|
|
REFERENCES
1.
Martyn JAJ, White DA, Gronert GA, et al: Up-and-down
regulation of skeletal muscle acetylcholine receptors. Anesthesiology 76:822, 1992.
2.
Naguib M, Flood P, McArdle JJ, Brenner HR: Advances
in neurobiology of the neuromuscular junction: Implications for the anesthesiologist.
Anesthesiology 96:202, 2002.
3.
Drachman DB: Myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med 330:1797,
1994.
4.
Vincent A, Dalton P, Clover L, et al: Antibodies
to neuronal targets in neurological and psychiatric diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 992:48,
2003.
5.
Bowman WC, Prior C, Marshall IG: Presynaptic receptors
in the neuromuscular junction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 604:69, 1990.
6.
Fletcher GH, Steinbach JH: Ability of depolarizing
neuromuscular blocking drugs to act as partial agonists at fetal and adult mouse
muscle nicotinic receptors. Mol Pharmacol 49:938, 1996.
7.
Paul M, Kindler CH, Fokt RM, et al: Isobolographic
analysis of non-depolarising muscle relaxant interactions at their receptor site.
Eur J Pharmacol 438:35, 2002.
8.
Sanes JR, Lichtman JW: Induction, assembly, maturation
and maintenance of a postsynaptic apparatus. Nat Rev Neurosci 2:791, 2001.
9.
Lukas RJ, Bencherif M: Heterogeneity and regulation
of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Int Rev Neurobiol 34:25, 1992.
10.
Kelly RB: The cell biology of the nerve terminal.
Neuron 1:431, 1988.
11.
Marques MJ, Conchello JA, Lichtman JW: From plaque
to pretzel: Fold formation and acetylcholine receptor loss at the developing neuromuscular
junction. J Neurosci 20:3663, 2000.
12.
Taylor P, Schumacher M, MacPhee-Quingley K, et
al: The structure of acetylcholinesterase: Relationship to its function and cellular
disposition. Trends Neurosci 10:93, 1987.
13.
Catterall WA: Structure and functions of voltage-gated
ion channels. Annu Rev Biochem 64:493, 1995.
14.
Personius KE, Balice-Gordon RJ: Activity-dependent
editing of neuromuscular synaptic connections. Brain Res Bull 53:513, 2000.
15.
Buttner-Ennever JA, Horn AK: Oculomotor system:
A dual innervation of the eye muscles from the abducens, trochlear, and oculomotor
nuclei. Mov Disord 2:S2, 2002.
16.
Durant NN, Katz RL: Suxamethonium. Br J Anaesth
54:195, 1982.
17.
Vachon CA, Warner DO, Bacon DR: Succinylcholine
and the open globe. Tracing the teaching. Anesthesiology 99:220, 2003.
18.
Betz WJ, Caldwell JH, Kinnamon SC: Increased sodium
conductance in the synaptic region of rat skeletal muscle fibers. J Physiol (Lond)
352:189, 1984.
19.
Yu FH, Catterall WA: Overview of the voltage-gated
sodium channel family. Genome Biol 4:207, 2003.
20.
Goudsouzian NG, Standaert FG: The infant and the
myoneural junction. Anesth Analg 65:1208, 1986.
21.
Heuser JE, Reese TS: Structural changes after
transmitter release at the frog neuromuscular junction. J Cell Biol 88:564, 1981.
22.
Rash JE, Walrond JP, Morita M: Structural and
functional correlates of synaptic transmission in the vertebrate neuromuscular junction.
J Electron Microsc Tech 10:153, 1988.
23.
Littleton JT, Sheng M: Neurobiology: Synapses
unplugged. Nature 424:931, 2003.
24.
Wood SJ, Slater CR: Safety factor at the neuromuscular
junction. Prog Neurobiol 64:393, 2001.
25.
Hall Z, Merlie JR: Synaptic structure and development:
The neuromuscular junction. Cell 72:99–121, 1993.
26.
Katz B, Miledi R: Estimates of quantal content
during "chemical potentiation" of transmitter release. Proc R Soc Lond [Biol] 215:369,
1979.
27.
Uchitel OD, Protti DA, Sanchez V, et al: P-type
voltage dependent calcium channel mediates presynaptic calcium influx and transmitter
release in mammalian synapses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89:3330, 1992.
28.
Waterman S, Pinto A, Lang B, et al: The role of
autoantibodies in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 84:596, 1998.
29.
Südhof TC: The synaptic vesicle cycle revisited.
Neuron 28:317, 2000.
30.
Valtorta F, Jahn R, Fesce R, et al: Synaptophysin
(p38) at the frog neuromuscular junction: Its incorporation into the axolemma and
recycling after intense quantal secretion. J Cell Biol 107:2717, 1988.
31.
Rizolli SO, Betz WJ. All change at the synapse.
Nature 423:591, 2003.
32.
Augustine GJ, Burns ME, DeBello WM, et al. Proteins
involved in synaptic vesicle trafficking. J Physiol (Lond) 520:33, 1999.
33.
Jahn R, Hanson PI: SNAREs line up in new environment.
Nature 393:14, 1998.
34.
Sugita S, Shin OH, Han W, et al: Synaptotagmins
form a hierarchy of exocytotic Ca(2+) sensors with distinct Ca(2+) affinities. EMBO
J 21:270, 2002.
35.
Turton K, Chaddock JA, Acharya KR: Botulinum and
tetanus neurotoxins: Structure, function and therapeutic utility. Trends Biochem
Sci 27:552, 2002.
36.
Heeroma JH, Plomp JJ, Roubos EW, Verhage M: Development
of the mouse neuromuscular junction in the absence of regulated secretion. Neuroscience
120:733, 2003.
37.
Engel AG, Ohno K, Sine SM: Congenital myasthenic
syndromes: Progress over the past decade. Muscle Nerve 27:4, 2003.
38.
Abraham RB, Rudick V, Weinbroum AA: Practical
guidelines for acute care of victims of bioterrorism: Conventional injuries and
concomitant nerve agent intoxication. Anesthesiology 97:989, 2002.
39.
Gu Y, Forsayeth JR, Verall S: Assembly of the
mammalian muscle acetylcholine receptor in transfected COS cells. J Cell Biol 114:799,
1991.
40.
Changeux J-P, Edelstein SJ: On allosteric transitions
and acetylcholine receptors. Trends Biochem 19:399, 1994.
41.
Kopta C, Steinbach JH: Comparison of mammalian
adult and fetal nicotinic acetylcholinic receptors stably expressed in fibroblasts.
J Neurosci 14:3922, 1994.
42.
Pedersen SE, Cohen JB: D-Tubocurarine
binding sites are located at alpha-gamma and alpha-delta subunit interfaces of the
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87:2785, 1990.
43.
Griesmann GE, McCormick DJ, De Aizpurua HJ, et
al: α-Bungarotoxin binds to human acetylcholine receptor α-subunit peptide
185–199. J Neurochem 54:1541, 1990.
44.
Gullberg D: Cell biology: The molecules that
make muscle. Nature 424:138, 2003.
45.
Burden SJ: Building the vertebrate neuromuscular
synapse. J Neurobiol 53:501, 2002.
46.
Tansey MG, Chu GC, Merlie JP: ARIA/HRG regulates
AChR epsilon subunit gene expression at the neuromuscular synapse via activation
of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Ras/MAPK pathway. J Cell Biol 134:46, 1996.
47.
Barrantes FJ: Muscle end plate cholinoceptors.
Pharmacol Ther 38:331, 1988.
48.
McCarthy MP, Stroud RM: Conformational states
of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica induced by the binding
of agonist, antagonists, and local anesthetics. Equilibrium measurements using tritium-hydrogen
exchange. Biochemistry 28:40, 1989.
49.
Karlin A, DiPaola M, Kao PN, Lobel P: Functional
sites and transient states of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. In
Hille B, Fambrough DM (eds): Proteins of Excitable Membranes. Society of General
Physiologists. New York, Wiley Interscience, 1987, p 43.
50.
Marban E, Yamagishi T, Tomaselli GF: Structure
and function of voltage-gated sodium channels. J Physiol 508:647, 1998.
51.
Dionne VE: Two types of nicotinic acetylcholine
receptors at slow fibre end-plates of the garden snake. J Physiol 409:313, 1989.
52.
Raines DE: Anesthesia and nonanesthetic volatile
compounds have dissimilar activities on nicotinic acetylcholine receptor desensitization
kinetics. Anesthesiology 84:663, 1996.
53.
Sine SM: The nicotinic receptor ligand binding
domain. J Neurobiol 53:431, 2002.
54.
Gage PW, Hammill OP: Effects of anesthetics on
ion channels in synapses. Int Rev Neurophysiol 25:3, 1981.
55.
Swope SL, Qu Z, Huganir RL: Phosphorylation of
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by protein tyrosine kinases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 757:197,
1995.
56.
Plested CP, Tang T, Spreadbury I, et al: AChR
phosphorylation and indirect inhibition of AChR function in seronegative MG. Neurology
59:1682, 2002.
57.
Albuquerque EX, Alkondon M, Pereira EF, et al:
Properties of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: Pharmacologic characterization
and modulation of synaptic function. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 280:1117, 1997.
58.
Maelicke A, Coban T, Storch A, et al: Allosteric
modulation of Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ion channel activity by noncompetitive
agonists. J Receptor Signal Transduc Res 17:11, 1997.
59.
Creese R, Head SD, Jenkinson DF: The role of the
sodium pump during prolonged end-plate currents in guinea-pig diaphragm. J Physiol
384:377, 1987.
60.
Martyn JAJ: Basic and clinical pharmacology of
the acetylcholine receptor: Implications for the use of neuromuscular relaxants.
Keio J Med 44:1, 1995.
61.
Ibebunjo C, Martyn JAJ: Thermal injury induces
greater resistance to D-tubocurarine in local than
in distant muscles in the rat. Anesth Analg 91:1243–1249, 2000.
62.
Ikezu T, Okamoto T, Yonezawa K, et al: Analysis
of thermal injury-induced insulin resistance in rodents: Implication of post-receptor
mechanism. J Biol Chem 272:25289–25295, 1997.
63.
Hirose M, Kaneki M, Yasuhara S, et al: Immobilization
depresses insulin signaling in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 279:E1235, 2000.
64.
Hirose M, Kaneki M, Sugita H, et al: Long-term
denervation impairs insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1-mediated insulin signaling
in skeletal muscle. Metabolism 50:216, 2001.
65.
Ibebunjo C, Nosek MT, Itani M, Martyn JAJ: Mechanisms
for the paradoxical resistance to D-tubocurarine
during immobilization-induced muscle atrophy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 87:443–451,
1997.
66.
Hogue C, Itani M, Martyn JAJ: Resistance to D-tubocurarine
in lower motor neuron injury is related to increased acetylcholine receptors at the
neuromuscular junction. Anesthesiology 73:703, 1990.
67.
Missias AC, Chu GC, Klocke BJ, et al: Maturation
of the acetylcholine receptor in skeletal muscle: Regulation of the AChR γ-to-epsilon
switch. Dev Biol 179:223, 1996.
68.
Cohen-Cory S: The developing synapse: Construction
and modulation of synaptic structures and circuits. Science 298:770, 2002.
69.
Gronert GA: Cardiac arrest after succinylcholine:
Mortality greater with rhabdomyolysis than receptor upregulation. Anesthesiology
94:523, 2001.
70.
Fletcher SN, Kennedy DD, Ghosh IR, et al: Persistent
neuromuscular and neurophysiologic abnormalities in long-term survivors of prolonged
critical illness. Crit Care Med 31:1012, 2003.
71.
Herridge MS, Cheung AM, Tansey CM, et al: One-year
outcomes in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 348:683,
2003.
72.
Beeson D, Newland C, Croxen R, et al: Congenital
myasthenic syndromes: Studies of the AChR and candidate genes. Ann N Y Acad Sci
841:181, 1998.
73.
Gomez CM, Maselli RA, et al: Novel delta subunit
mutation in slow-channel syndrome causes severe weakness by novel mechanisms. Ann
Neurol 51:102, 2002.
74.
Witzemann V, Schwartz H, Koenen M, et al: Acetylcholine
receptor epsilon-subunit deletion causes muscle weakness and atrophy in juvenile
and adult mice. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 93:13286, 1996.
75.
Altiok N, Altiok S, Changeaux JP: Heregulin-stimulated
acetylcholine receptor gene expression in muscle: Requirement for MAP kinase and
evidence for a parallel inhibitory pathway independent of electrical activity. EMBO
J 16:717, 1997.
76.
Olivetti G, Abbi R, Quaini F, et al: Apoptosis
in the failing human heart. N Engl J Med 336:1131, 1997.
77.
Yasuhara S, Kanakubo E, Perez M-E, et al: Burn
injury induces skeletal muscle apoptosis with activation of caspase pathways in rats.
The Carl Moyer Award for the best scientific paper at the Annual Meeting of the
American Burn Association 1999. J Burn Care Rehabil 20:462, 1999.
78.
Yasuhara S, Perez M-E, Kanakubo E, et al: Skeletal
muscle apoptosis following burns is associated with activation of pro-apoptotic signals.
Am J Physiol 279:1114, 2000.
79.
Lukas RJ, Changeux J-P, Novère NL, et al:
International union of pharmacology. XX. Current status of the nomenclature for
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and their subunits. Pharmacol Rev 51:397, 1999.
80.
Galzi JL, Changeux JP: Neuronal nicotinic receptors:
Molecular organization and regulation. Neuropharmacology 34:563, 1995.
81.
Chiodini F, Charpantier E, Muller D, et al: Blockade
and activation of the human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by atracurium
and laudanosine. Anesthesiology 94:643, 2001.
82.
Taylor P: Anticholinesterase agents. In
Gilman AG, Goodna LS, Rall TW, Murad F (eds): Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics,
9th ed. New York, Macmillan, 1996, p 161.
83.
Bom A, Clark JK, Palin R: New approaches to reversal
of neuromuscular block. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 5:793, 2002.
84.
Richtsfeld M, Yasuhara S, Blobner M, Martyn JAJ:
Chronic administration of pyridostigmine leads to a myasthenia-like with down-regulation
of acetylcholine receptors. Young Investigator Award for abstract to be presented
at ASCCA at the ASA Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, October 2003.
85.
Fink H, Yasuhara S, Blobner M, Martyn JA: Up-regulation
of acetylcholine receptors during subchronic infusion of pancuronium is caused by
a post-transcriptional mechanism related to disuse. Crit Care Med 32:509, 2004.
86.
Yanez P, Martyn JAJ: Prolonged D-tubocurarine
infusion and/or immobilization causes upregulation of acetylcholine receptors and
hyperkalemia to succinylcholine. Anesthesiology 84:384, 1996.