Figure 50-45 A, Original neurohumoral model of congestive heart failure (CHF). B, Current neurohumoral paradigm of CHF, with an emphasis on the central role of the heart. (A, Redrawn from Francis GS, Goldsmith SR, Levine TB, et al: The neurohumoral axis in congestive heart failure. Ann Intern Med 101:370–377, 1984. B, Redrawn from McMurray J, Pfeffer MA: New therapeutic options in congestive heart failure: Part I. Circulation 105:2099–2106, 2002.)