Figure 11-4 Meperidine blocks the Na⁺ channels similarly to lidocaine. Na⁺ currents induced by voltage jump were recorded from Xenopus oocytes expressing the Na⁺ channels. Lidocaine (LID; A) and meperidine (MEP; B) dose-dependently inhibited the current. (From Wagner LE 2nd, Eaton M, Sabnis SS, Gingrich KJ: Meperidine and lidocaine block of recombinant voltage-dependent Na⁺ channels: Evidence that meperidine is a local anesthetic. Anesthesiology 91:1481–1490, 1999.)