Figure 78-17 Pulseless electrical activity algorithm. ACS, acute coronary syndrome; EMD, electromechanical dissociation; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; IV, intravenous; OD, overdose; VF, ventricular fibrillation; VT, ventricular tachycardia. (Redrawn with modification from American Heart Association in collaboration with International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation: Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care: International Consensus on Science, Parts 1–12. Circulation 102(Suppl I):I–1, 2000.)