Figure 7-14 Histograms depicting the slope (E_es , top panel) of the left atrial (LA) end-systolic pressure-volume relationship, LA relaxation (R_LA , middle panel), and the slope (E_er , bottom panel) of the LA end-reservoir pressure-volume relationship (i.e., dynamic chamber stiffness) under baseline conditions (Control) and during the administration of 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 minimum alveolar concentrations (MACs) of desflurane (black bars), sevoflurane (red bars), or isoflurane (gray bars). *, Significantly (P < .05) different from the control; †, significantly (P < .05) different from 0.6 MAC. (Adapted from Gare M, Schwabe DA, Hettrick DA, et al: Desflurane, sevoflurane, and isoflurane affect left atrial active and passive mechanical properties and impair left atrial-left ventricular coupling in vivo: Analysis using pressure-volume relations. Anesthesiology 95:689–698, 2001.)