Previous Next

REFERENCES

151. McGrew RN, Wilson RS, Havener WH: Sudden blindness secondary to injections of common drugs in the head and neck: I. Clinical experiences. Otolaryngology 86:147–151, 1978.

152. Magargal LE, Sanborn GE, Donoso LA, et al: Branch retinal artery occlusion after excessive use of nasal spray. Ann Ophthalmol 17:500–501, 1985.

153. McGrew RN, Wilson RS, Havener WH: Sudden blindness secondary to injections of common drugs in the head and neck: II. Animal studies. Otolaryngology 86:152–157, 1978.

154. Wistotsky BJ, Engel HM: Transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of branch retinal artery obstruction. Am J Ophthalmol 115:653–656, 1993.

155. Rassam SM, Patel V, Kohner EM: The effect of acetazolamide on the retinal circulation. Eye 7:697–702, 1993.

156. Schumacher M, Schmidt D, Wakhloo AK: Intra-arterial fibrinolytic therapy in central retinal artery occlusion. Neuroradiology 35:600–605, 1993.

157. Faberowski N, Stefansson E, Davidson RC: Local hypothermia protects the retina from ischemia. A quantitative study in the rat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 30:2309–2313, 1989.

158. Wareing TH, Davila-Roman VG, Barzilai B, et al: Management of the severely atherosclerotic ascending aorta during cardiac operations. A strategy for detection and treatment. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 103:453–462, 1992.

159. Johnson LJ, Arnold AC: Incidence of nonarteritic and arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. A population-based study in the state of Missouri and Los Angeles County, California. J Clin Neuroophthalmol 14:38–44, 1994.

160. Myers MA, Hamilton SR, Bogosian AJ, et al: Visual loss as a complication of spinal surgery. A review of 37 cases. Spine 22:1325–1329, 1997.

161. Buus DR, Tse DT, Farris BK: Ophthalmic complications of sinus surgery. Ophthalmology 97:612–619, 1990.

162. Maniglia AJ: Fatal and major complications secondary to nasal and sinus surgery. Laryngoscope 99:276–283, 1989.

163. Hayreh SS: Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy. Differentiation of arteritic from non-arteritic type and its management. Eye 4:25–41, 1990.

164. Sadda SR, Nee M, Miller NR, et al: Clinical spectrum of posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol 132:743–750, 2001.

165. Luscavage LE, Volpe NJ, Liss R: Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy after uncomplicated cataract extraction. Am J Ophthalmol 132:408–409, 2001.

166. Chutorian AM, Winterkorn JMS, Geffner M: Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in children: Case reports and review of the literature. Pediatr Neurol 26:358–364, 2002.

167. Lee LA: ASA Postoperative Visual Loss Registry: Preliminary analysis of factors associated with spine operations. ASA Newsletter 67(6):3–6, 2003.

168. Lee LA: Postoperative visual loss data gathered and analyzed. ASA Newsletter 64:25–27, 2000.

169. Siatkowski RM, Gass JDM, Glaser JS, et al: Fluorescein angiography in the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. Am J Ophthalmol 115:57–63, 1993.

170. Hayreh SS: Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. VIII. Clinical features and pathogenesis of post-hemorrhagic amaurosis. Ophthalmology 94:1488–1502, 1987.

171. Hayreh SS: The 1994 Von Sallman Lecture. The optic nerve head circulation in health and disease. Exp Eye Res 61:259–272, 1995.

172. Danesh-Meyer HV, Savino PJ, Sergott RC: The prevalence of cupping in end-stage arteritic and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology 108:593–598, 2001.

173. Burde RM: Optic disk risk factors for nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol 116:759–764, 1993.

174. Foroozan R, Buono LM, Savino PJ: Optic disc structure and shock-induced anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology 110:327–331, 2003.

175. Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB, Podhajsky P, et al: Nocturnal arterial hypotension and its role in optic nerve head and ocular ischemic disorders. Am J Ophthalmol 117:603–624, 1994.

176. Characteristics of patients with nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy eligible for the Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial. Arch Ophthalmol 114:1366–1374, 1996.

177. Kalenak JW, Kosmorsky GS, Rockwood EJ: Fluorescein angiography in acute nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and intraocular pressure. Arch Ophthalmol 109:660–661, 1991.

178. Mojon DS, Hedges TR, Ehrenberg B, et al: Association between sleep apnea syndrome and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Arch Ophthalmol 120:601–605, 2002.

179. Hayreh SS: Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. V. Optic disc edema as an early sign. Arch Ophthalmol 99:1030–1040, 1981.

180. Hofman P, Hoyng P, vanderWerf F, et al: Lack of blood-brain barrier properties in microvessels of the prelaminar optic nerve head. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42:895–901, 2001.

181. Guy J: New therapies for optic neuropathies: Development in experimental models. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 11:421–429, 2000.

182. Fern R, Ransom BR: Ischemic injury of optic nerve axons: The nuts and bolts. Clin Neurosci 4:246–250, 1997.

183. Brown AM, Wender R, Ransom BR: Ionic mechanisms of aglycemic axon injury in mammalian central white matter. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 21:385–395, 2001.

184. Jiang Q, Stys PK: Calpain inhibitors confer biochemical, but not electrophysiological, protection against anoxia in rat optic nerves. J Neurochem 74:2101–2107, 2000.

185. Levin LA, Louhab A: Apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells in anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Arch Ophthalmol 114:488–491, 1996.

186. Hayreh SS, Joos KM, Podhajsky PA, et al: Systemic disease associated with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol 118:766–780, 1994.

187. Jacobson DM, Vierkant RA, Belongia EA: Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: A case-control study of potential risk factors. Arch Ophthalmol 115:1403–1407, 1997.

188. Chung SM, Gay CA, McCrary JA III: Nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy. The impact of tobacco use. Ophthalmology 101:779–782, 1994.

189. Hayreh SS: Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Ophthalmologica 182:29–41, 1981.


3019


190. Nawa Y, Jaques JD, Miller NR, et al: Bilateral posterior optic neuropathy after bilateral radical neck dissection and hypotension. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 230:301–308, 1992.

191. Nuttall GA, Garrity JA, Dearani JA, et al: Risk factors for ischemic optic neuropathy after cardiopulmonary bypass: A matched case/control study. Anesth Analg 93:1410–1416, 2001.

192. Cheng MA, Sigurdson W, Tempelhoff R, et al: Visual loss after spine surgery: A survey. Neurosurgery 46:625–631, 2000.

193. Consensus conference: Perioperative red blood cell transfusion. JAMA 260:2700–2703, 1988.

194. Practice Guidelines for blood component therapy: A report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Blood Component Therapy. Anesthesiology 84:732–747, 1996.

195. Williams EL, Hart WM, Tempelhoff R: Postoperative ischemic optic neuropathy. Anesth Analg 80:1018–1029, 1995.

196. Chamot SR, Petrig BL, Pournaras CJ, et al: Effect of isovolumic hemodilution on oxygen delivery to the optic nerve head. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 219:292–295, 2002.

197. Neely KA, Ernest JT, Goldstick TK, et al: Isovolemic hemodilution increases retinal tissue oxygen tension. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 234:688–694, 1996.

198. Weiskopf RB, Viele MK, Feiner J, et al: Human cardiovascular and metabolic response to acute, severe isovolemic anemia. JAMA 279:217–221, 1998.

199. Cullinane DC, Jenkins JM, Reddy S, et al: Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: A complication after systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Trauma 48:381–387, 2000.

200. Vallejo A, Lorente JA, Bas M-L, et al: Blindness due to anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in a burn patient. J Trauma 53:139–141, 2002.

201. Fuller JR, Vote BJT: Upside-down orbitopathy: Unilateral orbital dependent-tissue oedema causing total visual loss. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 29:265–267, 2001.

202. Cheng MA, Todorov A, Tempelhoff R, et al: The effect of prone positioning on intraocular pressure in anesthetized patients. Anesthesiology 95:1351–1355, 2001.

203. Pillunat LE, Anderson DR, Knighton RW, et al: Autoregulation of human optic nerve head circulation in response to increased intraocular pressure. Exp Eye Res 64:737–744, 1997.

204. Blauth CI, Cosgrove DM, Webb BW, et al: Atheroembolism from the ascending aorta. An emerging problem in cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 103:1104–1112, 1992.

205. Albin MS, Ritter RR, Reinhart R, et al: Venous air embolism during radical retropubic prostatectomy. Anesth Analg 74:151–153, 1992.

206. Albin MS, Ritter RR, Pruett CE, et al: Venous air embolism during lumbar laminectomy in the prone position: Report of three cases. Anesth Analg 73:346–349, 1991.

207. Lieberman M, Shahi A, Green W: Embolic ischemic optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol 86:206–210, 1978.

208. Fry CL, Carter JE, Kanter MC, et al: Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is not associated with carotid artery atherosclerosis. Stroke 24:539–542, 1993.

209. Vanden-Abeele D, Clemens A, Tassignon M-J, et al: Blindness due to electrocoagulation following functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 48:11–16, 1994.

210. Stankiewicz JA: Complications in endoscopic intranasal ethmoidectomy: An update. Laryngoscope 99:686–690, 1989.

211. Maniglia AJ, Chandler JR, Goodwin WJ, et al: Rare complications following ethmoidectomies: A report of eleven cases. Laryngoscope 91:1234–1244, 1981.

212. Griffiths JD, Smith B: Optic atrophy following Caldwell-Luc procedure. Arch Ophthalmol 86:15–18, 1971.

213. Stankiewicz JA: Complications of endoscopic intranasal ethmoidectomy. Laryngoscope 97:1270–1273, 1987.

214. Hayreh SS: Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy. III. Treatment, prophylaxis, and differential diagnosis. Br J Ophthalmol 58:981–989, 1974.

215. Optic nerve decompression surgery for nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is not effective and may be harmful. The Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial Research Group. JAMA 273:625–632, 1995.

216. Hoyt WF, Walsh FB: Cortical blindness with partial recovery following acute cerebral anoxia from cardiac arrest. Arch Ophthalmol 60:1061–1069, 1958.

217. McKhann GM, Goldsborough MA, Borowicz LM, et al: Cognitive outcome after coronary artery bypass: A one-year prospective study. Ann Thorac Surg 63:510–515, 1997.

218. Shaw PJ, Bates D, Cartlidge NEF, et al: Neurologic and neuropsychologic morbidity following major surgery: Comparison of coronary artery bypass and peripheral vascular surgery. Stroke 18:700–707, 1987.

219. Tettenborn B, Caplan LR, Sloan MA, et al: Postoperative brainstem and cerebellar infarcts. Neurology 43:471–477, 1993.

220. Roach GW, Kanchuger M, Mangano CM, et al: Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group and Education Foundation Investigators. Adverse cerebral outcomes after coronary bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 335:1857–1863, 1996.

221. Fischer-Williams M, Gottschalk PG: Transient cortical blindness. An unusual complication of coronary angiography. Neurology 20:353–355, 1970.

222. Jørgensen J, Sigurdsson J, Ovesen N: Complications of vertebral arteriography by the Seldinger technique. A survey of 619 cases. Dan Med Bull 17:132–135, 1970.

223. Rama BN, Pagano TV, DelCore M, et al: Cortical blindness after cardiac catheterization: Effect of rechallenge with dye. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 28:149–151, 1993.

224. Parry R, Rees JR, Wilde P: Transient cortical blindness after coronary angiography. Br Heart J 70:563–564, 1993.

225. Silverman SM, Bergman PS, Bender MB: The dynamics of transient cerebral blindness. Report of nine episodes following vertebral angiography. Arch Neurol 4:333–348, 1961.

226. Demirtas M, Birand A, Usal A: Transient cortical blindness after second coronary angiography: Is immunological mechanism possible? Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 31:161, 1994.

227. Shyn PB, Bell KA: Transient cortical blindness following cerebral angiography. J La State Med Soc 141:35–37, 1989.

228. Kermode AG, Chakera T, Mastaglia FL: Low osmolar and non-ionic x-ray contrast media and cortical blindness. Clin Exp Neurol 29:272–276, 1992.

229. Studdard WE, Davis DO, Young SW: Cortical blindness after cerebral angiography. Case report. J Neurosurg 54:240–244, 1981.

230. Siesjö BK: Pathophysiology and treatment of focal cerebral ischemia. Part II: Mechanisms of damage and treatment. J Neurosurg 77:337–354, 1992.

231. Hogue CW Jr, Sundt TM 3rd, Goldberg M, et al: Neurological complications of cardiac surgery: The need for new paradigms in prevention and treatment. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 11:105–115, 1999.

232. Marra TR, Shah M, Mikus MA: Transient cortical blindness due to hypertensive encephalopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging correlation. J Clin Neuroophthalmol 13:35–37, 1993.

233. Makino A, Soga T, Obayashi M, et al: Cortical blindness caused by acute general cerebral swelling. Surg Neurol 29:393–400, 1988.

234. Harris DNF, Bailey SM, Smith PLC, et al: Brain swelling in first hour after coronary artery bypass surgery. Lancet 342:586–587, 1993.

235. Meyendorf R: Psychopatho-ophthalmology, gnostic disorders, and psychosis in cardiac surgery. Visual disturbances after open heart surgery. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 232:119–135, 1982.

236. Goto T, Yoshitake A, Baba T, et al: Cerebral ischemic disorders and cerebral oxygen balance during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: Preoperative evaluation using magnetic resonance imaging and angiography. Anesth Analg 84:5–11, 1997.

237. Hartman GS, Yao FS, Bruefach M, et al: Severity of aortic atheromatous disease diagnosed by transesophageal echocardiography predicts stroke and other outcomes associated with coronary artery surgery: A prospective study. Anesth Analg 83:701–708, 1996.
3020


238. Kouchoukos NT, Wareing TH, Daily BB, et al: Management of the severely atherosclerotic aorta during cardiac operations. J Card Surg 9:490–494, 1994.

239. Pugsley W, Klinger L, Paschalis C, et al: The impact of microemboli during cardiopulmonary bypass on neuropsychological functioning. Stroke 25:1393–1399, 1994.

240. Nussmeier NA: Adverse neurologic events: Risks of intracardiac versus extracardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 10:31–37, 1996.

241. Murkin JM: Etiology and incidence of brain dysfunction after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 13:12–17, 1999.

242. Murkin JM, Boyd WD, Ganapathy S, et al: Beating heart surgery: Why expect less central nervous system morbidity? Ann Thorac Surg 68:1498–1501, 1999.

243. Vaughan DG, Asbury T, Riordan-Eva P: General Ophthalmology. Norwalk, CT, Appleton & Lange, 1995.

244. Gartner S, Billet E: Acute glaucoma: As a complication of general surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 45:668–671, 1958.

245. Wang BC, Tannenbaum CS, Robertazzi RW: Acute glaucoma after general surgery. JAMA 177:108–110, 1961.

246. Fazio DT, Bateman JB, Christensen RE: Acute angle-closure glaucoma associated with surgical anesthesia. Arch Ophthalmol 103:360–362, 1985.

247. Lentschener C, Ghimouz A, Bonnichon P, et al: Acute postoperative glaucoma after nonocular surgery remains a diagnostic challenge. Anesth Analg 94:1034–1035, 2002.

248. Ceccarelli FE, Smith PC: Studies on fluid and electrolyte alterations during transurethral prostatectomy: II. J Urol 86:434–441, 1961.

249. Harrison RH III, Boren JS, Robison JR: Dilutional hyponatremic shock: Another concept of the transurethral prostatic resection reaction. J Urol 75:95–110, 1956.

250. Defalque RJ, Miller DW: Visual disturbances during transurethral resection of the prostate. Can Anesth Soc J 22:620–621, 1975.

251. Ovassapian A, Joshi CW, Brunner EA: Visual disturbances: An unusual symptom of transurethral prostatic resection reaction. Anesthesiology 57:332–334, 1982.

252. Appelt GL, Benson GS, Corriere JN Jr: Transient blindness: Unusual initial symptom of transurethral prostatic resection reaction. Urology 13:402–404, 1979.

253. Creel DJ, Wang JM, Wong KC: Transient blindness associated with transurethral resection of the prostate. Arch Ophthalmol 105:1537–1539, 1987.

254. Kaiser R, Adragna MG, Weis FR, et al: Transient blindness following transurethral resection of the prostate in an achondroplastic dwarf. J Urol 133:685–686, 1985.

255. Mizutani AR, Parker J, Katz J, et al: Visual disturbances, serum glycine levels and transurethral resection of the prostate. J Urol 144:697–699, 1990.

256. Russell D: Painless loss of vision after transurethral resection of the prostate. Anaesthesia 45:218–221, 1990.

257. Agarwal R, Emmett M: The post-transurethral resection of prostate syndrome: Therapeutic proposals. Am J Kidney Dis 24:108–111, 1994.

258. Larson TR: Rationale and assessment of minimally invasive approaches to benign prostatic hyperplasia therapy. Urology 59:12–16, 2002.

259. Motashaw ND, Dave S: Vision disturbances after operative hysteroscopy. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 6:213–215, 1999.

260. Rao PN: Fluid absorption during urological endoscopy. Br J Urol 60:93–99, 1987.

261. Hagstrom RS: Studies on fluid absorption during transurethral prostatic resection. J Urol 73:852–859, 1955.

262. Hahn RG, Ekengren JC: Patterns of irrigating fluid absorption during transurethral resection of the prostate as indicated by ethanol. J Urol 149:502–506, 1993.

263. Hatch PD: Surgical and anaesthetic considerations in transurethral resection of the prostate. Anaesth Intensive Care 15:203–211, 1987.

264. Hamilton-Stewart PA, Barlow IM: Metabolic effects of prostatectomy. J R Soc Med 82:725–728, 1989.

265. Taylor RO, Maxson ES, Carter FH, et al: Volumetric, gravimetric and radioisotopic determination of fluid transfer in transurethral prostatectomy. J Urol 79:490–499, 1958.

266. Gravenstein D: Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) syndrome: A review of the pathophysiology and management. Anesth Analg 84:438–446, 1997.

267. Creevy CD, Webb EA: A fatal hemolytic reaction following transurethral resection of the prostate gland. Surgery 21:56–66, 1947.

268. Nesbit RM, Glickman SI: The use of glycine solution as an irrigating medium during transurethral resection. J Urol 59:1212–1216, 1948.

269. Hahn RG: Dose-dependent half-life of glycine. Urol Res 21:289–291, 1993.

270. Hoekstra PT, Kahnoski R, McCamish MA, et al: Transurethral prostatic resection syndrome—a new perspective: Encephalopathy with associated hyperammonemia. J Urol 130:704–707, 1983.

271. Zucker JR, Bull AP: Independent plasma levels of sodium and glycine during transurethral resection of the prostate. Can Anaesth Soc J 31:307–313, 1984.

272. Roesch RP, Stoelting RK, Lingeman JE, et al: Ammonia toxicity resulting from glycine absorption during a transurethral resection of the prostate. Anesthesiology 58:577–579, 1983.

273. Peters KR, Muir J, Wingard DW: Intraocular pressure after transurethral prostatic surgery. Anesthesiology 55:327–329, 1981.

274. Gilbertson TA, Borges S, Wilson M: The effects of glycine and GABA on isolated horizontal cells from the salamander retina. J Neurophysiol 66:2002–2013, 1991.

275. Schneider SP, Fyffe REW: Involvement of GABA and glycine in recurrent inhibition of spinal motoneurons. J Neurophysiol 68:397–406, 1992.

276. Korol S, Leuenberger PM, Englert U, et al: In vivo effects of glycine on retinal ultrastructure and averaged electroretinogram. Brain Res 97:235–251, 1975.

277. Wang JML, Creel DJ, Wong KC: Transurethral resection of the prostate, serum glycine levels, and ocular evoked potentials. Anesthesiology 70:36–41, 1989.

278. Wang JM, Wong KC, Creel DJ, et al: Effects of glycine on hemodynamic responses and visual evoked potentials in the dog. Anesth Analg 64:1071–1077, 1985.

279. Mantha S, Rao SM, Singh AK, et al: Visual evoked potentials and visual acuity after transurethral resection of the prostate. Anaesthesia 46:491–493, 1991.

280. Frink EJ, DiGiovanni DA, Davis JR, et al: Serum ammonia levels in response to glycine infusion in normal and cirrhotic rats. Anesth Analg 69:776–782, 1989.

281. Slaughter MM, Miller RF: Characterization of serine's inhibitory action on neurons in the mudpuppy retina. Neuroscience 41:817–825, 1991.

282. Sunderrajan S, Bauer JH, Vopat RL, et al: Posttransurethral prostatic resection hyponatremic syndrome: Case report and review of the literature. Am J Kidney Dis 4:80–84, 1984.

283. Arieff AI, Llach F, Massry SG: Neurological manifestations and morbidity of hyponatremia: Correlation with brain water and electrolytes. Medicine (Baltimore) 55:121–129, 1976.

284. Pollack AL, McDonald RH, Everett AI, et al: Massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage during pars plana vitrectomy associated with Valsalva maneuver. Am J Ophthalmol 132:383, 2001.

285. Dodd FM: Blindness following bilateral neck dissection. Eur J Anaesthesiol 10:37–39, 1993.

286. Balm A-J, Brown DH, DeVries WA, Snow GB: Blindness: A potential complication of bilateral neck dissection. J Laryngol Otol 104:154–156, 1990.

287. Grossman RI, Sergott RC, Goldberg HI, et al: Dural malformations with ophthalmic manifestations: Results of particulate embolization in seven patients. Am J Neuroradiol 6:809–813, 1985.

Previous Next