

Previous Next