Figure 1-20 Photograph of Arthur Guedel while he was serving in the American Expeditionary Forces in France during World War I. During the war, he was responsible for the safe administration of thousands of anesthetics, often delivered without properly trained personnel. As a guide for teaching nurses and orderlies to administer ether, he devised a wall chart describing the various stages and planes of ether anesthesia that eventually resulted in his classic publication on this topic in 1919. He used a drug sequence of ethyl chloride, chloroform, and ether that prepared the patient for surgery within 2 minutes.^[485] (Courtesy of the Guedel Memorial Anesthesia Center, San Francisco, CA.)