Figure 1-18 Prominent anesthesiologists of the 20th century. A, Sir Ivan Whiteside Magill (1888–1986) was born in Larne, Northern Ireland. He obtained a medical degree from Queen's University, Belfast, in 1913. During World War I, he served with the Irish Guards in the Medical Corps. After the war, he and Stanley Rowbotham (1890–1979) pioneered the use of large-bore endotracheal tubes to allow plastic surgeons to operate on the facial injuries of wounded soldiers. He designed many pieces of equipment for the anesthesiologist, some of which are still used today. Before his death at the age of 98 years, he received many awards, including a knighthood awarded personally by the Queen of England in 1960 and the Henry Hill Hickman Award. B, Ralph M. Waters was born in North Bloomfield, Ohio, and obtained his medical degree from Western Reserve University in Cleveland. He began his career in general practice in Sioux City, Iowa, and specialized in delivering anesthesia in 1916. Waters established the first academic program of anesthesiology in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1927. His contributions were many and included the carbon dioxide absorption method, endobronchial anesthesia for thoracic surgery, and introduction of cyclopropane. His chief legacy is the many residents he trained who then became the leaders within the specialty in the following generation. C, Sir Robert R. Macintosh (1897–1989) was born in New Zealand and was a prisoner of war during World War I. He finished medical training after the war in London and began the practice of anesthesia there. In 1937, he was appointed the first Nuffield Professor of Anaesthetics at Oxford University. He was primarily a clinician, and his innovative techniques of airway management were eventually accepted worldwide. He received honorary degrees from universities in several countries and was knighted in 1955. D, James T. Gwathmey was born in Roanoke, Virginia, in 1865 and graduated from the Vanderbilt School of Medicine in 1899. In 1903, he limited his practice to the administration of anesthetics, and he is considered one of the first full-time private practice physician anesthesiologists in the United States. He devised several new innovations for the delivery of anesthetic gases and introduced these machines to his European colleagues during World War I. He was an original member of the Long Island Society of Anesthetists, which eventually evolved into the American Society of Anesthesiologists. (Courtesy of the Wood-Library Museum of Anesthesiology, Park Ridge, IL.)