Figure 40-15 Induction of epidural anesthesia at an elapsed time of 15 minutes decreased core temperature and increased thermal comfort as determined by a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS). Interestingly, however, maximal thermal comfort coincided with the minimum core temperature. Results are presented as means ± SD. TM, tympanic membrane. (Redrawn with modification from Sessler DI, Ponte J: Shivering during epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 72:816–821, 1990.)