Previous Next

REFERENCES

451. Stanski DR, Ham J, Miller RD, et al: Time-dependent increase in sensitivity to d-tubocurarine during enflurane anesthesia in man. Anesthesiology 52:483–487, 1980.

452. Withington DE, Donati F, Bevan DR, et al: Potentiation of atracurium neuromuscular blockade by enflurane: Time-course of effect. Anesth Analg 72:469–473, 1991.

453. Rupp SM, Miller RD, Gencarelli PJ: Vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade during enflurane, isoflurane, and halothane anesthesia in humans. Anesthesiology 60:102–105, 1984.

454. Gencarelli PJ, Miller RD, Eger EI 2nd, et al: Decreasing enflurane concentrations and d-tubocurarine neuromuscular blockade. Anesthesiology 56:192–194, 1982.

455. Miller RD, Way WL, Dolan WM, et al: Comparative neuromuscular effects of pancuronium, gallamine, and succinylcholine during forane and halothane anesthesia in man. Anesthesiology 35:509–514, 1971.

456. Wright PM, Hart P, Lau M, et al: The magnitude and time course of vecuronium potentiation by desflurane versus isoflurane. Anesthesiology 82:404–411, 1995.

457. Wulf H, Ledowski T, Linstedt U, et al: Neuromuscular blocking effects of rocuronium during desflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane anaesthesia. Can J Anaesth 45:526–532, 1998.

458. Bock M, Klippel K, Nitsche B, et al: Rocuronium potency and recovery characteristics during steady-state desflurane, sevoflurane, isoflurane or propofol anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 84:43–47, 2000.

459. Paul M, Fokt RM, Kindler CH, et al: Characterization of the interactions between volatile anesthetics and neuromuscular blockers at the muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Anesth Analg 95:362–367, 2002.

460. Yasuda N, Lockhart SH, Eger EI 2nd, et al: Comparison of kinetics of sevoflurane and isoflurane in humans. Anesth Analg 72:316–324, 1991.

461. Yasuda N, Lockhart SH, Eger EI 2nd, et al: Kinetics of desflurane, isoflurane, and halothane in humans. Anesthesiology 74:489–498, 1991.

462. Pereon Y, Bernard JM, Nguyen The Tich S, et al: The effects of desflurane on the nervous system: From spinal cord to muscles. Anesth Analg 89:490–495, 1999.

463. Brett RS, Dilger JP, Yland KF: Isoflurane causes "flickering" of the acetylcholine receptor channel: Observations using the patch clamp. Anesthesiology 69:161–170, 1988.

464. Franks NP, Lieb WR: Molecular and cellular mechanisms of general anaesthesia. Nature 367:607–614, 1994.

465. Dilger JP, Vidal AM, Mody HI, et al: Evidence for direct actions of general anesthetics on an ion channel protein. A new look at a unified mechanism of action. Anesthesiology 81:431–442, 1994.

466. al Ahdal O, Bevan DR: Clindamycin-induced neuromuscular blockade. Can J Anaesth 42:614–617, 1995.

467. Sanders WE Jr, Sanders CC: Toxicity of antibacterial agents: Mechanism of action on mammalian cells. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 19:53–83, 1979.

468. Singh YN, Harvey AL, Marshall IG: Antibiotic-induced paralysis of the mouse phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation, and reversibility by calcium and by neostigmine. Anesthesiology 48:418–424, 1978.


558


469. Wright JM, Collier B: Characterization of the neuromuscular block produced by clindamycin and lincomycin. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 54:937–944, 1976.

470. Lee C, de Silva AJ: Interaction of neuromuscular blocking effects of neomycin and polymyxin B. Anesthesiology 50:218–220, 1979.

471. Singh YN, Marshall IG, Harvey AL: Depression of transmitter release and postjunctional sensitivity during neuromuscular block produced by antibiotics. Br J Anaesth 51:1027–1033, 1979.

472. Sokoll MD, Gergis SD: Antibiotics and neuromuscular function. Anesthesiology 55:148–159, 1981.

473. Becker LD, Miller RD: Clindamycin enhances a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade. Anesthesiology 45:84–87, 1976.

474. Burkett L, Bikhazi GB, Thomas KC Jr, et al: Mutual potentiation of the neuromuscular effects of antibiotics and relaxants. Anesth Analg 58:107–115, 1979.

475. Hasfurther DL, Bailey PL: Failure of neuromuscular blockade reversal after rocuronium in a patient who received oral neomycin. Can J Anaesth 43:617–620, 1996.

476. Martinez EA, Mealey KL, Wooldridge AA, et al: Pharmacokinetics, effects on renal function, and potentiation of atracurium-induced neuromuscular blockade after administration of a high dose of gentamicin in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs. Am J Vet Res 57:1623–1626, 1996.

477. Heier T, Caldwell JE, Sessler DI, et al: Mild intraoperative hypothermia increases duration of action and spontaneous recovery of vecuronium blockade during nitrous oxide-isoflurane anesthesia in humans. Anesthesiology 74:815–819, 1991.

478. Leslie K, Sessler DI, Bjorksten AR, et al: Mild hypothermia alters propofol pharmacokinetics and increases the duration of action of atracurium. Anesth Analg 80:1007–1014, 1995.

479. Caldwell JE, Heier T, Wright PM, et al: Temperature-dependent pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vecuronium. Anesthesiology 92:84–93, 2000.

480. Heier T, Caldwell JE, Sessler DI, et al: The relationship between adductor pollicis twitch tension and core, skin, and muscle temperature during nitrous oxide-isoflurane anesthesia in humans. Anesthesiology 71:381–384, 1989.

481. Heier T, Caldwell JE, Sessler DI, et al: The effect of local surface and central cooling on adductor pollicis twitch tension during nitrous oxide/isoflurane and nitrous oxide/fentanyl anesthesia in humans. Anesthesiology 72:807–811, 1990.

482. Ham J, Miller RD, Benet LZ, et al: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of d-tubocurarine during hypothermia in the cat. Anesthesiology 49:324–329, 1978.

483. Miller RD, Agoston S, van der Pol F, et al: Hypothermia and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pancuronium in the cat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 207:532–538, 1978.

484. Hubbard JI, Jones SF, Landau EM: The effect of temperature change upon transmitter release, facilitation and post-tetanic potentiation. J Physiol 216:591–609, 1971.

485. Beaufort TM, Proost JH, Maring J, et al: Effect of hypothermia on the hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of vecuronium in the isolated perfused rat liver. Anesthesiology 94:270–279, 2001.

486. Beaufort AM, Wierda JM, Belopavlovic M, et al: The influence of hypothermia (surface cooling) on the time-course of action and on the pharmacokinetics of rocuronium in humans. Eur J Anaesthesiol Suppl 11:95–106, 1995.

487. Stenlake JB, Hughes R: In vitro degradation of atracurium in human plasma. Br J Anaesth 59:806–807, 1987.

488. De Jong RH, Hershey WN, Wagman IH: Nerve conduction velocity during hypothermia in man. Anesthesiology 27:805–810, 1966.

489. Eriksson LI, Viby-Mogensen J, Lennmarken C: The effect of peripheral hypothermia on a vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 35:387–392, 1991.

490. Thornberry EA, Mazumdar B: The effect of changes in arm temperature on neuromuscular monitoring in the presence of atracurium blockade. Anaesthesia 43:447–449, 1988.

491. Young ML, Hanson CW 3rd, Bloom MJ, et al: Localized hypothermia influences assessment of recovery from vecuronium neuromuscular blockade. Can J Anaesth 41:1172–1177, 1994.

492. Miller RD, Van Nyhis LS, Eger EI: The effect of temperature on a d-tubocurarine neuromuscular blockade and its antagonism by neostigmine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 195:237–241, 1975.

493. Miller RD, Roderick LL: Pancuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade, and its antagonism by neostigmine, at 29, 37, and 41 c. Anesthesiology 46:333–335, 1977.

494. Heier T, Clough D, Wright PM, et al: The influence of mild hypothermia on the pharmacokinetics and time course of action of neostigmine in anesthetized volunteers. Anesthesiology 97:90–95, 2002.

495. Giesecke AH Jr, Morris RE, Dalton MD, et al: Of magnesium, muscle relaxants, toxemic parturients, and cats. Anesth Analg 47:689–695, 1968.

496. Sinatra RS, Philip BK, Naulty JS, et al: Prolonged neuromuscular blockade with vecuronium in a patient treated with magnesium sulfate. Anesth Analg 64:1220–1222, 1985.

497. Fuchs-Buder T, Wilder-Smith OH, Borgeat A, et al: Interaction of magnesium sulphate with vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block. Br J Anaesth 74:405–409, 1995.

498. Gaiser RR, Seem EH: Use of rocuronium in a pregnant patient with an open eye injury, receiving magnesium medication, for preterm labour. Br J Anaesth 77:669–671, 1996.

499. Ahn EK, Bai SJ, Cho BJ, et al: The infusion rate of mivacurium and its spontaneous neuromuscular recovery in magnesium-treated parturients. Anesth Analg 86:523–526, 1998.

500. Sloan PA, Rasul M: Prolongation of rapacuronium neuromuscular blockade by clindamycin and magnesium. Anesth Analg 94:123–124, 2002.

501. Fuchs-Buder T, Ziegenfuss T, Lysakowski K, et al: Antagonism of vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block in patients pretreated with magnesium sulphate: Dose-effect relationship of neostigmine. Br J Anaesth 82:61–65, 1999.

502. McLarnon JG, Quastel DM: Postsynaptic effects of magnesium and calcium at the mouse neuromuscular junction. J Neurosci 3:1626–1633, 1983.

503. Ghoneim MM, Long JP: The interaction between magnesium and other neuromuscular blocking agents. Anesthesiology 32:23–27, 1970.

504. James MF, Cork RC, Dennett JE: Succinylcholine pretreatment with magnesium sulfate. Anesth Analg 65:373–376, 1986.

505. Tsai SK, Huang SW, Lee TY: Neuromuscular interactions between suxamethonium and magnesium sulphate in the cat. Br J Anaesth 72:674–678, 1994.

506. Waud BE, Waud DR: Interaction of calcium and potassium with neuromuscular blocking agents. Br J Anaesth 52:863–866, 1980.

507. Al-Mohaya S, Naguib M, Abdelatif M, et al: Abnormal responses to muscle relaxants in a patient with primary hyperparathyroidism. Anesthesiology 65:554–556, 1986.

508. Ward ME, Musa MN, Bailey L: Clinical pharmacokinetics of lithium. J Clin Pharmacol 34:280–285, 1994.

509. Price LH, Heninger GR: Lithium in the treatment of mood disorders. N Engl J Med 331:591–598, 1994.

510. Abdel-Zaher AO: The myoneural effects of lithium chloride on the nerve-muscle preparations of rats. Role of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels. Pharmacol Res 41:163–178, 2000.

511. Naguib M, Koorn R: Interactions between psychotropics, anaesthetics and electroconvulsive therapy: Implications for drug choice and patient management. CNS Drugs 16:229–247, 2002.

512. Hill GE, Wong KC, Hodges MR: Potentiation of succinylcholine neuromuscular blockade by lithium carbonate. Anesthesiology 44:439–442, 1976.

513. Hill GE, Wong KC, Hodges MR: Lithium carbonate and neuromuscular blocking agents. Anesthesiology 46:122–126, 1977.
559


514. Reimherr FW, Hodges MR, Hill GE, et al: Prolongation of muscle relaxant effects by lithium carbonate. Am J Psychiatry 134:205–206, 1977.

515. Havdala HS, Borison RL, Diamond BI: Potential hazards and applications of lithium in anesthesiology. Anesthesiology 50:534–537, 1979.

516. Borden H, Clarke MT, Katz H: The use of pancuronium bromide in patients receiving lithium carbonate. Can Anaesth Soc J 21:79–82, 1974.

517. Martin BA, Kramer PM: Clinical significance of the interaction between lithium and a neuromuscular blocker. Am J Psychiatry 139:1326–1328, 1982.

518. Telivuo L, Katz RL: The effects of modern intravenous local analgesics on respiration during partial neuromuscular block in man. Anaesthesia 25:30–35, 1970.

519. Usubiaga JE, Wikinski JA, Morales RL, et al: Interaction of intravenously administered procaine, lidocaine and succinylcholine in anesthetized subjects. Anesth Analg 46:39–45, 1967.

520. Usubiaga JE, Standaert F: The effects of local anesthetics on motor nerve terminals. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 159:353–361, 1968.

521. Kordas M: The effect of procaine on neuromuscular transmission. J Physiol 209:689–699, 1970.

522. Thorpe WR, Seeman P: The site of action of caffeine and procaine in skeletal muscle. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 179:324–330, 1971.

523. Harrah MD, Way WL, Katzung BG: The interaction of d-tubocurarine with antiarrhythmic drugs. Anesthesiology 33:406–410, 1970.

524. Miller RD, Way WL, Katzung BG: The potentiation of neuromuscular blocking agents by quinidine. Anesthesiology 28:1036–1041, 1967.

525. Salvador A, del Pozo E, Carlos R, et al: Differential effects of calcium channel blocking agents on pancuronium- and suxamethonium-induced neuromuscular blockade. Br J Anaesth 60:495–499, 1988.

526. Bell PF, Mirakhur RK, Elliott P: Onset and duration of clinical relaxation of atracurium and vecuronium in patients on chronic nifedipine therapy. Eur J Anaesthesiol 6:343–346, 1989.

527. Kanaya N, Sato Y, Tsuchida H, et al: The effects of nicardipine and verapamil on the recovery time of vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade [in Japanese]. Masui 40:246–249, 1991.

528. van Poorten JF, Dhasmana KM, Kuypers RS, et al: Verapamil and reversal of vecuronium neuromuscular blockade. Anesth Analg 63:155–157, 1984.

529. Baurain M, Barvais L, d'Hollander A, et al: Impairment of the antagonism of vecuronium-induced paralysis and intra-operative disopyramide administration. Anaesthesia 44:34–36, 1989.

530. Selzer ME, David G, Yaari Y: Phenytoin reduces frequency potentiation of synaptic potentials at the frog neuromuscular junction. Brain Res 304:149–152, 1984.

531. Selzer ME, David G, Yaari Y: On the mechanism by which phenytoin blocks post-tetanic potentiation at the frog neuromuscular junction. J Neurosci 5:2894–2899, 1985.

532. Jellish WS, Modica PA, Tempelhoff R: Accelerated recovery from pipecuronium in patients treated with chronic anticonvulsant therapy. J Clin Anesth 5:105–108, 1993.

533. Ornstein E, Matteo RS, Schwartz AE, et al: The effect of phenytoin on the magnitude and duration of neuromuscular block following atracurium or vecuronium. Anesthesiology 67:191–196, 1987.

534. Spacek A, Neiger FX, Spiss CK, et al: Chronic carbamazepine therapy does not influence mivacurium-induced neuromuscular block. Br J Anaesth 77:500–502, 1996.

535. Spacek A, Neiger FX, Spiss CK, et al: Atracurium-induced neuromuscular block is not affected by chronic anticonvulsant therapy with carbamazepine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41:1308–1311, 1997.

536. Roth S, Ebrahim ZY: Resistance to pancuronium in patients receiving carbamazepine. Anesthesiology 66:691–693, 1987.

537. Ornstein E, Matteo RS, Weinstein JA, et al: Accelerated recovery from doxacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade in patients receiving chronic anticonvulsant therapy. J Clin Anesth 3:108–111, 1991.

538. Whalley DG, Ebrahim Z: Influence of carbamazepine on the dose-response relationship of vecuronium. Br J Anaesth 72:125–126, 1994.

539. Alloul K, Whalley DG, Shutway F, et al: Pharmacokinetic origin of carbamazepine-induced resistance to vecuronium neuromuscular blockade in anesthetized patients. Anesthesiology 84:330–339, 1996.

540. Kim CS, Arnold FJ, Itani MS, et al: Decreased sensitivity to metocurine during long-term phenytoin therapy may be attributable to protein binding and acetylcholine receptor changes. Anesthesiology 77:500–506, 1992.

541. Melton AT, Antognini JF, Gronert GA: Prolonged duration of succinylcholine in patients receiving anticonvulsants: Evidence for mild up-regulation of acetylcholine receptors? Can J Anaesth 40:939–942, 1993.

542. Miller RD, Sohn YJ, Matteo RS: Enhancement of d-tubocurarine neuromuscular blockade by diuretics in man. Anesthesiology 45:442–445, 1976.

543. Scappaticci KA, Ham JA, Sohn YJ, et al: Effects of furosemide on the neuromuscular junction. Anesthesiology 57:381–388, 1982.

544. Carmignani M, Scoppetta C, Ranelletti FO, et al: Adverse interaction between acetazolamide and anticholinesterase drugs at the normal and myasthenic neuromuscular junction level. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 22:140–144, 1984.

545. Azar I, Cottrell J, Gupta B, et al: Furosemide facilitates recovery of evoked twitch response after pancuronium. Anesth Analg 59:55–57, 1980.

546. Hill GE, Wong KC, Shaw CL, et al: Acute and chronic changes in intra- and extracellular potassium and responses to neuromuscular blocking agents. Anesth Analg 57:417–421, 1978.

547. Nott MW, Bowman WC: Actions of dantrolene sodium on contractions of the tibialis anterior and soleus muscles of cats under chloralose anaesthesia. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1:113–122, 1974.

548. Morgan KG, Bryant SH: The mechanism of action of dantrolene sodium. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 201:138–147, 1977.

549. Gramstad L: Atracurium, vecuronium and pancuronium in end-stage renal failure. Dose-response properties and interactions with azathioprine. Br J Anaesth 59:995–1003, 1987.

550. Glidden RS, Martyn JA, Tomera JF: Azathioprine fails to alter the dose-response curve of d-tubocurarine in rats. Anesthesiology 68:595–598, 1988.

551. Meyers EF: Partial recovery from pancuronium neuromuscular blockade following hydrocortisone administration. Anesthesiology 46:148–150, 1977.

552. Reddy P, Guzman A, Robalino J, et al: Resistance to muscle relaxants in a patient receiving prolonged testosterone therapy. Anesthesiology 70:871–873, 1989.

553. Arts WF, Oosterhuis HJ: Effect of prednisolone on neuromuscular blocking in mice in vivo. Neurology 25:1088–1090, 1975.

554. Leeuwin RS, Veldsema-Currie RD, van Wilgenburg H, et al: Effects of corticosteroids on neuromuscular blocking actions of d-tubocurarine. Eur J Pharmacol 69:165–173, 1981.

555. Hall ED: Glucocorticoid modification of the responsiveness of a fast (type 2) neuromuscular system to edrophonium and d-tubocurarine. Exp Neurol 69:349–358, 1980.

556. Parr SM, Robinson BJ, Rees D, et al: Interaction between betamethasone and vecuronium. Br J Anaesth 67:447–451, 1991.

557. Bouzat C, Barrantes FJ: Modulation of muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by the glucocorticoid hydrocortisone. Possible allosteric mechanism of channel blockade. J Biol Chem 271:25835–25841, 1996.

558. Valera S, Ballivet M, Bertrand D: Progesterone modulates a neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89:9949–9953, 1992.
560


559. Naguib M, Gyasi HK: Antiestrogenic drugs and atracurium—a possible interaction? Can Anaesth Soc J 33:682–683, 1986.

560. Ali HH, Utting JE, Gray TC: Quantitative assessment of residual antidepolarizing block. II. Br J Anaesth 43:478–485, 1971.

561. Ali HH, Kitz RJ: Evaluation of recovery from nondepolarizing neuromuscular block, using a digital neuromuscular transmission analyzer: Preliminary report. Anesth Analg 52:740–745, 1973.

562. Howardy-Hansen P, Moller J, Hansen B: Pretreatment with atracurium: The influence on neuromuscular transmission and pulmonary function. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 31:642–644, 1987.

563. Eriksson LI, Sundman E, Olsson R, et al: Functional assessment of the pharynx at rest and during swallowing in partially paralyzed humans: Simultaneous videomanometry and mechanomyography of awake human volunteers. Anesthesiology 87:1035–1043, 1997.

564. Sundman E, Witt H, Olsson R, et al: The incidence and mechanisms of pharyngeal and upper esophageal dysfunction in partially paralyzed humans: Pharyngeal videoradiography and simultaneous manometry after atracurium. Anesthesiology 92:977–984, 2000.

565. Eriksson LI: Reduced hypoxic chemosensitivity in partially paralysed man. A new property of muscle relaxants? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 40:520–523, 1996.

566. Eriksson LI: The effects of residual neuromuscular blockade and volatile anesthetics on the control of ventilation. Anesth Analg 89:243–251, 1999.

567. Igarashi A, Amagasa S, Horikawa H, et al: Vecuronium directly inhibits hypoxic neurotransmission of the rat carotid body. Anesth Analg 94:117–122, 2002.

568. Viby-Mogensen J: Postoperative residual curarization and evidence-based anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 84:301–303, 2000.

569. Lien CA, Matteo RS, Ornstein E, et al: Distribution, elimination, and action of vecuronium in the elderly. Anesth Analg 73:39–42, 1991.

570. Caldwell JE: Reversal of residual neuromuscular block with neostigmine at one to four hours after a single intubating dose of vecuronium. Anesth Analg 80:1168–1174, 1995.

571. Magorian TT, Lynam DP, Caldwell JE, et al: Can early administration of neostigmine, in single or repeated doses, alter the course of neuromuscular recovery from a vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade? Anesthesiology 73:410–414, 1990.

572. Baurain MJ, d'Hollander AA, Melot C, et al: Effects of residual concentrations of isoflurane on the reversal of vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade. Anesthesiology 74:474–478, 1991.

573. McMahan UJ, Sanes JR, Marshall LM: Cholinesterase is associated with the basal lamina at the neuromuscular junction. Nature 271:172–174, 1978.

574. Zhou HX, Wlodek ST, McCammon JA: Conformation gating as a mechanism for enzyme specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:9280–9283, 1998.

575. Soreq H, Seidman S: Acetylcholinesterase—new roles for an old actor. Nat Rev Neurosci 2:294–302, 2001.

576. Wilson IB, Bergmann F: Studies on cholinesterase. VII. The active surface of acetylcholine esterase derived from effects of pH on inhibitors. J Biol Chem 185:479–489, 1950.

577. Bergmann F, Wilson IB, Nachmansohn D: The inhibitory effect of stilbamidine, curare and related compounds and its relationship to the active groups of acetylcholine esterase. Biochim Biophys Acta 6:217–224, 1950.

578. Wilson IB: The interaction of Tensilon and neostigmine with acetylcholinesterase. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 54:204–213, 1955.

579. Bevan DR, Donati F, Kopman AF: Reversal of neuromuscular blockade. Anesthesiology 77:785–805, 1992.

580. Mirakhur RK: Basic pharmacology of reversal agents. Anesthesiol Clin North Am 11:237, 1993.

581. Beattie WS, Buckley DN, Forrest JB: Continuous infusions of atracurium and vecuronium, compared with intermittent boluses of pancuronium: Dose requirements and reversal. Can J Anaesth 39:925–931, 1992.

582. Beemer GH, Goonetilleke PH, Bjorksten AR: The maximum depth of an atracurium neuromuscular block antagonized by edrophonium to effect adequate recovery. Anesthesiology 82:852–858, 1995.

583. Bevan JC, Collins L, Fowler C, et al: Early and late reversal of rocuronium and vecuronium with neostigmine in adults and children. Anesth Analg 89:333–339, 1999.

584. Kirkegaard H, Heier T, Caldwell JE: Efficacy of tactile-guided reversal from cisatracurium-induced neuromuscular block. Anesthesiology 96:45–50, 2002.

585. Cronnelly R, Morris RB, Miller RD: Edrophonium: Duration of action and atropine requirement in humans during halothane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 57:261–266, 1982.

586. Beemer GH, Bjorksten AR, Dawson PJ, et al: Determinants of the reversal time of competitive neuromuscular block by anticholinesterases. Br J Anaesth 66:469–475, 1991.

587. Caldwell JE, Robertson EN, Baird WL: Antagonism of vecuronium and atracurium: Comparison of neostigmine and edrophonium administered at 5% twitch height recovery. Br J Anaesth 59:478–481, 1987.

588. Miller RD, Van Nyhuis LS, Eger EI 2nd, et al: Comparative times to peak effect and durations of action of neostigmine and pyridostigmine. Anesthesiology 41:27–33, 1974.

589. Rupp SM, McChristian JW, Miller RD, et al: Neostigmine and edrophonium antagonism of varying intensity neuromuscular blockade induced by atracurium, pancuronium, or vecuronium. Anesthesiology 64:711–717, 1986.

590. Engbaek J, Ording H, Ostergaard D, et al: Edrophonium and neostigmine for reversal of the neuromuscular blocking effect of vecuronium. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 29:544–546, 1985.

591. Donati F, Smith CE, Bevan DR: Dose-response relationships for edrophonium and neostigmine as antagonists of moderate and profound atracurium blockade. Anesth Analg 68:13–19, 1989.

592. Cronnelly R: Muscle relaxant antagonists. Semin Anesth 4:31, 1985.

593. Donati F, McCarroll SM, Antzaka C, et al: Dose-response curves for edrophonium, neostigmine, and pyridostigmine after pancuronium and d-tubocurarine. Anesthesiology 66:471–476, 1987.

594. Naguib M, Abdulatif M: Priming with anti-cholinesterases—the effect of different priming doses of edrophonium. Can J Anaesth 35:53–57, 1988.

595. Naguib M, Abdulatif M: Priming with anti-cholinesterases—the effect of different combinations of anti-cholinesterases and different priming intervals. Can J Anaesth 35:47–52, 1988.

596. Savarese JJ: Reversal of nondepolarizing blocks: More controversial than ever? Review Course Lectures, 67th Congress, Cleveland, Ohio, International Anesthesia Research Society, 1993.

597. Eriksson LL: Evidence-based practice and neuromuscular monitoring: It's time for routine quantitative assessment. Anesthesiology 98:1037–1039, 2003.

598. Deboene B, Plaud B, Dilly MP, Donati F: Residual paralysis in the PACU after a single intubating dose of nondepolarizing muscle relaxant with an intermediate duration of action. Anesthesiology 98:1042–1048, 2003.

599. Naguib M, Abdulatif M, al-Ghamdi A, et al: Dose-response relationships for edrophonium and neostigmine antagonism of mivacurium-induced neuromuscular block. Br J Anaesth 71:709–714, 1993.

600. Kao YJ, Le ND: The reversal of profound mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade. Can J Anaesth 43:1128–1133, 1996.

Previous Next