|
|
REFERENCES
151.
Hillman BJ, Joseph CA, Mabry MR, et al: Frequency
and costs of diagnostic imaging in office practice—A comparison of self-referring
and radiologist-referring physicians. N Engl J Med 323:1604–1608, 1990.
152.
Smith R: Beyond conflict of interest. Transparency
is the key. BMJ 317:291–292, 1998.
153.
Wazana A: Physicians and the pharmaceutical industry:
Is a gift ever just a gift? JAMA 283:373–380, 2000.
154.
Temple R, O'Brien P: Why would anyone have expected
anything else? Characteristics of materials distributed by drug companies: Four
points of view. J Gen Intern Med 11:640–641, 1996.
155.
Angell M, Kassirer JP: Editorials and conflict
of interest. N Engl J Med 335:1055–1056, 1996.
156.
Shaughnessy AF, Slawson DC, Bennett JH: Teaching
information mastery: Evaluating information provided by pharmaceutical representatives.
Fam Med 27:581–585, 1995.
157.
Orlowski JP, Wateska L: The effects of pharmaceutical
firm enticements on physician prescribing patterns. Chest 102:270–273, 1992.
158.
Rosner F: Ethical relationships between drug
companies and the medical profession. Chest 102:266–269, 1992.
159.
Mainous III AG, Hueston WJ, Rick EU: Patient
perceptions of physician acceptance of gifts from the pharmaceutical industry. Arch
Fam Med 4:335–339, 1995.
160.
Lexchin J: What information do physicians receive
from pharmaceutical representatives? Can Fam Physician 43:941–945, 1997.
161.
Roughead EE, Harvey KJ, Gilbert AL: Commercial
detailing techniques used by pharmaceutical representatives to influence prescribing.
Aust N Z J Med 28:306–310, 1998.
162.
Roughead EE, Gilbert AL, Harvey KJ: Self-regulatory
codes of conduct: Are they effective in controlling pharmaceutical representatives'
presentations to general medical practitioners? Int J Health Serv 28:269–279,
1998.
163.
Stryer D, Bero LA: Characteristics of materials
distributed by drug companies. An evaluation of appropriateness. J Gen Intern Med
11:575–583, 1996.
164.
Wilkes MS, Doblin BH, Shapiro MF: Pharmaceutical
advertisements in leading medical journals: Experts' assessments. Ann Intern Med
116:912–919, 1992.
165.
Wolfe SM: Why do American drug companies spend
more than $12 billion a year pushing drugs? It is education or promotion? Characteristics
of materials distributed by drug companies: Four points of view. J Gen Intern Med
11:637–639, 1996.
166.
Ziegler MG, Lew P, Singer BC: The accuracy of
drug information from pharmaceutical sales representatives. JAMA 273:1296–1298,
1995.
167.
Chren MM, Landefeld CS: Physicians' behavior
and their interactions with drug companies. JAMA 271:684–689, 1994.
168.
Freudenheim M: The media business; advertising,
influencing doctor's orders. New York, The New York Times, Section C, page 1, Nov.
17, 1998.
169.
Beary JF 3rd: Pharmaceutical marketing has real
and proven value. Characteristics of materials distributed by drug companies: Four
points of view. J Gen Intern Med 11:635–636, 1996.
170.
Lurie N, Rich EC, Simpson DE, et al: Pharmaceutical
representatives in academic medical centers: Interaction with faculty and house
staff. J Gen Intern Med 5:240–243, 1990.
171.
Avorn J, Chen M, Hartley R: Scientific versus
commercial sources of influence on the prescribing behavior of physicians. Am J
Med 73:4–8, 1982.
172.
Glickman L, Bruce EA, Caro FG, et al: Physicians'
knowledge of drug costs for the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 42:992–996, 1994.
173.
Hoffman J, Barefield FA, Ramamurthy S: A survey
of physician knowledge of drug costs. J Pain Symptom Manage 10:432–435, 1995.
174.
American Medical Association: Opinion 8.061:
Gifts to physicians from industry, 2003. In Code
of Medical Ethics. Chicago, American Medical Association, 2003.
175.
Groeger JS, Barnes M: Conflict of interest in
human subjects research. Crit Care Med 31(Suppl 3):S137–S142, 2003.
176.
Angell M, Kassirer JP: Setting the record straight
in the breast-cancer trials. N Engl J Med 330:1448–1449, 1994.
177.
Fisher B, Redmond CK: Fraud in breast cancer
trials. N Engl J Med 330:1458–1460, 1994.
178.
Davidoff F, DeAngelis CD, Drazen JM, et al: Sponsorship,
authorship, and accountability. Lancet 358:854–856, 2001.
179.
Rosenbaum S: Managed care and patients' rights.
JAMA 289:906–907, 2003.
180.
Rosenbaum S, Frankford DM, Moore B, et al: Who
should determine when health care is medically necessary? N Engl J Med 340:229–232,
1999.
181.
Anders G: Health Against Wealth: HMOs and the
Breakdown of Medical Trust. New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1996.
182.
Annas GJ: Patients' rights in managed care—Exit,
voice, and choice. N Engl J Med 337:210–215, 1997.
183.
Studdert DM, Gresenz CR: Enrollee appeals of
preservice coverage denials at 2 health maintenance organizations. JAMA 289:864–870,
2003.
184.
Bedrick v Travelers Insurance Co, 93 F3d 149 (4th
Cir), 1996.
185.
Howe EG: Managed care: "New moves," moral uncertainty,
and a radical attitude. J Clin Ethics 6:290–305, 1995.
186.
Liability and managed care. Committee on Medical
Liability, American Academy of Pediatrics. Pediatrics 98:792–794, 1996
187.
Feldman DS, Novack DH, Gracely E: Effects of
managed care on physician-patient relationships, quality of care, and the ethical
practice of medicine: A physician survey. Arch Intern Med 158:1626–1632,
1998.
188.
Waisel DB, Truog RD: How an anesthesiologist
can use the ethics consultation service. Anesthesiology 87:1231–1238, 1997.
189.
Singer PA, Pellegrino ED, Siegler M: Ethics committees
and consultants. J Clin Ethics 1:263–267, 1990.
190.
Singer PA, Pellegrino ED, Siegler M: Clinical
ethics revisited. BMC Med Ethics 2:1, 2001.
191.
La Puma J, Stocking CB, Silverstein MD, et al:
Evaluation and utilization of an ethics consult service. JAMA 260:808–811,
1988.
192.
Waisel DB, Vanscoy SE, Tice LH, et al: Activities
of an ethics consultation service in a tertiary military medical center. Mil Med
165:528–532, 2000.
193.
Orr RD, Morton KR, deLeon DM, et al: Evaluation
of an ethics consultation service: Patient and family perspective. Am J Med 101:135–141,
1996.
194.
La Puma J, Stocking CB, Darling CM, et al: Community
hospital ethics consultation: Evaluation and comparison with a university hospital.
Am J Med 92:346–351, 1992.
195.
White BD, Zaner RM: Clinical ethics training
for staff physicians: Designing and evaluating a model program. J Clin Ethics 4:229–235,
1993.
196.
Dowdy MD, Robertson C, Bander JA: A study of
proactive ethics consultation for critically and terminally ill patients with extended
lengths of stay. Crit Care Med 26:252–259, 1998.
197.
Danis M: The promise of proactive ethics consultation.
Crit Care Med 26:203–204, 1998.
198.
Aulisio MP, Arnold RM, Youngner SJ: Health care
ethics consultation: Nature, goals, and competencies. A position paper from the
Society for Health and Human Values-Society for Bioethics Consultation Task Force
on Standards for Bioethics Consultation. Ann Intern Med 133:59–69, 2000.
199.
Waisel DB: Nonpatient care obligations of anesthesiologists.
Anesthesiology 91:1152–1158, 1999.
200.
American Board of Internal Medicine: Project
Professionalism. Philadelphia, American Board of Internal Medicine, 1998.
201.
Calman K: The profession of medicine. BMJ 309:1140–1143,
1994.
202.
Rothman DJ: Medical professionalism—Focusing
on the real issues. N Engl J Med 342:1284–1286, 2000.
203.
Cruess RL, Cruess SR, Johnston SE: Professionalism:
An ideal to be sustained. Lancet 356:156–159, 2000.
204.
Wynia MK, Latham SR, Kao AC, et al: Medical professionalism
in society. N Engl J Med 341:1612–1616, 1999.
205.
Levine AM: Medical professionalism in the new
millennium: A physician charter. Ann Intern Med 136:243–246, 2002.
206.
Truog RD, Cist AF, Brackett SE, et al: Recommendations
for end-of-life care in the intensive care unit: The Ethics Committee of the Society
of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 29:2332–2348, 2001.
207.
Todd MM: Clinical research manuscripts in Anesthesiology.
Anesthesiology 95:1051–1053, 2001.
208.
Weijer C, Dickens B, Meslin EM: Bioethics for
clinicians. 10. Research ethics. CMAJ 156:1153–1157, 1997.
209.
Rennie D: CONSORT revised—Improving the
reporting of randomized trials. JAMA 285:2006–2007, 2001.