Book Text

REFERENCES

748. Gross PA, Neu HC, Aswapokee P, et al: Deaths from nosocomial infections: Experience in a university hospital and a community hospital. Am J Med 68:219, 1980.

749. Bryan CS, Reynolds KL: Bacteremic nosocomial pneumonia: Analysis of 172 episodes from a single metropolitan area. Am Rev Respir Dis 129:668, 1984.

750. Maki DG, Botticelli JT, Le Roy ML, Thielke TS: Prospective study of replacing administration sets for intravenous therapy at 48- vs 72-hour intervals: 72 hours is safe and cost-effective. JAMA 258:1771, 1987.

751. Maki DG, Ringer M: Evaluation of dressing regimens for prevention of infection with peripheral intravenous catheters: Gauze, a transparent polyurethane dressing, and an iodophor-transparent dressing. JAMA 258:2396, 1987.

752. Popovic M, Sarngadharan MG, Read E, et al: Detection isolation, and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS. Science 224:497, 1984.

753. Sharara AI, Hunt CM, Hamilton JD: Hepatitis C. Ann Intern Med 125:658, 1996.

754. Hoffnagle JH, Di Bisceglie AM: The treatment of chronic viral hepatitis. N Engl J Med 336:347, 1997.

755. Dodd RY: The risk of transfusion-transmitted infection. N Engl J Med 327:419, 1992.

756. Dworsky ME, Welch K, Cassady G, et al: Occupational risk for primary cytomegalovirus infection among pediatric health-care workers. N Engl J Med 309:950, 1983.

757. Buergler JM, Kim R, Thisted RA, et al: The risk of human immunodeficiency virus in surgeons, anesthesiologists, and medical students. Anesth Analg 75:118, 1992.

758. Jensen V: The TURP syndrome. Can J Anaesth 38:90, 1991.

759. Ostia JR: The binge-purge syndrome: A common albeit unappreciated cause of acid-base and fluid electrolyte disturbances. South Med J 80:58, 1987.

760. Schrier RW: Pathogenesis of sodium and water retention in high-output and low-output cardiac failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, and pregnancy (Pts 1 and 2). N Engl J Med 319:1065, 1127, 1988.

1144

761. Arieff AI, Llacki F, Massry SG: Neurologic manifestations and morbidity of hyponatremia: Correlation with brain water and electrolytes. Medicine (Baltimore) 55:121, 1976.

762. Sterns RH: Severe symptomatic hyponatremia: Treatment and outcome. Ann Intern Med 107:656, 1987.

763. Muldowney FP, Williams RT: Clinical disturbances in serum sodium and potassium in relation to alteration in total exchangeable sodium, exchangeable potassium and total body water. Am J Med 35:768, 1963.

764. Surawicz B: Relationship between electrocardiogram and electrolytes. Am Heart J 73:814, 1967.

765. Sack D, Kim ND, Harrison CE Jr: Contractility and subcellular calcium metabolism in chronic potassium deficiency. Am J Physiol 226:756, 1974.

766. Wong KC, Vitez TS: Electrolyte imbalance. Semin Anesth 2:161, 1983.

767. Goggin MJ, Joekes AM: Gas exchange in renal failure. I: Dangers of hyperkalaemia during anaesthesia. BMJ 2:244, 1971.

768. Busch EH, Ventura HO, Lavie CJ: Heparin-induced hyperkalemia. South Med J 80:1450, 1987.

769. Rimmer JM, Horn JF, Gennari FJ: Hyperkalemia as a complication of drug therapy. Arch Intern Med 147:867, 1987.

770. Don BR, Sebastian A, Cheitlin M, et al: Pseudohyperkalemia caused by fist clenching during phlebotomy. N Engl J Med 322:1290, 1990.

771. Kharasch ED, Bowdle TA: Hypokalemia before induction of anesthesia and prevention by β₂ adrenoceptor antagonism. Anesth Analg 72:216, 1991.

772. Allon M, Dunlay R, Copkney C: Nebulised albuterol for acute hyperkalemia in patients on hemodialysis. Ann Intern Med 110:426, 1989.

773. Zinn SE, Fairley HB, Glenn JD: Liver function in patients with mild alcoholic hepatitis, after enflurane, nitrous oxide-narcotic, and spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 64:487, 1985.

774. Ellefson RD: Porphyrinogens, porphyrins, and the porphyrias. Mayo Clin Proc 57:454, 1982.

775. Edwards R, Winnie AP, Ramamurthy S: Acute hypocapneic hypokalemia: An iatrogenic anesthetic complication. Anesth Analg 56:786, 1977.

776. Lawson NW, Butler GH, Rat CT: Alkalosis and cardiac arrhythmias. Anesth Analg 52:951, 1973.

777. Adrogué HJ, Madias NE: Management of life-threatening acid-base disorders. First of two parts. N Engl J Med 338:26, 1998.

778. Aldinger KA, Samaan NA: Hypokalemia with hypercalcemia. Prevalence and significance in treatment. Ann Intern Med 87:571, 1977.

779. Wong KC, Kawamura R, Hodges MR, et al: Acute intravenous administration of potassium chloride to furosemide pretreated dogs. Can J Anaesth 24:203, 1977.

780. Kawamura R, Wong KC, Hodges MR: Intravenous potassium chloride in hypokalemic dogs pretreated with digoxin. Anesth Analg 57:108, 1978.

781. Kunin AS, Surawicz B, Sims EAH: Decrease in serum potassium concentrations and appearance of cardiac arrhythmias during infusion of potassium with glucose in potassium-depleted patients. N Engl J Med 266:228, 1962.

782. Hahm TS, Cho HS, Lee KH, et al: Clonidine premedication prevents preoperative hypokalemia. J Clin Anesth 14:6–9, 2002.

783. Wilkinson PL, Ham J, Miller RD: Preoperative hyperkalemia and elective surgery. In Wilkinson PL, Ham J, Miller RD (eds): Clinical Anesthesia. Case Selections from the University of California, San Francisco. St Louis, CV Mosby, 1980, p 54.

784. Lawson DH: Adverse reactions to potassium chloride. Q J Med 43:433, 1974.

785. Lawson DH, Hutcheon AW, Jick H: Life threatening drug reactions amongst medical in-patients. Scott Med J 24:127, 1979.

786. Vitez TS, Soper LE, Wong KC, Soper P: Chronic hypokalemia and intraoperative dysrhythmias. Anesthesiology 63:130, 1985.

787. Hirsch IA, Tomlinson DL, Slogoff S, Keats AS: The overstated risk of preoperative hypokalemia. Anesth Analg 67:131, 1988.

788. Olson RP, Schow AJ, McCann R, et al: Absence of adverse outcomes in hyperkalemic patients undergoing vascular access surgery. Can J Anaesth 50:553–557, 2003.

789. Schow AJ, Lubarsky DA, Olson RP, Gan TJ: Can succinylcholine be used safely in hyperkalemic patients? Anesth Analg 95:19–122, 2002.

790. Wahr JA, Parks R, Boisvert D, et al: Preoperative serum potassium levels and perioperative outcomes in cardiac surgery patients. Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. JAMA 281:2203–2210, 1999.

791. Dyckner T, Wester PO: Ventricular extrasystoles and intracellular electrolytes before and after potassium and magnesium infusions in patients on diuretic treatment. Am Heart J 97:12, 1979.

792. Cohen JD, Neaton JD, Prineas RJ, Daniels KA: Diuretics, serum potassium and ventricular arrhythmias in the multiple risk factor intervention. Am J Cardiol 60:548, 1987.

793. Morganroth J, Michelson EL, Horowitz LN, et al: Limitations of routine long-term electrocardiographic monitoring to assess ventricular ectopic frequency. Circulation 58:408, 1978.

794. Duke M: Thiazide-induced hypokalemia: Association with acute myocardial infarction and ventricular fibrillation. JAMA 239:43, 1978.

795. Holland OB, Nixon JV, Kuhnert L: Diuretic-induced ventricular ectopic activity. Am J Med 70:762, 1981.

796. Tanifuji Y, Eger EI II: Brain sodium, potassium and osmolality: Effect on anesthetic requirement. Anesth Analg 57:404, 1978.

797. Kornbluth A, Sachar DB: Ulcerative colitis practice guidelines in adults. American College of Gastroenterology, Practice Parameters Committee. Am J Gastroenterol 92:204, 1997.

798. Lindor KD, Fleming CR, Ilstrup DM: Preoperative nutritional status and other factors that influence surgical outcome in patients with Crohn's disease. Mayo Clin Proc 60:393, 1985.

799. Kahrilas PJ: Gastroesophageal reflux disease. JAMA 276:983, 1996.

800. Eger EI II, Saidman LJ: Hazards of nitrous oxide anesthesia in bowel obstruction and pneumothorax. Anesthesiology 26:61, 1965.

801. Antimicrobial prophylaxis. Med Lett Drugs Ther 43:92–97, 2001.

802. Jain NK, Larson DE, Schroeder KW, et al: Antibiotic prophylaxis for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Ann Intern Med 107:824, 1987.

803. Gorbach SL: Antimicrobial prophylaxis for appendectomy and colorectal surgery. Rev Infect Dis 13(Suppl 10):S815, 1991.

804. Peterson WJ: Peptic ulcer—an infectious disease? West J Med 152:167, 1990.

805. Ross AHM, Smith MA, Anderson JR, et al: Late mortality after surgery for peptic ulcer. N Engl J Med 307:519, 1982.

806. Longnecker M, Roizen MF: Patients with carcinoid syndrome. Anesthesiol Clin North Am 5:313, 1987.

807. Botero M, Fuchs R, Paulus DA, Lind DS: Carcinoid heart disease: A case report and literature review. J Clin Anesth 14:57–63, 2002.

808. Pandharipande PP, Reichard PS, Vallee MF: High gastric output as a perioperative sign of carcinoid syndrome. Anesthesiology 96:755–756, 2002.

809. Veall GRQ, Peacock JE, Bax NDS, Reilly CS: Review of the anaesthetic management of 21 patients undergoing laparotomy for carcinoid syndrome. Br J Anaesth 72:335, 1994.

810. Philbin DM, Coggins CH: Plasma antidiuretic hormone levels in cardiac surgical patients during morphine and halothane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 49:95, 1978.

811. Marsh HM, Martin JK Jr, Kvols LK, et al: Carcinoid crisis during anesthesia: Successful treatment with a somatostatin analogue. Anesthesiology 66:89, 1987.

1145

812. Watson JT, Badner NH, Ali MJ: The prophylactic use of octreotide in a patient with ovarian carcinoid and valvular heart disease. Can J Anaesth 37:798, 1990.

813. McCrirrick A, Hickman J: Octreotide for carcinoid syndrome. Can J Anaesth 38:339, 1991.

814. Quinlivan JK, Roberts WA: Intraoperative octreotide for refractory carcinoid-induced bronchospasm. Anesth Analg 78:400, 1994.

815. Dilger JA, Rho EH, Que FG, Sprung J: Octreotide-induced bradycardia and heart block during surgical resection of a carcinoid tumor. Anesth Analg 98:318–320, 2004.

816. Zimmer C, Kienbaum P, Wiesemes R, Peters J: Somatostatin does not prevent serotonin release and flushing during chemoembolization of carcinoid liver metastases. Anesthesiology 98:1007–1011, 2003.

817. Drossman DA, McKee DC, Sandler RS, et al: Psychosocial factors in the irritable bowel syndrome. A multivariate study of patients and non-patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 95:701, 1988.

818. Aitkenhead AR, Robinson S: Influence of morphine and pethidine on the incidence of anastomotic dehiscence after colonic surgery. Br J Anaesth 63:230P, 1989.

819. Wataneeyawech M, Kelly KA Jr: Hepatic diseases, unsuspected before surgery. N Y State J Med 75:1278, 1975.

820. Schemel WH: Unexpected hepatic dysfunction found by multiple laboratory screening. Anesth Analg 55:810, 1976.

821. Lentschener C, Ozier Y: What anaesthetists need to know about viral hepatitis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 47:794–803, 2003.

822. Baden JM, Serra M, Fujinaga M, Mazze RI: Halothane metabolism in cirrhotic rats. Anesthesiology 67:660, 1987.

823. Harville DD, Summerskill WH: Surgery in acute hepatitis—cause and effects. JAMA 184:257, 1963.

824. Viegas O, Stoelting RK: LDH₅ changes after cholecystectomy and hysterectomy in patients receiving halothane, enflurane or fentanyl. Anesthesiology 51:556, 1979.

825. Smith AA, Volpitto PP, Gramling ZW, et al: Chloroform, halothane and regional anesthesia: A comparative study. Anesth Analg 52:1, 1973.

826. Ronk W: Liver function chemistries after enflurane and narcotic-N₂ O anesthesia. AANA J 46:507–511, 1978.

827. The National Halothane Study, Bunker JP, Forrest WH, Mosteller F, et al (eds): A Study of the Possible Association between Halothane Anesthesia and Postoperative Hepatic Necrosis. Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office, 1969.

828. Shingu K, Eger EI II, JOhnson BH, et al: Effect of oxygen concentration, hyperthermia, and choice of vendor on anesthetic-induced hepatic injury in rats. Anesth Analg 62:146, 1983.

829. La Mont JT: Postoperative jaundice. Surg Clin North Am 54:637, 1974.

830. Black PM: Predicting the outcome from hypoxic-ischemic coma: Medical and ethical implications. JAMA 254:1215, 1985.

831. Resnick RH, Iber FL, Ishihara AM, et al: A controlled study of the therapeutic portacaval shunt. Gastroenterology 67:843, 1974.

832. Green J, Beyar R, Sideman S, et al: The "jaundiced heart": A possible explanation for postoperative shock in obstructive jaundice. Surgery 100:14, 1986.

833. Aranha GV, Sontag SJ, Greenlee HB: Cholecystectomy in cirrhotic patients: A formidable operation. Am J Surg 143:55, 1982.

834. Metcalf AMT, Dozois RR, Wolff BG, Beart RW Jr: The surgical risk of colectomy in patients with cirrhosis. Dis Colon Rectum 30:529, 1987.

835. Wright R, Eade OE, Chisholm M, et al: Controlled prospective study of the effect on liver function of multiple exposures to halothane. Lancet 6:817, 1975.

836. Trowell J, Peto R, Smith AC: Controlled trial of repeated halothane anaesthetics in patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix treated with radium. Lancet 1:821, 1975.

837. Allen PJ, Downing JW: A prospective study of hepatocellular function after repeated exposures to halothane or enflurane in women undergoing radium therapy for cervical cancer. Br J Anaesth 49:1035, 1977.

838. Fee JPH, Black GW, Dundee JW, et al: A prospective study of liver enzyme and other changes following repeat administration of halothane and enflurane. Br J Anaesth 51:1133, 1979.

839. Moore DH, Benson GD: Prolonged halothane hepatitis: Prompt resolution of severe lesion with corticosteroid therapy. Dig Dis Sci 31:1269, 1986.

840. Hussey AJ, Howie J, Allan LG, et al: Impaired hepatocellular integrity during general anaesthesia, as assessed by measurement of plasma glutathione S-transferase. Clin Chim Acta 161:19, 1986.

841. Dykes MHM: Is halothane hepatitis chronic active hepatitis [editorial]? Anesthesiology 46:233, 1977.

842. Bréchot C, Nalpas B, Couroucé A-M, et al: Evidence that hepatitis B virus has a role in liver-cell carcinoma in alcoholic liver disease. N Engl J Med 306:1384, 1982.

843. Sipes I, Brown B: An animal model of hepatotoxicity associated with halothane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 45:622, 1976.

844. Klatskin G, Kimberg DV: Recurrent hepatitis attributable to halothane sensitization in an anesthetist. N Engl J Med 280:515, 1969.

845. Douglas HJ, Eger EI II, Biava CG, et al: Hepatic necrosis associated with viral infection after enflurane anesthesia. N Engl J Med 296:553, 1977.

846. Gall EA: Report of the pathology panel: National Halothane Study. Anesthesiology 29:233–248, 1968.

847. Stoelting RK, Blitt CD, Cohen PJ, Merin RG: Hepatic dysfunction after isoflurane anesthesia. Anesth Analg 66:147, 1987.

848. Malnick SD, Mahlab K, Borchardt J, et al: Acute cholestatic hepatitis after exposure to isoflurane. Ann Pharmacother 36:261–263, 2002.

849. Plummer JL, Hall PM, Jenner M, et al: Effect of treatment with phenobarbitone or isoniazid on hepatotoxicity due to prolonged subanesthetic halothane inhalation. Pharmacol Toxicol 62:74, 1988.

850. Hubbard AK, Roth TP, Gandolfi AJ, et al: Halothane hepatitis patients generate an antibody response toward a covalently bound metabolite of halothane. Anesthesiology 68:791, 1988.

851. Farrell G, Prendergast D, Murray M: Halothane hepatitis: Detection of constitutional susceptibility factor. N Engl J Med 313:1310, 1985.

852. Lewis JH, Zimmerman HJ, Ishak KG, Mullick FG: Enflurane hepatotoxicity: A clinicopathologic study of 24 cases. Ann Intern Med 98:984, 1983.

853. Stevens CE, Taylor PE, Rubinstein P, et al: Safety of the hepatitis B vaccine. N Engl J Med 312:375, 1985.

854. Berry AJ, Isaacson IJ, Hunt D, et al: The prevalence of hepatitis B viral markers in anesthesia personnel. Anesthesiology 60:6, 1984.

855. Mulley AG, Silverstein MD, Dienstag JL: Indications for use of hepatitis B vaccine, based on cost-effectiveness analysis. N Engl J Med 307:644, 1982.

856. Cody SH, Nainan OV, Garfein RS, et al: Hepatitis C virus transmission from an anesthesiologist to a patient. Arch Internal Med 162:345–350, 2002.

857. Naulty JS, Reves JG, Tobey RR, et al: Hepatitis and operating room personnel: An approach to diagnosis and management. Anesth Analg 56:360, 1977.

858. Duvaldestin P, Agoston S, Henzel D, et al: Pancuronium pharmacokinetics in patients with liver cirrhosis. Br J Anaesth 50:1131, 1978.

859. Orko R, Ailia A, Rosenberg PH: Effect of biliary obstruction on muscle relaxation with vecuronium. Eur J Anaesthesiol 5:9, 1988.

860. Arden JR, Lynam DP, Castagnoli KP, et al: Vecuronium in alcoholic liver disease: A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis. Anesthesiology 68:771, 1988.

861. Parker CJR, Hunter JM: Pharmacokinetics of atracurium and laudanosine in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Br J Anaesth 62:177, 1989.

1146

862. Swerdlow BN, Holley FO, Maitre PO, Stanski DR: Chronic alcohol intake does not change thiopental anesthetic requirement, pharmacokinetics, or pharmacodynamics. Anesthesiology 72:455, 1990.

863. Johnston RE, Kulp RA, Smith TC: Effects of acute and chronic ethanol administration on isoflurane requirement in mice. Anesth Analg 54:277, 1975.

864. Audet A-M, Goodnough LT: Practice strategies for elective red blood cell transfusion. American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 116:403, 1992.

865. Welch HG, Meehan KR, Goodnough LT: Prudent strategies for elective red blood cell transfusion. Ann Intern Med 116:393, 1992.

866. Thomas DJ, Du Boulay GH, Marshall J, et al: Effect of hematocrit on cerebral blood flow in man. Lancet 2:941, 1977.

867. Thomas DJ: Whole blood viscosity and cerebral blood flow [editorial]. Stroke 13:285, 1982.

868. Crystal GJ, Rooney MW, Salem MR: Myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption during isovolumic hemodilution alone and in combination with adenosine-induced controlled hypotension. Anesth Analg 67:539, 1988.

869. Heughan C, Grislis G, Hunt TK: The effect of anemia on wound healing. Ann Surg 179:163, 1974.

870. Goodnough LT, Rudnick S, Price TH, et al: Increased preoperative collection of autologous blood with recombinant human erythropoietin therapy. N Engl J Med 321:1163, 1989.

871. Bunn HF: Pathogenesis and treatment of a sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med 337:762, 1997.

872. Adams RJ, McKie VC, Hsu L, et al: Prevention of a first stroke by transfusions in children with sickle cell anemia and abnormal results on transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. N Engl J Med 339:5, 1998.

873. Platt OS, Thorington BD, Brambella DJ, et al: Pain in sickle cell disease: Rates and risk factors. N Engl J Med 325:11, 1991.

874. Vichinsky EP, Haberkern CM, Neumayr L, et al: A comparison of conservative and aggressive transfusion regimens in the perioperative management of sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med 333:206, 1995.

875. Dalal FY, Schmidt GB, Bennett EJ, et al: Sickle-cell trait, a report of a postoperative neurological complication. Br J Anaesth 46:387, 1974.

876. Turhan A, Weiss LA, Mohandas N, et al: Primary role for adherent leukocytes in sickle cell vascular occlusion: A new paradigm. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:3047–3051, 2002.

877. Oduro KA, Searle JF: Anaesthesia in sickle-cell states: A plea for simplicity. BMJ 4:596, 1972.

878. Dunn A, Davies A, Eckert G, et al: Intraoperative death during caesarean section in a patient with sickle-cell trait. Can J Anaesth 34:67, 1987.

879. Kark JA, Posey DM, Schumaeker IIR, Ruehle CJ: Sickle cell trait as a risk factor for sudden death in physical training. N Engl J Med 317:781, 1987.

880. Homi J, Reynolds J, Skinner A, et al: General anesthesia in sickle-cell disease. BMJ 1:1599, 1979.

881. Bischoff RJ, Williamson A III, Dalali MJ, et al: Assessment of the use of transfusion therapy perioperatively in patients with sickle cell hemoglobinopathies. Ann Surg 207:434, 1988.

882. Morrison JC, Wiser WL: The use of prophylactic partial exchange transfusion in pregnancies associated with sickle cell hemoglobinopathy. Obstet Gynecol 48:516, 1976.

883. Morrison JC, Whybrew WD, Bucovaz ET: Use of partial exchange transfusion preoperatively in patients with sickle cell hemoglobinopathies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 132:59, 1978.

884. Lanzkowsky P, Shende A, Karayalcin G, et al: Partial exchange transfusion in sickle cell anemia: Use in children with serious complications. Am J Dis Child 132:1206, 1978.

885. Tuck SM, James CE, Brewster EM, et al: Prophylactic blood transfusion in maternal sickle cell syndromes. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 94:121, 1987.

886. Krishnamurti L, Blazar BR, Wagner JE: Bone marrow transplantation without myeloablation for sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med 344:68, 2001.

887. Beutler E: The common anemias. JAMA 259:2433, 1988.

888. Orr D: Difficult intubation: A hazard in thalassemia. A case report. Br J Anaesth 39:585, 1967.

889. Pootrakul P, Hungsprenges S, Fucharoen S, et al: Relation between erythropoiesis and bone metabolism in thalassemia. N Engl J Med 304:1470–1473, 1981.

890. Muretto P, Angelucci E, Lucarelli G: Reversibility of cirrhosis in patients cured of thalassemia by bone marrow transplantation. Ann Intern Med 136:667–672, 2002.

891. Lux SE, Wolfe LC: Inherited disorders of the red cell membrane skeleton. Pediatr Clin North Am 27:463, 1980.

892. Beutler E: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. N Engl J Med 324:169, 1991.

893. Engelfriet CP, Overbeeke MA, van der Berne AE: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Semin Hematol 29:3, 1992.

894. Schilling RF: Is nitrous oxide a dangerous anesthetic for vitamin B₁₂ -deficient subjects? JAMA 255:1605, 1986.

895. Beebe DS, Bergen L, Palahniuk RJ: Anesthesia utilizing plasmapheresis and forced air warming in a patient with severe cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia. Anesth Analg 76:1144, 1993.

896. Quesenberg PJ, Schafer AI, Schreiber AD, et al: Hematology. In American College of Physicians: Medical Knowledge Self-Assessment. Philadelphia, American College of Physicians, 1991, p 374.

897. Tobias JD, Furman WL: Anesthetic considerations in patients receiving colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF and GM-CSF). Anesthesiology 75:536, 1991.