Figure 28-3 Causes of perioperative eye complications are depicted. Corneal abrasions are most common. Swelling or pressure can lead to retinal vein or artery occlusion. Ischemic optic neuropathy is caused by infarction of the optic nerve. Injuries to the optic chiasm can occur during pituitary surgery, and cortical blindness can occur after some cardiac and neurosurgical procedures. (Adapted from Williams EL, Hart WM, Tempelhoff R: Postoperative ischemic optic neuropathy. Anesth Analg 80:1018–1029, 1995.)