Figure 1-8 Drawing by unknown artist appearing in Clysmatica Nova, a book written by Johan S. Elsholtz (1623–1688) and dated 1667. The artist clearly shows that syringes and rudimentary hollow intravenous tubes were used before the 19th century. Although this book was published in Cologne, Germany, most historians credit the first intravenous injections of pharmaceuticals to Christopher Wren and Timothy Clarck in England. (Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.)