Figure 52-20 Plasma norepinephrine (A) and epinephrine (B) concentrations before induction of anesthesia (P), at skin closure (C), and at 1, 6, 12, and 18 hours after lower extremity revascularization. GA, general anesthesia with postoperative parenteral morphine by patient-controlled analgesia; RA, regional (epidural) anesthesia with postoperative epidural analgesia by patient-controlled analgesia. (Adapted from Breslow MJ, Parker SD, Frank SM, et al: Determinants of catecholamine and cortisol responses to lower extremity revascularization. The PIRAT Study Group. Anesthesiology 79:1202–1209, 1993.)