Figure 11-22 Effect of renal failure on pharmacokinetics of morphine. The graphs show the time-dependent change of the serum concentration of morphine and its metabolite in patients with normal renal function (top graph) and patients with renal failure (bottom graph), who received 0.1 mg/kg morphine IV. (From Osborne R, Joel S, Grebenik K, et al: The pharmacokinetics of morphine and morphine glucuronides in kidney failure. Clin Pharmacol Ther 54:158–167, 1993.)