Book Text

REFERENCES

1. Wei JY: Age and the cardiovascular system. N Engl J Med 327:1735, 1992.

2. Medical consultation. In Medical Knowledge Self-Assessment Program IX, Part C, Book 4. Philadelphia, American College of Physicians, 1992, p 939.

3. Hamilton WK: Do let the blood pressure drop and do use myocardial depressants! Anesthesiology 45:273, 1976.

4. Roizen M: The preoperative cardiology consult: What the cardiologist should know about anesthesia. In Parmley W, Chatterjee K (eds): Cardiology. Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 1993, p 1.

5. Gluck R, Munoz E, Wise L: Preoperative and postoperative medical evaluation of surgical patients. Am J Surg 155:730, 1988.

6. Wilson SH, Fasseas P, Orford JL, et al: Clinical outcome of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery in the two months following coronary stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol 42:234–240, 2003.

7. Fleisher LA, Eagle KA: Clinical practice. Lowering cardiac risk in noncardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 345:1677, 2001.

8. Charlson ME, MacKenzie CR, Ales K, et al: Surveillance for postoperative myocardial infarction after noncardiac operations. Surg Gynecol Obstet 167:407, 1988.

9. Goldman L, Caldera DL, Nussbaum SR, et al: Multifactorial index of cardiac risk in noncardiac surgical procedures. N Engl J Med 297:845, 1977.

10. Eagle KA, Berger PB, Calkins H, et al: ACC/AHA guideline update for perioperative cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery—executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1996 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery). J Am Coll Cardiol 39:542–553, 2002.

11. Walsh DB, Eckhauser FE, Ramsburgh SR, et al: Risk associated with diabetes mellitus in patients undergoing gall-bladder surgery. Surgery 91:254, 1982.

12. Fowkes, FGR, Lunn JN, Farrow SC, et al: Epidemiology in anesthesia. III. Mortality risk in patients with coexisting physical disease. Br J Anaesth 54:819, 1982.

13. Hjortrup A, Rasmussen BF, Kehlet H: Morbidity in diabetic and nondiabetic patients after major vascular surgery. BMJ 287:1107, 1983.

14. Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al: Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 345:1359–1367, 2001.

15. Finney SJ, Zekveld C, Elia A, Evans TW: Glucose control and mortality in critically ill patients. JAMA 290:2041–2047, 2003.

16. Krinsley JS: Association between hyperglycemia and increased hospital mortality in a heterogeneous population of critically ill patients. Mayo Clin Proc 78:1471–1478, 2003.

17. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group: Retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with type I diabetes four years after a trial of intensive therapy. N Engl J Med 342:381–389, 2000.

18. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group: Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type II diabetes. BMJ 317:703–713, 1998.

19. Kenepp NB, Shelley WC, Gabbe SG, et al: Fetal and neonatal hazards of maternal hydration with 5% dextrose before cesarean section. Lancet 1:1150, 1982.

20. Wass CT, Lanier WL: Glucose modulation of ischemic brain injury: Review and clinical recommendations. Mayo Clin Proc 71:801–812, 1996.

21. Reissell E, Orko R, Maunuksela E-L, Lindgren L: Predictability of difficult laryngoscopy in patients with long-term diabetes mellitus. Anaesthesia 45:1024, 1990.

22. Burgos LG, Ebert TJ, Asiddao C, et al: Increased intraoperative cardiovascular morbidity in diabetes with autonomic neuropathy. Anesthesiology 70:591, 1989.

23. Charlson ME, MacKenzie CR, Gold JP: Preoperative autonomic function abnormalities in patients with diabetes mellitus and patients with hypertension. J Am Coll Surg 179:1, 1994.

24. Kalichman MW, Calcutt NA: Local anesthetic-induced conduction block and nerve fiber injury in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Anesthesiology 77:941, 1992.

25. Eastwood DW: Anterior spinal artery syndrome after epidural anesthesia in a pregnant diabetic patient with scleredema. Anesth Analg 73:90, 1991.

26. Roizen MF: RealAge: Are You As Young As You Can Be? New York, HarperCollins, 1999.

27. Roizen MF: The RealAge Makeover: Take Years off Your Looks and Add Them to Your Life! New York, HarperCollins, 2004.

28. Narayan KM, Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, et al: Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States. JAMA 290:1884–1890, 2003.

29. Wingard DL, Barrett-Connor EL, Ferrara A: Is insulin really a heart disease risk factor? Diabetes Care 18:1299, 1995.

30. Yoon J-W, Austin M, Onodera T, et al: Virus-induced diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 300:1173, 1979.

31. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, et al: Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 344:1343–1350, 2001.

32. Inzucchi SE, Maggs DG, Spollett GR, et al: Efficacy and metabolic effects of metformin and troglitazone in type II diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 338:867, 1998.

33. Hayward RA, Manning WG, Kaplan SH, et al: Starting insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Effectiveness, complications, and resource utilization. JAMA 278:1663, 1997.

34. Coldwell JA: Controlling type 2 diabetes. Are the benefits worth the costs? JAMA 278:1700, 1997.

35. Campbell PJ, Bolli GB, Cryer PE, et al: Pathogenesis of the dawn phenomenon in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 312:1473, 1985.

36. Stern MP, Rosenthal M, Haffner SM: A new concept of impaired glucose tolerance: Relation to cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis 5:311, 1985.

1129

37. Brenner BM: Hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury and the progressive nature of kidney disease. Kidney Int 23:647, 1983.

38. Gottrup F, Andreassen TT: Healing of incisional wounds in stomach and duodenum: The influence of experimental diabetes. J Surg Res 31:61–68, 1981.

39. Grgic A, Rosenbloom AL, Weber FT, et al: Joint contracture—common manifestation of childhood diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr 88:584, 1976.

40. Salzarulo HH, Taylor LA: Diabetic "stiff joint syndrome" as a cause of difficult endotracheal intubation. Anesthesiology 64:366, 1986.

41. Goodson WH III, Hunt TK: Studies of wound healing in experimental diabetes mellitus. J Surg Res 22:221, 1977.

42. Bagdade JD: Phagocytic and microbiological function in diabetes mellitus. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 83(Suppl 205):27, 1976.

43. Nolan CM, Beaty HN, Bagdade JD: Further characterization of the impaired bactericidal function of granulocytes in patients with poorly controlled diabetes. Diabetes 27:889, 1978.

44. McMurry JF: Wound healing with diabetes mellitus. Better glucose control for better wound healing in diabetics. Surg Clin North Am 64:769, 1984.

45. Cruse PJ, Foord R: A 5-year prospective study of 23,649 surgical wounds. Arch Surg 107:206, 1973.

46. Longstreth WT, Inui TS: High blood glucose level on hospital admission and poor neurological recovery after cardiac arrest. Ann Neurol 15:59, 1984.

47. Johnson WD, Pedraza PM, Kayser KL: Coronary artery surgery in diabetics: 261 consecutive patients followed four to seven years. Am Heart J 104:823–827, 1982.

48. Borow KM, Jaspan JB, Williams KA, et al: Myocardial mechanics in young adult patients with diabetes mellitus: Effects of altered load, inotropic state and dynamic exercise. J Am Coll Cardiol 15:1508, 1990.

49. Croughwell N, Lyth M, Quill TJ, et al: Diabetic patients have abnormal cerebral autoregulation during cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation 82(Suppl IV):IV-407, 1990.

50. Tsueda K, Huang KC, Dumont SW, et al: Cardiac sympathetic tone in anaesthetized diabetics. Can J Anaesth 38:20, 1991.

51. Kitabchi AE, Wall BM: Diabetic ketoacidosis. Med Clin North Am 79:9, 1995.

52. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group: Effect of intensive therapy on residual β-cell function in patients with type 1 diabetes in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 128:517, 1998.

53. Ramanathan S, Khoo P, Arismendy J: Perioperative maternal and neonatal acid-base status and glucose metabolism in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Anesth Analg 73:105, 1991.

54. Kenepp NB, Shelley WC, Gabbe SG, et al: Fetal and neonatal hazards of maternal hydration with 5 percent dextrose before cesarean section. Lancet 1:1150, 1982.

55. Daykin AP: Anesthetic and surgical stress in the diabetic patient: Carbohydrate homeostasis. Int Anesthesiol Clin 26:206, 1988.

56. Walts LF, Miller J, Davidson MB, Brown J: Perioperative management of diabetes mellitus. Anesthesiology 55:104–109, 1981.

57. Peterson L, Caldwell J, Hoffman J: Insulin adsorbance to polyvinyl chloride surfaces with implications for constant-infusion therapy. Diabetes 25:72, 1976.

58. Meyer EJ, Lorenzi M, Bohannon NV, et al: Diabetic management by insulin infusion during major surgery. Am J Surg 137:323, 1979.

59. Farrow SC, Fowkes FGR, Lunn JN, et al: Epidemiology in anaesthesia. II: Factors affecting mortality in hospital. Br J Anaesth 54:811, 1982.

60. Glaser RB: Morbidity and mortality from major vascular surgery. In Roizen MF (ed): Anesthesia for Vascular Surgery. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1990, p 8.

61. Khuri SF, Daley J, Henderson W, et al: Risk adjustment of the postoperative mortality rate for the comparative assessment of the quality of surgical care: Results of the National Veterans Affairs Surgical Risk Study. J Am Coll Surg 185:315, 1997.

62. Ravid M, Brosh D, Levi Z, et al: Use of enalapril to attenuate decline in renal function in normotensive, normoalbuminuric patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 128:982, 1998.

63. Page MM, Watkins PJ: Cardiorespiratory arrest and diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Lancet 1:14, 1978.

64. Thomas AN, Pollard BJ: Renal transplantation and diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Can J Anaesth 36:590, 1989.

65. Heino A: Operative and postoperative nonsurgical complications in diabetic patients undergoing renal transplantation. Scand J Urol Nephrol 22:53, 1988.

66. Hirsch IB, McGill JB, Cryer PE, White PF: Perioperative management of surgical patients with diabetes mellitus. Anesthesiology 74:346, 1991.

67. Eldridge AJ, Sear JW: Peri-operative management of diabetic patients. Any changes for the better since 1985? Anaesthesia 51:45, 1996.

68. Haffner SM, Lehto S, Rönnemaa T, et al: Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 339:229, 1998.

69. Service J: Hypoglycemias. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76:269, 1993.

70. Schreider BD, Uitvlugt A, Roizen MF: Anesthesia for patients with insulinoma and other causes of hypoglycemia. Anesthesiol Clin North Am 5:357, 1987.

71. Muir JJ, Endres SM, Offord K, et al: Glucose management in patients undergoing operation for insulinoma removal. Anesthesiology 59:371, 1983.

72. Reubi J-C, Laissue JA: Multiple actions of somatostatin in neoplastic disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 16:110, 1995.

73. Schaefer EJ, Levy RI: Pathogenesis and management of lipoprotein disorders. N Engl J Med 312:1300, 1985.

74. Larsen ML, Illingworth DR: Drug treatment of dyslipoproteinemia. Med Clin North Am 78:225, 1994.

75. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, et al: Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels. Results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. JAMA 279:1615, 1998.

76. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al: Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 333:1301, 1995.

77. Fowkes FGR, Price JF, Leng GC: Targeting subclinical atherosclerosis. BMJ 316:1764, 1998.

78. Grundy SM, Balady GJ, Criqui MH, et al: Primary prevention of coronary heart disease: Guidance from Framingham. A statement for healthcare professionals from the AHA Task Force on Risk Reduction. Circulation 97:1876, 1998.

79. Campbell NC, Thain J, Deans HG, et al: Secondary prevention in coronary heart disease: Baseline survey of provision in general practice. BMJ 316:1430, 1998.

80. von der Weijden T, Grol R: Preventing recurrent coronary heart disease. We need to attend more to implementing evidence based medicine. BMJ 316:1400–1401, 1998.

81. Knopp RH, Walden CE, Retzlaff BM, et al: Long-term cholesterol-lowering effects of 4 fat-restricted diets in hypercholesterolemic and combined hyperlipidemic men. The dietary alternatives study. JAMA 278:1509, 1997.

82. Rosenson RS, Tangney CC: Antiatherothrombotic properties of statins. Implications for cardiovascular event reduction. JAMA 279:1643, 1998.

83. Nissen SE, Tazcu EM, Schoenhagen P, et al: Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis. A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 291:1071–1080, 2004.

84. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL: Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000. JAMA 288:1723–1727, 2002.

85. Fontaine KR, Redden DT, Wang C, et al: Years of useful life lost due to obesity. JAMA 289:187–193, 2003.

86. Andres R: Effect of obesity on total mortality. Int J Obesity 4:381, 1980.

1130

87. Quesenberry CP Jr, Caan B, Jacobson A: Obesity, health services use, and health care costs among members of a health maintenance organization. Arch Intern Med 158:466, 1998.

88. Fox GS, Whalley DG, Bevan DR: Anaesthesia for the morbidly obese. Experience with 110 patients. Br J Anaesth 53:811, 1983.

89. Taylor RR, Kelly TM, Elliott CG, et al: Hypoxemia after gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Arch Surg 120:1298, 1985.

90. Wilson SL, Mantena NR, Halverson JD: Effects of atropine, glycopyrrolate, and cimetidine on gastric secretions in morbidly obese patients. Anesth Analg 60:37, 1981.

91. Rocke DA, Murray WB, Rout CC, Gouws E: Relative risk analysis of factors associated with difficult intubation in obstetric anesthesia. Anesthesiology 77:67, 1992.

92. Illing L, Duncan PG, Yip R: Gastroesophageal reflux during anaesthesia. Can J Anaesth 39:466, 1992.

93. Hardy J-F, Lepage Y, Bonneville-Chouinard N: Occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux on induction of anaesthesia does not correlate with the volume of gastric contents. Can J Anaesth 37:502, 1990.

94. Hudes ET, Marans HJ, Hirano GM, et al: Recovery room oxygenation: A comparison of nasal catheters and 40 percent oxygen masks. Can J Anaesth 36:20, 1989.

95. Vaughan RW, Bauer S, Wise L: Effect of position (semirecumbent versus supine) on postoperative oxygenation in markedly obese subjects. Anesth Analg 55:37, 1976.

96. Strollo PJ, Rogers RM: Obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med 334:99–104, 1996.

97. Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, et al: The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med 328:1230–1235, 1993.

98. Rajala R, Partinen M, Sane T, et al: Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in morbidly obese patients. J Intern Med 230:125–129, 1991.

99. Ferretti A, Giampiccolo P, Cavalli A, et al: Expiratory flow limitation and orthopnea in massively obese subjects. Chest 119:1401–1408, 2001.

100. Resta O, Foschino-Barbaro MP, Legari G, et al: Sleep-related breathing disorders, loud snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness in obese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25:669–675, 2001.

101. Vgontzas AN, Tan TL, Bixler EO, et al: Sleep apnea and sleep disruption in obese patients. Arch Intern Med 154:1705–1711, 1994.

102. van Boxem TJ, de Groot GH: Prevalence and severity of sleep disordered breathing in a group of morbidly obese patients. Neth J Med 54:202–206, 1999.

103. Herer B, Roche N, Carton N, et al: Value of clinical, functional, and oximetric data for the prediction of obstructive sleep apnea in obese patients. Chest 116:1537–1544, 1999.

104. van Kralingen KW, de Kanter W, de Groot GH, et al: Assessment of sleep complaints and sleep-disordered breathing in a consecutive series of obese patients. Respiration 66:312–316, 1999.

105. Serafini FM, MacDowell, Anderson W, et al: Clinical predictors of sleep apnea in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Obes Surg 11:28–31, 2001.

106. Koenig SM: Pulmonary complications of obesity. Am J Med Sci 321:249–279, 2001.

107. Silverberg DS, Iaina A, Oksenberg A. Treating obstructive sleep apnea improves essential hypertension and quality of life. Am Fam Physician 65:229–236, 2002.

108. Benumof JL: Obstructive sleep apnea in the adult obese patient: Implications for airway management. J Clin Anesth 13:144–156, 2001.

109. Peppard PE, Young T, Palta M, Skatrud J. Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension. N Engl J Med 342:1378–1384, 2000.

110. Dhonneur G, Combes X, Leroux B, Duvaldestin P: Postoperative obstructive apnea. Anesth Analg 89:762–767, 1999.

111. Boushra NN: Anaesthetic management of patients with sleep apnoea syndrome. Can J Anaesth 43:599–616, 1996.

112. Ostermeier AM, Roizen MF, Hautkappe M, et al: Three sudden respiratory events associated with epidural opioids in patients with sleep apnea. Anesth Analg 85:452–460, 1997.

113. Hiremath AS, Hillman DR, James AL, et al: Relationship between difficult tracheal intubation and obstructive sleep apnoea. Br J Anaesth 80:606–611, 1998.

114. Siyam M, Benhamou D: Difficult endotracheal intubation in patients with sleep apnea syndrome. Anesth Analg 95:1098–1102, 2002.

115. Langeron O, Masso E, Huraux C, et al: Prediction of difficult mask ventilation. Anesthesiology 92:1229–1236, 2000.

116. Biring MS, Lewis MI, Liu JT, Mohsenifar Z: Pulmonary physiologic changes of morbid obesity. Am J Med Sci 318:293–297, 1999.

117. Rochester DF: Obesity and pulmonary function. In Alpert MA, Alexander JK (eds): The Heart and Lung in Obesity. Armonk, NY, Futura, 1998, pp 108–132.

118. Ebeo CT, Benotti PN, Byrd RP, et al: The effect of bi-level positive airway pressure on postoperative pulmonary function following gastric surgery for obesity. Respir Med 96:672–676, 2002.

119. Riley RW, Powell NB, Guilleminault C, et al: Obstructive sleep apnea surgery: Risk management and complications. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 117:648–652, 1997.

120. Hnatiuk OW, Dillard TA, Torrington KG: Adherence to established guidelines for preoperative pulmonary testing. Chest 107:1294–1297, 1995.

121. Roche N, Herer B, Roig C, Huchon G: Prospective testing of two models based on clinical and oximetric variables for prediction of obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 121:747–752, 2002.

122. Crapo RO, Kelly TM, Elliott CG, Jones SB: Spirometry as a preoperative screening test in morbidly obese patients. Surgery 99:763–768, 1986.

123. Kessler R, Chaouat A, Schinkewitch P, et al: The obesity-hypoventilation syndrome revisited. A prospective study of 34 consecutive cases. Chest 120:369–376, 2001.

124. Chaouat A, Weitzenblum E, Krieger J: Association of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151:82–86, 1995.

125. Blankfield RP, Hudgel DW, Tapolyai AA, Zyzanski SJ: Bilateral leg edema, obesity, pulmonary hypertension, and obstructive sleep apnea. Arch Intern Med 160:2357–2362, 2000.

126. Bradley TD, Rutherford R, Grossman RF, et al: Role of daytime hypoxemia in the pathogenesis of right heart failure in the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 131:835–839, 1985.

127. Al-Mobeireek AF, Al-Kassimi FA, Al-Majed SA, et al: Clinical profile of sleep apnea syndrome. Saudi Med J 21:180–183, 2000.

128. Akashiba T, Kawahara S, Kosaka N, et al: Determinants of chronic hypercapnia in Japanese men with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Chest 121:415–421, 2002.

129. Tung A, Rock P: Perioperative concerns in sleep apnea. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 14:671–678, 2000.

130. Alpert MA, Terry BE, Cohen MV, et al: The electrocardiogram in morbid obesity. Am J Cardiol 85:908–910, 2000.

131. Pelosi P, Croci M, Ravagnan I, et al: Respiratory system mechanics in sedated, paralyzed, morbidly obese patients. J Appl Physiol 82:811–818, 1997.

132. Vaughan RW, Cork RC, Hollander D: The effect of massive weight loss on arterial oxygenation and pulmonary function tets. Anesthesiology 54:325–328, 1981.

133. Hakala K, Maasilta P, Sovijarvi AR: Upright body position and weight loss improve respiratory mechanics and daytime oxygenation in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Clin Physiol 20:50–55, 2000.

134. Rochester DF: Obesity and pulmonary function. In Alpert MA, Alexander JK (eds): The Heart and Lung in Obesity. Armonk, NY, Futura, 1998, pp 108–132.

1131

135. Berthoud MC, Peacock JE, Reilly CS: Effectiveness of preoxygenation in morbidly obese patients. Br J Anaesth 67:464–466, 1991.

136. Jense HG, Dubin SA, Silverstein PI, O'Leary-Escolas U: Effect of obesity on safe duration of apnea in anesthetized humans. Anest Analg 72:89–93, 1991.

137. Rose DK, Cohen MM: The airway: Problems and predictions in 18,500 patients. Can J Anaesth 41:372–383, 1994.

138. Brodsky JB, Lemmens HJM, Brock-Utne JG, et al: Morbid obesity and tracheal intubation. Anesth Analg 94:732–736, 2002.

139. Voyagis GS, Kyriakis KP, Dimitriou V, Vrettou I: Value of oropharyngeal Mallampati classification in predicting difficult laryngoscopy among obese patients. Eur J Anaesthesiol 15:330–334, 1998.

140. Rosenberg J, Ullstad T, Rasmussen J, et al: Time course of postoperative hypoxemia. Eur J Surg 160:137–143, 1994.

141. Taylor RR, Kelly TM, Elliott CG, et al: Hypoxemia after gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Arch Surg 120:1298–1302, 1985.

142. Vaughan RW, Bauer S, Wise L: Effect of position on postoperative oxygenation in markedly obese subjects. Anesth Analg 55:37–41, 1976.

143. Loadsman JA, Hillman DR: Anaesthesia and sleep apnoea. Br J Anaesth 86:254–266, 2001.

144. Drummond GB, Stedul K, Kingshott R, et al: Automatic CPAP compared with conventional treatment for episodic hypoxemia and sleep disturbance after major abdominal surgery. Anesthesiology 96:817–826, 2002.

145. Reeder MK, Goldman MD, Loh L, et al: Postoperative obstructive sleep apnoea. Hemodynamic effects of treatment with nasal CPAP. Anaesthesia 46:849–853, 1991.

146. Ebeo CT, Benotti PN, Byrd RP, et al: The effect of bi-level positive airway pressure on postoperative pulmonary function following gastric surgery for obesity. Respir Med 96:672–676, 2002.

147. Joris JL, Sottiaux TM, Chiche JD, et al: The effect of bilevel positive airway pressure nasal ventilation on the postoperative pulmonary restrictive syndrome in obese patients undergoing gastroplasty. Chest 111:665–670, 1997.

148. Rennotte MT, Baele P, Aubert G, Rodenstein DO: Nasal continuous positive airway pressure in the perioperative management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea submitted to surgery. Chest 107:367–374, 1995.

149. Tkacova R, Rankin F, Fitzgerald FS, et al: Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on obstructive sleep apnea and left ventricular afterload in patients with heart failure. Circulation 98:2269–2275, 1998.

150. Wilcox I, Grunstein RR, Hedner JA, et al: Effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure during sleep on 24-hour blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 16:539–544, 1993.