Previous Next

REFERENCES

301. Mielck F, Stephan H, Weyland A, Sonntag H: Effects of one minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration sevoflurane on cerebral metabolism, blood flow, and CO2 reactivity in cardiac patients. Anesth Analg 89:364–369, 1999.

302. Mielck F, Stephan H, Buhre W, et al: Effects of 1 MAC desflurane on cerebral metabolism, blood flow and carbon dioxide reactivity in humans. Br J Anaesth 81:155–160, 1998.

303. Sakabe T, Maekawa T, Fujii S, et al: Cerebral circulation and metabolism during enflurane anesthesia in humans. Anesthesiology 59:532–536, 1983.

304. Fraga M, Maceiras P, Rodino S, et al: The effects of isoflurane and desflurane on intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, and cerebral arteriovenous oxygen content differences in normocapnic patients with supratentorial brain tumors. Anesthesiology 98:1085–1090, 2003.

305. Kaisti K, Metsahonkala L, Teras M, et al: Effects of surgical levels of propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia on cerebral blood flow in healthy subjects studied with positron emission tomography. Anesthesiology 96:1358–1370, 2002.

306. Reinstrup P, Ryding E, Algotsson L, et al: Regional cerebral blood flow (SPECT) during anaesthesia with isoflurane and nitrous oxide in humans. Br J Anaesth 78:407–411, 1997.

307. Bundgaard H, Oettingen G, Larsen K, et al: Effects of sevoflurane on intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolism. Acta Anesthesiol Scand 42:621–627, 1998.

308. Madsen J, Cold G, Hansen E, Bardrum B: The effect of isoflurane on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in humans during craniotomy for small supratentorial cerebral tumors. Anesthesiology 66:332–336, 1987.

309. Ornstein E, Young W, Fleischer L, Ostapkovich N: Desflurane and isoflurane have similar effects on cerebral blood flow in patients with intracranial mass lesions. Anesthesiology 79:498–502, 1993.

310. Algotsson L, Messeter K, Nordstrom C, Ryding E: Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption during isoflurane and halothane anesthesia in man. Acta Anesthesiol Scand 32:15–20, 1988.

311. Kolbitsch C, Lorenz I, Hormann C, et al: Sevoflurane and nitrous oxide increase regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) in a drugspecific manner in human volunteers. Magn Reson Imaging 19:1253–1260, 2001.

312. Kolbitsch C, Lorenz I, Hormann C, et al: A subanesthetic concentration of sevoflurane increases regional cerebral blood flow and regional cerebral blood volume and decreases regional mean transit time and regional cerebrovascular resistance in volunteers. Anesth Analg 91:156–162, 2000.

313. Lorenz I, Hormann C, Luger T, et al: Influence of equianaesthetic concentrations of nitrous oxide and isoflurane on regional cerebral blood flow, regional cerebral blood volume, and regional mean transit time in human volunteers. Br J Anaesth 87:691–698, 2001.

314. Alkire M, Pomfrett CJ, Haier RJ, et al: Functional brain imaging during anesthesia in humans: Effects of halothane on global and regional cerebral glucose metabolism. Anesthesiology 90:701–709, 1999.

315. Young WL, Prohovnik I, Ornstein E, et al: The effect of arteriovenous malformation resection on cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide. Neurosurgery 27:257–267, 1990.

316. Ornstein E, Young WL, Fleischer LH, Ostapkovich N: Desflurane and isoflurane have similar effects on cerebral blood flow in patients with intracranial mass lesions. Anesthesiology 79:498–502, 1993.

317. Milde LN, Milde JH: Cerebral effects of sufentanil in dogs with reduced intracranial compliance. Anesth Analg 68:S196, 1989.

318. Alkire MT, Haier RJ, Shah NK, Anderson CT: Positron emission tomography study of regional cerebral metabolism in humans during isoflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 86:549–557, 1997.

319. Rampil IJ, Lockhart SH, Eger EI, et al: The electroencephalographic effects of desflurane in humans. Anesthesiology 74:434–439, 1991.

320. Boarini DJ, Kassell NF, Coester HC, et al: Comparison of systemic and cerebrovascular effects of isoflurane and halothane. Neurosurgery 15:400–409, 1984.

321. Adams RW, Cucchiara RF, Gronert GA, et al: Isoflurane and cerebrospinal fluid pressures in neurosurgical patients. Anesthesiology 54:97–99, 1981.

322. Grosslight K, Foster R, Colohan AR, Bedford RF: Isoflurane for neuroanesthesia: Risk factors for increases in intracranial pressure. Anesthesiology 63:533–536, 1985.

323. Campkin TV, Flinn RM: Isoflurane and cerebrospinal fluid pressure—a study in neurosurgical patients undergoing intracranial shunt procedures. Anaesthesia 44:50–54, 1989.

324. Scheller MS, Todd MM, Drummond JC: A comparison of the ICP effects of isoflurane and halothane after cryogenic brain injury in rabbits. Anesthesiology 67:507–512, 1987.

325. Adams RW, Gronert GA, Sundt TM, Michenfelder JD: Halothane, hypocapnia and cerebrospinal fluid pressure in neurosurgery. Anesthesiology 37:510–517, 1972.

326. Warner DS, Boarini DJ, Kassell NL: Cerebrovascular adaptation to prolonged halothane anesthesia is not related to cerebrospinal fluid pH. Anesthesiology 63:243–248, 1985.

327. Fleischer LH, Young WL, Ornstein E, Ostapkovich N: Cerebral blood flow in humans does not decline over time during isoflurane or desflurane anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 77:A167, 1992.

328. Cenic A, Craen R, Lee T, Gelb A: Cerebral blood volume and blood flow responses to hyperventilation in brain tumors during isoflurane or propofol anesthesia. Anesth Analg 94:661–666, 2002.

329. Madsen JB, Cold GE, Hansen ES, Bardrum B: Cerebral blood flow, cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen and relative CO2 -reactivity during craniotomy for supratentorial cerebral tumours in halothane anaesthesia. A dose-response study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 31:454–457, 1987.

330. Drummond JC, Todd MM: The response of the feline cerebral circulation to PaCO2 during anesthesia with isoflurane and halothane and during sedation with nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology 62:268–273, 1985.

331. Cho S, Fujigaki T, Uchiyama Y, et al: Effects of sevoflurane with and without nitrous oxide on human cerebral circulation. Anesthesiology 85:755–760, 1996.

332. Morita H, Bleyaert AL, Stezoski SW, Nemoto EM: The effect of halothane anesthesia on cerebral blood flow, autoregulation and cerebral metabolism of oxygen and glucose [abstract]. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, October 1974, pp 63–64.

333. Strebel S, Lam AM, Matta B, et al: Dynamic and static cerebral autoregulation during isoflurane, desflurane, and propofol anesthesia. Anesthesiology 83:66–76, 1995.

334. Gupta S, Heath K, Matta BF: Effect of incremental doses of sevoflurane on cerebral pressure autoregulation in humans. Br J Anaesth 79:469–472, 1997.

335. Vavilala MS, Lee LA, Lee M, et al: Cerebral autoregulation in children during sevoflurane anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 90:636–641, 2003.

336. Lu H, Werner C, Englehard K, et al: The effects of sevoflurane on cerebral blood flow autoregulation in rats. Anesth Analg 87:854–858, 1998.

337. Neigh JL, Garman JK, Harp JR: The electroencephalographic pattern during anesthesia with Enthrane. Anesthesiology 35:482–487, 1971.

338. Wollman H, Smith AL, Hoffman JC: Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in man during electroencephalographic seizure patterns induced by anesthesia with Ethrane [abstract]. Fed Proc 28:356, 1967.


852


339. Fleming DC, Fitzpatrick J, Fariello RG, et al: Diagnostic activation of epileptogenic foci by enflurane. Anesthesiology 52:431–433, 1980.

340. Opitz A, Brecht S, Stenyel E: Enflurane anesthesia in epileptics [in German]. Anaesthesist 26:329–332, 1977.

341. Kruczek M, Albin MS, Wolf S, Bertoni JM: Postoperative seizure activity following enflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 53:175–176, 1980.

342. Hymes JA: Seizure activity during isoflurane anesthesia. Anesth Analg 64:367–368, 1985.

343. Harrison JL: Postoperative seizures after isoflurane anesthesia. Anesth Analg 65:1235–1236, 1986.

344. Kofke WA, Young RSK, Davis P, et al: Isoflurane for refractory status epilepticus: A clinical series. Anesthesiology 71:653–659, 1989.

345. Komatsu H, Taie S, Endo S, et al: Electrical seizures during sevoflurane anesthesia in two pediatric patients with epilepsy. Anesthesiology 81:1535–1537, 1994.

346. Haga S, Shima T, Momose K, et al: Anesthetic induction of children with high concentrations of sevoflurane [in Japanese]. Jpn J Anesthesiol 41:1951–1955, 1992.

347. Kaisti K, Jaaskelainen S, Rinne JO, et al: Epileptiform discharges during 2 MAC sevoflurane anesthesia in two healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology 91:1952–1955, 1999.

348. Hisada K, Morioka T, Fukui K, et al: Electrocorticographic activities in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 13:333–337, 2001.

349. Hilty CA, Drummond JC: Seizure-like activity on emergence from sevoflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 93:1357–1358, 2000.

350. Terasako K, Ishii S: Postoperative seizure-like activity following sevoflurane anesthesia. Anesth Analg 96:1239–1240, 2003.

351. Nakanishi O, Ishikawa T, Imamura Y, Hirakawa T: Inhibition of cerebral metabolic and circulatory responses to nitrous oxide by 6-hydroxydopamine in dogs. Can J Anaesth 44:1008–1013, 1997.

352. Field LM, Dorrance DE, Krzeminska EK, Barsoum LZ: Effect of nitrous oxide on cerebral blood flow in normal humans. Br J Anaesth 70:154–159, 1993.

353. Eng C, Lam AM, Mayberg TS, et al: The influence of propofol with and without nitrous oxide on cerebral blood flow velocity and CO2 reactivity in humans. Anesthesiology 77:872–879, 1992.

354. Henriksen HT, Jorgensen PB: The effect of nitrous oxide on intracranial pressure in patients with intracranial disorders. Br J Anaesth 45:486–491, 1973.

355. Moss E, McDowall DG: I.C.P increases with 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen in severe head injuries during controlled ventilation. Br J Anaesth 51:757–761, 1979.

356. Pelligrino DA, Miletich DJ, Hoffman WE, Albrecht RA: Nitrous oxide markedly increases cerebral cortical metabolic rate and blood flow in the goat. Anesthesiology 60:405–412, 1984.

357. Theye RA, Michenfelder JD: The effects of nitrous oxide on canine cerebral metabolism. Anesthesiology 29:1119–1124, 1968.

358. Phirman JR, Shapiro HM: Modification of nitrous oxide-induced intracranial hypertension by prior induction of anesthesia. Anesthesiology 46:150–151, 1977.

359. Misfeldt BB, Jorgensen PL, Rishoj M: The effect of nitrous oxide and halothane upon the intracranial pressure in hypocapnic patients with intracranial disorders. Br J Anaesth 46:853–858, 1974.

360. Jung R, Reinsel R, Marx W, et al: Isoflurane and nitrous oxide: Comparative impact on cerebrospinal fluid pressure in patients with brain tumors. Anesth Analg 75:724–728, 1992.

361. Hoffman WE, Miletich DJ, Albrecht RF: The effects of midazolam on cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption and its interaction with nitrous oxide. Anesth Analg 65:729–733, 1986.

362. Knudsen L, Cold GE, Holdgård HO, et al: The effects of midazolam on cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption. Interaction with nitrous oxide in patients undergoing craniotomy for supratentorial tumors. Anaesthesia 45:1016–1019, 1990.

363. Manohar M, Parks C: Porcine regional brain and myocardial blood flows during halothane-O2 and halothane-nitrous oxide anesthesia: Comparisons with equipotent isoflurane anesthesia. Am J Vet Res 45:465–473, 1984.

364. Manohar M, Parks CM: Porcine brain and myocardial perfusion during enflurane anesthesia without and with nitrous oxide. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 6:1092–1101, 1984.

365. Manohar M, Parks C: Regional distribution of brain and myocardial perfusion in swine while awake and during 1.0 and 1.5 MAC isoflurane anaesthesia produced without or with 50% nitrous oxide. Cardiovasc Res 18:344–353, 1984.

366. Drummond JC, Scheller MS, Todd MM: The effect of nitrous oxide on cortical cerebral blood flow during anesthesia with halothane and isoflurane, with and without morphine, in the rabbit. Anesth Analg 66:1083–1089, 1987.

367. Todd MM: The effects of PaCO2 on the cerebrovascular response to nitrous oxide in the halothane-anesthetized rabbit. Anesth Analg 66:1090–1095, 1987.

368. Kaieda R, Todd MM, Warner DS: The effects of anesthetics and PaCO2 on the cerebrovascular, metabolic, and electroencephalographic responses to nitrous oxide in the rabbit. Anesth Analg 68:135–143, 1989.

369. Strebel S, Kaufmann M, Anselmi L, Schaefer HG: Nitrous oxide is a potent cerebrovasodilator in humans when added to isoflurane. Acta Anesthesiol Scand 39:653–658, 1995.

370. Algotsson L, Messeter K, Rosén I, Holmin T: Effects of nitrous oxide on cerebral haemodynamics and metabolism during isoflurane anaesthesia in man. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 36:46–52, 1992.

371. Baughman VL, Hoffman WE, Miletich DJ, Albrecht RF: Cerebrovascular and cerebral metabolic effects of N2 O in unrestrained rats. Anesthesiology 73:269–272, 1990.

372. Roald OK, Forsman M, Heier MS, Steen PA: Cerebral effects of nitrous oxide when added to low and high concentrations of isoflurane in the dog. Anesth Analg 72:75–79, 1991.

373. Wollman H, Alexander SC, Cohen PJ, et al: Cerebral circulation during general anesthesia and hyperventilation in man. Anesthesiology 26:329–334, 1965.

374. Tarkkanen L, Laitinen L, Johansson G: Effects of d-tubocurarine on intracranial pressure and thalamic electrical impedance. Anesthesiology 40:247–251, 1974.

375. Basta SJ, Savarese JJ, Ali HH, et al: Histamine-releasing potencies of atracurium, dimethyl tubocurarine and tubocurarine. Br J Anaesth 55:105S–106S, 1983.

376. Basta SJ: Clinical pharmacology of mivacurium chloride: A review. J Clin Anesth 4:153–163, 1992.

377. Rosa G, Orfei P, Sanfilippo M, et al: The effects of atracurium besylate (Tracrium) on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure. Anesth Analg 65:381–384, 1986.

378. Schramm WM, Papousek A, Michalek-Sauberer A, et al: The cerebral and cardiovascular effects of cisatracurium and atracurium in neurosurgical patients. Anesth Analg 86:123–127, 1998.

379. Rosa G, Sanfilippo M, Vilardi V, et al: Effects of vecuronium bromide on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure. Br J Anaesth 58:437–440, 1986.

380. Stirt JA, Maggio W, Haworth C, et al: Vecuronium: Effect on intracranial pressure and hemodynamics in neurosurgical patients. Anesthesiology 67:570–573, 1987.

381. Benthuysen JL, Kien ND, Quam DD: Intracranial pressure increases during alfentanil-induced rigidity. Anesthesiology 68:438–440, 1988.

382. Lanier WL, Milde JH, Michenfelder JD: The cerebral effects of pancuronium and atracurium in halothane-anesthetized dogs. Anesthesiology 63:589–597, 1985.

383. Lanier WL, Sharbrough FW, Michenfelder JD: Effects of atracurium, vecuronium or pancuronium pretreatment on lignocaine seizure thresholds in cats. Br J Anaesth 60:74–80, 1988.

384. Tateishi A, Zornow MH, Scheller MS, Canfell PC: Electroencephalographic effects of laudanosine in an animal model of epilepsy. Br J Anaesth 62:548–552, 1989.

385. Chapple DJ, Miller AA, Ward JB, Wheatley PL: Cardiovascular and neurological effects of laudanosine. Br J Anaesth 59:218–225, 1987.
853


386. Standaert FG: Magic bullets, science, and medicine. Anesthesiology 63:577–578, 1985.

387. Minton MD, Grosslight K, Stirt JA, Bedford RF: Increases in intracranial pressure from succinylcholine: Prevention by prior nondepolarizing blockade. Anesthesiology 65:165–169, 1986.

388. Lanier WL, Milde JH, Michenfelder JD: Cerebral stimulation following succinylcholine in dogs. Anesthesiology 64:551–559, 1986.

389. Lanier WL, Iaizzo PA, Milde JH: Cerebral function and muscle afferent activity following intravenous succinylcholine in dogs anesthetized with halothane: The effects of pretreatment with a defasciculating dose of pancuronium. Anesthesiology 71:87–95, 1989.

390. Lanier WL, Iaizzo PA, Milde JH, Sharbrough FW: The cerebral and systemic effects of movement in response to a noxious stimulus in lightly anesthetized dogs. Anesthesiology 80:392–401, 1994.

391. Stirt JA, Grosslight KR, Bedford RF, Vollmer D: "Defasciculation" with metocurine prevents succinylcholine-induced increases in intracranial pressure. Anesthesiology 67:50–53, 1987.

392. Kovarik DW, Mayberg TS, Lam AM, et al: Succinylcholine does not change intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow velocity, or the electroencephalogram in patients with neurologic injury. Anesth Analg 78:469–473, 1994.

393. Cutler RWP, Spertell RB: Cerebrospinal fluid: A selective review. Ann Neurol 11:1–10, 1982.

394. Artru AA: Effects of halothane and fentanyl on the rate of CSF production in dogs. Anesth Analg 62:581–585, 1983.

395. Artru AA: Effects of halothane and fentanyl anesthesia on resistance to reabsorption of CSF. J Neurosurg 60:252–256, 1984.

396. Artru AA: Isoflurane does not increase the rate of CSF production in the dog. Anesthesiology 60:193–197, 1984.

397. Artru AA: Effects of enflurane and isoflurane on resistance to reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid in dogs. Anesthesiology 61:529–533, 1984.

398. Artru AA, Nugent M, Michenfelder JD: Enflurane causes a prolonged and reversible increase in the rate of CSF production in the dog. Anesthesiology 57:255–260, 1982.

399. Maktabi MA, Elbokl FF, Faraci FM, Todd MM: Halothane decreases the rate of production of cerebrospinal fluid. Anesthesiology 78:72–82, 1993.

400. Artru AA: Rate of cerebrospinal fluid formation, resistance to reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid, brain tissue water content, and electroencephalogram during desflurane anesthesia in dogs. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 5:178–186, 1993.

401. Artru AA: Dose-related changes in the rate of cerebrospinal fluid formation and resistance to reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid following administration of thiopental, midazolam, and etomidate in dogs. Anesthesiology 69:541–546, 1988.

402. Hatashita S, Hoff JT, Ishii S: Focal brain edema associated with acute arterial hypertension. J Neurosurg 64:643–649, 1986.

403. Sokrab T-EO, Johansson BB, Kalimo H, Olsson Y: A transient hypertensive opening of the blood-brain barrier can lead to brain damage. Acta Neuropathol 75:557–565, 1988.

404. Mayhan WG: Disruption of blood-brain barrier during acute hypertension in adult and aged rats. Am J Physiol 258:H1735–H1738, 1990.

405. Johansson BB, Linder L-E: Do nitrous oxide and lidocaine modify the blood-brain barrier in acute hypertension in the rat? Acta Anaesth Scand 24:65–68, 1980.

406. Forster A, Horn KV, Marshall LF, Shapiro HM: Anesthetic effects on blood-brain barrier function during acute arterial hypertension. Anesthesiology 49:26–30, 1978.

407. Johansson B: Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in acute arterial hypertension after papaverine-induced vasodilation. Acta Neurol Scand 50:573–580, 1974.

408. Smith AL, Marque JJ: Anesthetics and cerebral edema. Anesthesiology 45:64–72, 1976.

409. Modica PA, Tempelhoff R, White PF: Pro- and anticonvulsant effects of anesthetics (Part I). Anesth Analg 70:303–315, 1990.

410. Modica PA, Tempelhoff R, White PF: Pro- and anticonvulsant effects of anesthetics (Part II). Anesth Analg 70:433–444, 1990.

411. Kreisman NR, Magee JC, Brizzee BL: Relative hypoperfusion in rat cerebral cortex during recurrent seizures. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 11:77–87, 1991.

412. Archer DP, McKenna JMA, Morin L, Ravussin P: Conscious-sedation analgesia during craniotomy for intractable epilepsy: A review of 354 consecutive cases. Can J Anaesth 35:338–344, 1988.

413. Ford EW, Morrell F, Whisler WW: Methohexital anesthesia in the surgical treatment of uncontrollable epilepsy. Anesth Analg 61:997–1001, 1982.

414. Rockoff MA, Goudsouzian NG: Seizures induced by methohexital. Anesthesiology 54:333–335, 1981.

415. Musella L, Wilder BJ, Schmidt RP: Electroencephalographic activation with intravenous methohexital in psychomotor epilepsy. Neurology 21:594–602, 1971.

416. Bennett DR, Madsen JA, Jordan WS, Wiser WC: Ketamine anesthesia in brain-damaged epileptics. Neurology 23:449–460, 1973.

417. Ferrer-Allado T, Brechner VL, Dymond A, et al: Ketamine-induced electroconvulsive phenomena in the human limbic and thalamic regions. Anesthesiology 38:333–344, 1973.

418. Steen P, Michenfelder JD: Neurotoxicity of anesthetics. Anesthesiology 50:437–453, 1979.

419. Hirshman CA, Krieger W, Littlejohn G, et al: Ketamine-aminophylline-induced decrease in seizure threshold. Anesthesiology 56:464–467, 1982.

420. Ghoneim MM, Yamada T: Etomidate: A clinical and electroencephalographic comparison with thiopental. Anesth Analg 56:478–485, 1977.

421. Laughlin TP, Newberg LA: Prolonged myoclonus after etomidate anesthesia. Anesth Analg 64:80–82, 1985.

422. Ebrahim ZY, DeBoer GE, Luders H, et al: Effect of etomidate on the electroencephalogram of patients with epilepsy. Anesth Analg 65:1004–1006, 1986.

423. Gancher S, Laxer KD, Krieger W: Activation of epileptogenic activity by etomidate. Anesthesiology 61:616–618, 1984.

424. Avramov MN, Husain MM, White PF: The comparative effects of methohexital, propofol, and etomidate for electroconvulsive therapy. Anesth Analg 81:596–602, 1995.

425. Yeoman P, Hutchinson A, Byrne A, et al: Etomidate infusions for the control of refractory status epilepticus. Intensive Care Med 15:255–259, 1989.

426. Maekawa T, Tommasino C, Shapiro HM: Local cerebral blood flow with fentanyl-induced seizures. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 4:88–95, 1984.

427. DeCastro J, VanDeWater A, Wouters L, et al: Comparative study of cardiovascular neurological and metabolic side-effects of eight narcotics in dogs. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 30:5–9, 1979.

428. Kofke WA, Garman RH, Tom WC, et al: Alfentanil-induced hypermetabolism, seizure, and histopathology in rat brain. Anesth Analg 75:953–964, 1992.

429. Kofke WA, Garman RH, Stiller RL, et al: Opioid neurotoxicity: Fentanyl dose-response effects in rats. Anesth Analg 83:1298–1306, 1996.

430. Rao TLK, Mummaneni N, El-Etr AA: Convulsions: An unusual response to intravenous fentanyl administration. Anesth Analg 61:1020–1021, 1982.

431. Safwat AM, Daniel D: Grand mal seizure after fentanyl administration [letter]. Anesthesiology 59:78, 1983.

432. Hoien A: Another case of grand mal seizure after fentanyl administration [letter]. Anesthesiology 60:387–388, 1984.

433. Murkin JM, Moldenhauer CC, Hug CC, Epstein CM: Absence of seizures during induction of anesthesia with high dose fentanyl. Anesth Analg 63:489–494, 1984.

434. Smith NT, Westover CJ, Quinn M, et al: An electroencephalographic comparison of alfentanil with other narcotics and with thiopental. J Clin Monit 1:236–244, 1985.

435. Smith NT, Dec-Silver H, Sanford TJ, et al: EEGs during high-dose fentanyl-, sufentanil-, or morphine-oxygen anesthesia. Anesth Analg 63:386–393, 1984.
854


436. Cascino GD, So EL, Sharbrough FW, et al: Alfentanil-induced epileptiform activity in patients with partial epilepsy. J Clin Neurophysiol 10:520–525, 1993.

437. Astrup J, Symon L, Branston NM, Lassen NA: Cortical evoked potential and extracellular K+ and H+ at critical levels of brain ischemia. Stroke 8:52–57, 1977.

438. Branston NM, Symon L, Crockard HA, Pasztor E: Relationship between the cortical evoked potential and local cortical blood flow following acute middle cerebral artery occlusion in the baboon. Exp Neurol 45:195–208, 1974.

439. Jones TH, Morawetz RB, Crowell RM, et al: Thresholds of focal cerebral ischemia in awake monkeys. J Neurosurg 54:773–782, 1981.

440. Michenfelder JD, Sundt TM, Fode N, Sharbrough FW: Isoflurane when compared to enflurane and halothane decreases the frequency of cerebral ischemia during carotid endarterectomy. Anesthesiology 67:336–340, 1987.

441. Carter LP, Yamagata S, Erspamer R: Time limits on reversible cortical ischemia. Neurosurgery 12:620–623, 1983.

442. Kaplan B, Brint S, Tanabe J, et al: Temporal thresholds for neocortical infarction in rats subjected to reversible focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 22:1032–1039, 1991.

443. Hossmann KA: Viability thresholds and the penumbra of focal ischemia. Ann Neurol 36:557–365, 1994.

444. Perkins WJ, Lanier WL, Schroeder DR, et al: Critical regional cerebral blood flow determined using logistic regression analysis [abstract]. Anesthesiology 87:A173, 1997.

445. Sundt TM, Sharbrough FW, Piepgras DG, et al: Correlation of cerebral blood flow and electroencephalographic changes during carotid endarterectomy. Mayo Clin Proc 56:533–543, 1981.

446. Michenfelder JD, Sundt TM: Cerebral ATP and lactate levels in the squirrel monkey following occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Stroke 2:319–326, 1971.

447. Michenfelder JD, Theye RA: The effects of anesthesia and hypothermia on canine cerebral ATP and lactate during anoxia produced by decapitation. Anesthesiology 33:430–439, 1970.

448. Siesjo BK: Pathophysiology and treatment of focal cerebral ischemia. Part I: Pathophysiology. J Neurosurg 77:169–184, 1992.

449. Benveniste H, Drejer J, Schousboe A, Diemer NH: Elevation of the extracellular concentrations of glutamate and aspartate in rat hippocampus during transient cerebral ischemia monitored by intracerebral microdialysis. J Neurochem 43:1369–1374, 1984.

450. Furukawa K, Fu W, Li Y, et al: The actin-severing protein gelsolin modulates calcium channel and NMDA receptor activities and vulnerability to excitotoxicity in hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci 17:8178–8186, 1997.

Previous Next