Figure 49-40 Treatment algorithm for massive hemoptysis. The most important function of emergency bronchoscopy is to establish or diagnose the cause and site of bleeding. In addition, the amount and spread of bleeding can be controlled during emergency bronchoscopy (see items listed in the algorithm under "Diagnosis of cause and treatment"). (Modified from Benumof JL: Anesthesia for Thoracic Surgery. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1987.)