Figure 7-15 Histograms depict the ratio of the left atrial (LA) A loop to the total pressure-volume diagram area (A/A+V, top panel), the ratio of LA conduit to total reservoir volume (CV/RV, middle panel), and LA-left ventricular coupling (E_es /E_LV , bottom panel) under baseline conditions (Control) and during the administration of 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 minimum alveolar concentrations (MACs) of desflurane (black bars), sevoflurane (red bars), or isoflurane (gray bars). *, Significantly (P < .05) different from the control values; † significantly (P < .05) different from 0.6 MAC. (Adapted from Gare M, Schwabe DA, Hettrick DA, et al: Desflurane, sevoflurane, and isoflurane affect left atrial active and passive mechanical properties and impair left atrial-left ventricular coupling in vivo: Analysis using pressure-volume relations. Anesthesiology 95:689–698, 2001.)