Figure 84-12 Validity of simulator systems versus the operating room (OR). The same anesthetists were observed in the OR and the simulator environment with full enactment of the OR personnel, surgical team, and anesthesia nurse. Even though the two settings have some interesting differences, the overall "ecologic validity" of the simulator is good. (Courtesy of T. Manser, ETH Zurich, and University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.)