Figure 52-8 Kaplan-Meier estimates of the cumulative percentages of patients who died of cardiac causes or had a nonfatal myocardial infarction during the perioperative period. I bars indicate the standard error, and the difference between groups was significant (P < .001). (From Poldermans D, Boersma E, Bax JJ, et al: The effect of bisoprolol on perioperative mortality and myocardial infarction in high-risk patients undergoing vascular surgery. Dutch Echocardiographic Cardiac Risk Evaluation Applying Stress Echocardiography Study Group. N Engl J Med 341:1789–1794, 1999.)