Previous Next



REFERENCES

1. Roth S, Thisted RA, Erickson JP, et al: Eye injuries after non ocular surgery: A study of 60,965 anesthetics from 1988 to 1992. Anesthesiology 85:1020–1027, 1996.

2. Warner ME, Warner MA, Garrity JA, et al: The frequency of perioperative vision loss. Anesth Analg 93:1417–1421, 2001.

3. Gild WM, Posner KL, Caplan RA, et al: Eye injuries associated with anesthesia. A closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology 76:204–208, 1992.

4. Heimer L: Visual system. In The Human Brain and Spinal Cord. Functional Neuroanatomy and Dissection Guide. New York, Springer Verlag, 1983, pp 271–286.

5. Goldberg S: Ophthalmology Made Ridiculously Simple. Miami, Medmaster, 1982.

6. Anderson DR: The optic nerve. In Alder FH, Moses RA, Hart WM (eds): Adler's Physiology of the Eye, 8th ed. St Louis, CV Mosby, 1987, pp 491–505.

7. Heimer L: Cerebral cortex. In The Human Brain and Spinal Cord. Functional Neuroanatomy and Dissection Guide. New York, Springer Verlag, 1983, pp 337–352.

8. Feneis H: Anatomisk Billedordbog, 2nd ed. Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1983.

9. Mames RN, Sandy-McCoy L, Guy J: Central retinal and posterior ciliary artery occlusion after particle embolization of the external carotid artery system. Ophthalmology 98:527–531, 1991.

10. Alm A, Bill A: Ocular circulation. In Alder FH, Moses RA, Hart WM (eds): Adler's Physiology of the Eye, 8th ed. St Louis, CV Mosby, 1987, pp 183–203.

11. Cioffi GA: Vascular anatomy of the anterior optic nerve. In Pillunat LE, Harris A, Anderson DR, Greve EL (eds): Current Concepts in Ocular Blood Flow in Glaucoma. The Hague, Netherlands, Kugler, 1999, pp. 45–50.

12. Hayreh SS: Blood supply of the optic nerve head: A "reality check." In Pillunat LE, Harris A, Anderson DR, Greve EL (eds): Current Concepts in Ocular Blood Flow in Glaucoma. The Hague, Netherlands, Kugler, 1999, pp 3–31.

13. Olver JM, Spalton DJ, McCartney AC: Microvascular study of the retrolaminar optic nerve in man. The possible significance in anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy. Eye 4:7–24, 1990.

14. Wray SH: The management of acute visual failure. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56:234–240, 1993.

15. Hayreh SS: In vivo choroidal circulation and its watershed zones. Eye 4:273–289, 1990.

16. Lieberman MF, Maumenee AE, Green WR: Histologic studies of the vasculature of the anterior optic nerve. Am J Ophthalmol 82:405–423, 1976.

17. Symonds C, Mackenzie I: Bilateral loss of vision from cerebral infarction. Brain 80:415–455, 1957.

18. Taugher PJ: Visual loss after cardiopulmonary bypass. Am J Ophthalmol 81:280–288, 1976.

19. Hoyt HS, Goebel JL, Lee HI, et al: Types of shock-like reaction during transurethral resection and relation to acute renal failure. J Urol 79:500–506, 1958.

20. Russell RW, Bharucha N: The recognition and prevention of border zone cerebral ischaemia during cardiac surgery. Q J Med 47:303–323, 1978.

21. Hayreh SS, Jonas JB: Optic disc morphology after arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology 108:1586–1594, 2001.

22. Isayama Y, Hiramatsu K, Asakura S, et al: Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. I. Blood supply of the optic nerve. Ophthalmologica 186:197–203, 1983.

23. Williamson TH, Harris A: Color Doppler ultrasound imaging of the eye and orbit. Surv Ophthalmol 40:255–267, 1996.

24. Pillunat LE: Ocular blood flow endpoints. Eur J Ophthalmol 9:S44–S4, 1999.

25. Wang L, Cull G, Cioffi GA: Depth of penetration of scanning laser Doppler flowmetry in the primate optic nerve. Arch Ophthalmol 119:1810–1814, 2001.

26. Weinstein JM, Duckrow RB, Beard D, et al: Regional optic nerve blood flow and its autoregulation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 24:1559–1565, 1983.

27. Weinstein JM, Funsch D, Page RB, et al: Optic nerve blood flow and its regulation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 23:640–645, 1982.

28. Sperber GO, Bill A: Blood flow and glucose consumption in the optic nerve, retina and the brain: Effects of high intraocular pressure. Exp Eye Res 41:639–653, 1985.

29. Okuno T, Oku H, Sugiyama T, et al: Evidence that nitric oxide is involved in autoregulation in optic nerve head of rabbits. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43:784–789, 2002.

30. Hayreh SS, Bill A, Sperber GO: Effects of high intraocular pressure on the glucose metabolism in the retina and the optic nerve in atherosclerotic monkeys. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 232:745–752, 1994.

31. Movaffaghy A, Chamot SR, Petrig BL, et al: Blood flow in the human optic nerve head during isometric exercise. Exp Eye Res 67:561–568, 1998.

32. Riva CE, Hero M, Titze P, et al: Autoregulation of human optic nerve head blood flow in response to acute changes in ocular perfusion pressure. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 235:618–626, 1997.

33. Pillunat LE, Anderson DR, Knighton RW, et al: Autoregulation of human optic nerve head circulation in response to increased intraocular pressure. Exp Eye Res 64:737–744, 1997.

34. Roth S: The effects of halothane on retinal and choroidal blood flow in cats. Anesthesiology 76:455–460, 1992.

35. Linsenmeier RA, Padnick-Silver L: Metabolic dependence of photoreceptors on the choroid in the normal and detached retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:3117–3123, 2000.

36. Spraul CW, Lang GE, Grossniklaus HE: Morphometric analysis of the choroid, Bruch's membrane, and retinal pigment epithelium in eyes with age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:2724–2735, 1997.

37. Kiel JW, Heuven WAV: Ocular perfusion pressure and choroidal blood flow in the rabbit. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36:579–585, 1995.

38. Kiel JW, Lovell MD: Adrenergic modulation of choroidal blood flow in the rabbit. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:673–679, 1996.

39. Riva CE, Titze P, Hero M, et al: Effect of acute decreases of perfusion pressure on choroidal blood flow in humans. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 38:1752–1760, 1997.


3016


40. Fuchsjager-Mayrl G, Luksch A, Malec M, et al: Role of endothelin-1 in choroidal blood flow regulation during isometric exercise in healthy humans. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44:728–733, 2003.

41. Kiel JW: Modulation of choroidal autoregulation in the rabbit. Exp Eye Res 69:413–429, 1999.

42. Hardy P, Lamireau D, Hou X, et al: Major role for neuronal NO synthase in curtailing choroidal blood flow autoregulation in newborn pig. J Appl Physiol 91:1655–1662, 2001.

43. Schmetterer L, Lexer F, Findl O, et al: The effect of inhalation of different mixtures of O2 and CO2 on ocular fundus pulsations. Exp Eye Res 63:351–355, 1996.

44. Attariwala R, Giebs CP, Glucksberg MR: The influence of elevated intraocular pressure on vascular pressures in the cat retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 35:1019–1025, 1994.

45. Roth S, Pietrzyk Z: Blood flow after retinal ischemia in cats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 35:3209–3217, 1994.

46. Roth S: The effects of isovolumic hemodilution on ocular blood flow. Exp Eye Res 55:59–63, 1992.

47. Wiek J, Schade M, Wiederholt M, et al: Haemorheological changes in patients with retinal vein occlusion after isovolemic hemodilution. Br J Ophthalmol 74:665–669, 1990.

48. Roth S, Pietrzyk Z, Crittenden AP: The effects of enflurane on ocular blood flow. J Ocul Pharmacol 9:251–256, 1993.

49. Roth S, Barach P: Post-operative visual loss: Still no answers yet. Anesthesiology 95:575–576, 2001.

50. Roth S, Gillesberg I: Injuries to the Visual System and Other Sense Organs. In Benumof JL, Saidman LJ (eds): Anesthesia and Perioperative Complications, 2nd ed. St Louis, CV Mosby, 1999, pp 377–408.

51. Hayreh SS, Kolder HE, Weingeist TA: Central retinal artery occlusion and retinal tolerance time. Ophthalmology 87:75–78, 1980.

52. Fry CL, Carter JE, Kanter MC, et al: Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is not associated with carotid artery atherosclerosis. Stroke 24:539–542, 1993.

53. Quigley HA, Miller NR, Green WR: The pattern of optic nerve fiber loss in anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol 100:769–776, 1985.

54. Aldrich MS, Alessi AG, Beck RW, et al: Cortical blindness: Etiology, diagnosis, and prognosis. Ann Neurol 21:149–158, 1987.

55. Johnson MW, Kincaid MC, Trobe JD: Bilateral retrobulbar optic nerve infarctions after blood loss and hypotension. A clinico-pathologic case study. Ophthalmology 94:1577–1584, 1987.

56. Rizzo JF 3rd, Andreoli CM, Rabinov JD: Use of magnetic resonance imaging to differentiate optic neuritis and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology 109:1679–1684, 2002.

57. Lopez JM, Nazabal ER, Muniz AM, et al: Detection of posterior ischemic optic neuropathy due to giant cell arteritis with magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Neurol 46:109–110, 2001.

58. Oshitari K, Mashima Y, Imamura Y, et al: T2-weighted fast-spin echo MR imaging of the optic nerve and subarachnoid space around the optic nerve [abstract]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36:S677, 1995.

59. Fishman GA, Sokol S: Electrophysiological Testing in Disorders of the Retina, Optic Nerve, and Visual Pathway. San Francisco, American Academy of Ophthalmology, 1990.

60. Federman JL, Gouras P, Schubert H, et al: Retina and vitreous. St Louis, CV Mosby, 1994.

61. Cavallerano AA: Ophthalmic fluorescein angiography. Optom Clin 5:1–23, 1996.

62. Arnold AC, Hepler RS: Fluorescein angiography in acute nonarteritic anterior optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol 117:222–230, 1994.

63. Samadani EE, Rizzuto PR, Tinoosh F, et al: Detection and evaluation of optic nerve sheath fluid with ultrasonography: Correlation between 30 degree A scan test and B scan ultrasonography [abstract]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36:S677, 1995.

64. Blauth CI, Arnold JV, Schulenberg WE, et al: Cerebral microembolism during cardiopulmonary bypass. Retinal microvascular studies in vivo with fluorescein angiography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 95:668–676, 1988.

65. Blauth CI, Smith PL, Arnold JV, et al: Influence of oxygenator type on the prevalence and extent of microembolic retinal ischemia during cardiopulmonary bypass. Assessment by digital image analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 99:61–69, 1990.

66. Little D: Induced hypotension during anaesthesia and surgery. Anesthesiology 16:320–332, 1955.

67. Alpert JN, Pena Y, Leachman DR: Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy after coronary bypass surgery. Text Med 83:45–47, 1987.

68. Brown RH, Schauble JF, Miller NR: Anemia and hypotension as contributors to perioperative loss of vision. Anesthesiology 80:222–226, 1994.

69. Busch T, Sirbu H, Aleksic I, et al: Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: A complication after extracorporal circulation. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 4:354–358, 1998.

70. Chisholm IA: Optic neuropathy of recurrent blood loss. Br J Ophthalmol 53:289–295, 1969.

71. Chun DB, Levin DK: Ischemic optic neuropathy after hemorrhage from a cornual ectopic gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 177:1550–1552, 1997.

72. Dilger JA, Tetzlaff JE, Bell GR, et al: Ischaemic optic neuropathy after spinal fusion. Can J Anaesth 45:63–66, 1998.

73. Gotte K, Riedel F, Knorz MC, et al: Delayed anterior ischemic optic neuropathy after neck dissection. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 126:220–223, 2000.

74. Gupta M, Puri P, Rennie IG: Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy after emergency caesarean section under epidural anesthesia. Acta Anaesthiol Scand 46:751–752, 2002.

75. Jaben SL, Glaser JS, Daily M: Ischemic optic neuropathy following general surgical procedures. J Clin Neuroophthalmol 3:239–244, 1983.

76. Janicki PK, Pai R, Kelly-Wright J, et al: Ischemic optic neuropathy after liver transplantation. Anesthesiology 94:361–363, 2001.

77. Katz DM, Trobe JD, Cornblath WT, et al: Ischemic optic neuropathy after lumbar spine surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 112:925–931, 1994.

78. Kirkali P, Kansu T: A case of unilateral posterior ischemic optic neuropathy after radical neck dissection. Ann Ophthalmol 22:297–298, 1990.

79. Larkin DFP, Wood AE, Neligan M, et al: Ischaemic optic neuropathy complicating cardiopulmonary bypass. Br J Ophthalmol 71:344–347, 1987.

80. Minagar A, Schatz NJ, Glaser JS: Liposuction and ischemic optic neuropathy: Case report and review of literature. J Neurol Sci 181:132–136, 2000.

81. Moster ML: Visual loss after coronary artery bypass surgery. Surv Ophthalmol 42:453–457, 1998.

82. Savino PJ, Burde RM, Mills RP: Visual loss following intranasal anesthetic injection. J Clin Neuroophthalmol 10:140–144, 1990.

83. Sha'aban RI, Asfour WM: Visual loss after coronary artery bypass surgery. Saudi Med J 21:90–92, 2000.

84. Shahian DM, Speert PK: Symptomatic visual deficits after open heart operations. Ann Thorac Surg 48:275–279, 1989.

85. Shaked G, Gavriel A, Roy-Shapiro A: Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy after hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma 44:923–925, 1998.

86. Shapira OM, Kimmel WA, Lindsey PS, et al: Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy after open heart operations. Ann Thorac Surg 61:660–666, 1996.

87. Sharma R, Desai S: Postpartum hemorrhage producing acute ischemic optic neuropathy. Asia-Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol 19:249–251, 1993.

88. Stevens WR, Glazer PA, Kelley SD, et al: Ophthalmic complications after spinal surgery. Spine 22:1319–1324, 1997.

89. Strome SE, Hill JS, Burnstine MA, et al: Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy following neck dissection. Head Neck 19:148–152, 1997.

90. Sweeney PJ, Breuer AC, Selhorst JB, et al: Ischemic optic neuropathy: A complication of cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Neurology 32:560–562, 1982.

91. Williams GC, Lee AG, Adler HL, et al: Bilateral anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and branch retinal artery occlusion after radical prostatectomy. J Urol 162:1384–1385, 1999.
3017


92. Wilson JF, Freeman SB, Breene DP: Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy causing blindness in the head and neck surgery patient. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 117:1304–1306, 1991.

93. Alexandrakis G, Lam BL: Bilateral posterior ischemic optic neuropathy after spinal surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 127:354–355, 1999.

94. Asensio JA, Forno W, Castillo GAR, et al: Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy related to profound shock after penetrating thoracoabdominal trauma. South Med J 95:1053–1057, 2002.

95. Chutkow JG, Sharbrough FW, Riley FC: Blindness following simultaneous bilateral neck dissection. Mayo Clin Proc 48:713–717, 1973.

96. Dunker S, Hsu HY, Sebag J, et al: Perioperative risk factors for ischemic optic neuropathy. J Am Coll Surg 194:705–710, 2002.

97. Lee AG: Ischemic optic neuropathy following lumbar spine surgery. J Neurosurg 83:348–349, 1995.

98. Lee LA, Lam AM: Unilateral blindness after prone lumbar surgery. Anesthesiology 95:793–795, 2001.

99. Lo LJ, Hung KF, Chen YR: Blindness as a complication of Le Fort I osteotomy for maxillary dissection. Plast Reconstr Surg 109:688–698, discussion 699–700, 2002.

100. Marks SC, Jaques DA, Hirata RM, et al: Blindness following bilateral radical neck dissection. Head Neck 12:342–245, 1990.

101. Mazzia VDB, Mark LC, Schrier RI, et al: Blindness after hemorrhage. N Y State J Med 62:2549–2550, 1962.

102. Milner GA: A case of blindness after bilateral neck dissection. J Laryngol 74:880–885, 1960.

103. Remigio D, Wertenbaker C: Post-operative visual loss. Surv Ophthalmol 44:426–432, 2000.

104. Rizzo JF III, Lessel S: Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy during general surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 103:808–811, 1987.

105. Roth S, Nunez R, Schreider BD: Visual loss after lumbar spine fusion. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 9:346–348, 1997.

106. Schobel GA, Schmidbauer M, Millesi W, et al: Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy following bilateral radical neck dissection. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 24:283–287, 1995.

107. Tsai RK, Sun CY: Spontaneous dissection of internal carotid artery presenting as isolated posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Br J Ophthalmol 81:513, 1997.

108. Wessels IF: Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy during general surgery. Am J Opthalmol 104:555–556, 1987.

109. Bekar A, Tureyen K, Aksoy K: Unilateral blindness due to patient positioning during cervical syringomyelia surgery: Unilateral blindness after prone position. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 8:227–229, 1996.

110. Bradish CF, Flowers M: Central retinal artery occlusion in association with osteogenesis imperfecta. Spine 12:193–194, 1987.

111. Cheney ML, Blair PA: Blindness as a complication of rhinoplasty. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 113:768–769, 1987.

112. Gillan JG: Two cases of unilateral blindness following anesthesia with vascular hypotension. Can Med Assoc J 69:294–296, 1953.

113. Girotto JA, Gamble WB, Robertson B, et al: Blindness after reduction of facial fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg 104:875–876, 1998.

114. Givner I, Jaffe N: Occlusion of the central retinal artery following anesthesia. Arch Ophthalmol 43:197–201, 1950.

115. Grossman W, Ward WT: Central retinal artery occlusion after scoliosis surgery with a horseshoe headrest. Case report and literature review. Spine 18:1226–1228, 1993.

116. Gutman FA, Zegarra H: Ocular complications in cardiac surgery. Surg Clin North Am 51:1095–1103, 1971.

117. Hollenhorst RW, Svien HJ, Benoit CF: Unilateral blindness occurring during anesthesia for neurosurgical operations. Arch Ophthalmol 52:819–830, 1954.

118. Locastro A, Novak KD, Biglan AW: Central retinal artery occlusion in a child after general anesthesia. Am J Ophthalmol 112:91–92, 1991.

119. Lund PE, Madsen K: Bilateral blindness after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 8:448–450, 1994.

120. Plate S, Asboe S: Blindness as a complication of rhinosurgery. J Laryngol Otol 95:317–322, 1981.

121. Torti RA, Ballantyne AJ, Houston RG: Sudden blindness after simultaneous bilateral radical neck dissection. Arch Surg 88:271–274, 1964.

122. Whiteman DW, Rosen DA, Pinkerton RMH: Retinal and choroidal microvascular embolism after intranasal corticosteroid injection. Am J Opthalmol 89:851–853, 1980.

123. Wolfe SW, Lospinuso MF, Burke SW: Unilateral blindness as a complication of patient positioning for spinal surgery. A case report. Spine 17:600–604, 1992.

124. Aiello LP: Vascular endothelial growth factor: 20th-century mechanisms, 21st-century therapies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 38:1647–1652, 1997.

125. Louzada-Junior P, Dias JJ, Santos WF, et al: Glutamate release in experimental ischaemia of the retina: An approach using microdialysis. J Neurochem 59:358–363, 1992.

126. Mosinger JL, Price MT, Bai HY, et al: Blockade of both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors is required for optimal protection against ischemic neuronal degeneration in the in vivo adult mammalian retina. Exp Neurol 113:10–17, 1991.

127. Zeevalk GD, Nicklas WJ: Chemically induced hypoglycemia and anoxia: Relationship to glutamate receptor-mediated toxicity in retina. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 253:1285–1292, 1990.

128. Yoon YH, Marmor MF: Dextromethorphan protects retina against ischemic injury in vivo. Arch Ophthalmol 107:409–411, 1989.

129. Ostwald P, Goldstein IM, Pachnanda A, et al: Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on blood flow after retinal ischemia in cats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36:2396–2403, 1995.

130. Ostwald P, Park SS, Toledano AY, et al: Adenosine receptor blockade and nitric oxide synthase inhibition in the retina: Impact upon post-ischemic hyperemia and the electroretinogram. Vision Res 37:3453–3461, 1997.

131. Roth S: Post-ischemic hyperemia in the retina: The effects of adenosine receptor blockade. Curr Eye Res 14:323–328, 1995.

132. Hughes WF: Quantitation of ischemic damage in the rat retina. Exp Eye Res 53:573–582, 1991.

133. Lin J, Roth S: Ischemic preconditioning attenuates hypoperfusion after retinal ischemia in rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 40:2925–2931, 1999.

134. Kato H, Araki T, Kogure K, et al: Sequential cerebral blood flow changes in short-term cerebral ischemia in gerbils. Stroke 21:1346–1349, 1990.

135. Leffler CW, Busija DW, Mirro R, et al: Effects of ischemia on brain blood flow and oxygen consumption of newborn pigs. Am J Physiol 257:H1917–H1926, 1989.

136. Hayashi A, Koroma BM, Imai K, et al: Increase of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in rat retina after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:2146–2156, 1996.

137. Takagi H, King GL, Robinson GS, et al: Adenosine mediates hypoxic induction of vascular endothelial growth factor in retinal pericytes and endothelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:2165–2176, 1996.

138. Takagi H, King GL, Ferrara N, et al: Hypoxia regulates vascular endothelial growth factor receptor KDR/Flk gene expression through adenosine A2 receptors in retinal capillary endothelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:1311–1321, 1996.

139. Alm A, Bill A: The oxygen supply to the retina II. Effects of high intraocular pressure and of increased arterial carbon dioxide tension on uveal and retinal blood flow in cats A study with radioactively labelled microspheres including flow determinations in brain and some other tissues. Acta Physiol Scand 84:306–319, 1972.

140. Hayreh SS, Weingeist TA: Experimental occlusion of the central artery of the retina. IV: Retinal tolerance time to acute ischaemia. Br J Ophthalmol 64:818–825, 1980.
3018


141. Selles-Navarro I, Villegas-Perez MP, Salvador-Silva M, et al: Retinal ganglion cell death after different transient periods of pressure-induced ischemia and survival intervals. A quantitative in vivo study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:2002–2014, 1996.

142. Roth S, Li B, Rosenbaum PS, et al: Preconditioning provides complete protection against retinal ischemic injury in rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39:775–785, 1998.

143. Rettinger G, Christ P, Meythaler FH: Blindness caused by central retinal artery occlusion following nasal septum correction. HNO 38:105–109, 1990.

144. Sys J, Michielsen J, Mertens E, et al: Central retinal artery occlusion after spinal surgery. Eur Spine J 5:74–75, 1996.

145. Bolder PM, Norton ML: Retinal hemorrhage following anesthesia. Anesthesiology 61:595–597, 1984.

146. Hepler RS, Sugimura GI, Straatsma BR: On the occurrence of blindness in association with blepharoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 57:233–235, 1976.

147. Williams IM: Intravascular changes in the retina during open-heart surgery. Lancet 2:688–691, 1971.

148. Byers B: Blindness secondary to steroid injections into the nasal turbinates. Arch Ophthalmol 97:79–80, 1979.

149. Evans DE, Zahorchak JA, Kennerdell JS: Visual loss as a result of primary optic nerve neuropathy after intranasal corticosteroid injection. Am J Ophthalmol 90:641–644, 1980.

150. Mabry RL: Visual loss after intranasal corticosteroid injection. Incidence, causes and prevention. Arch Otolaryngol 107:484–486, 1981.

Previous Next