Figure 27-10 Relative risks and confidence intervals resulting from the use of four preoperative tests to predict adverse outcomes after vascular surgery, as reported by various studies. Names at the left refer to the first author of studies reviewed by Mantha and colleagues.^[387] Broken vertical lines represent combined relative risks, as assessed by each test. AECG, ambulatory electrocardiography; DSE, dobutamine stress echocardiography; DTS, dipyridamole-thallium scintigraphy; RNV, estimate of ejection fraction by radionuclide ventriculography. (Adapted from Mantha S, Roizen MF, Barnard J, et al: Relative effectiveness of preoperative noninvasive cardiac evaluation tests on predicting adverse cardiac outcomes following vascular surgery: A meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 79:422, 1994.)