Figure 32-48 Anatomic and physiologic factors that influence the relationships between various measures of left ventricular (LV) filling and true LV preload. The further upstream filling pressure is measured, the more confounding factors may influence the relationship between this measurement and LV preload. CVP, central venous pressure; LA, left atrium; LAP, left atrial pressure; LVEDP, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; PA, pulmonary artery; PADP, pulmonary artery diastolic pressure; PAWP, pulmonary artery wedge pressure; P-V, pressure-volume; RA, right atrium; RV, right ventricle. (Redrawn from Mark JB: Atlas of Cardiovascular Monitoring. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1998, Fig. 15-5).