Figure 1-1 A, Joseph Priestley was born in Fieldhead, England, and educated as a minister. His early career was spent as a schoolmaster in Leeds, England. In 1780, he accepted an appointment in Birmingham, as minister, where he joined Erasmus Darwin and James Watt in forming the Lunar Society, which met to discuss the new ideas in chemistry and physics emerging at that time. Because of his political views, his chapel and home were vandalized in 1789. Five years later, he joined his sons in Pennsylvania in the United States, where he died in 1804 at age 70. B, The portrait of Lavoisier and his wife, Marie Anne Pierrette Paulz, was painted in 1788 by the famous French artist Jacques Louis David. Marie Paulz, who married Lavoisier when she was only 14 years old, was taught to draw by David, and she drew many of the illustrations in Lavoisier's magnum opus, Traite Elementaire de Chimie.^[483] Several experimental devices and gasometers are shown on and below the table. C, Humphry Davy was born in Cornwall, England, and became apprenticed to a surgeon, J. B. Borlase of Penzance, at age 17. At 20 years of age, he was appointed Superintendent of the Beddoe's Pneumatic Institute, where he studied the effects of nitrous oxide inhalation. His later career in chemistry gained him fame and honors. He directed the Royal Institute and was made a baronet in 1818 at the age of 40. (Courtesy of the Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology, Park Ridge, IL.)