Figure 68-2 Preoperative psychological preparation reduces stress before and up to 1 week after surgery, as measured by the Spielberger state anxiety score. *P < .05. (Redrawn with modification from Wallace LM: Psychological preparation as a method of reducing the stress of surgery. J Hum Stress 10:62, 1984. Reprinted with permission of the Helen Dwight Reid Educational Foundation. Published by Heldref Publications, 1319 Eighteenth St, Washington, DC 20036-1802. Copyright 1984.)