  | 
    
	  | 
REFERENCES
151.
 Don HF, Wahba M, Cuadrado L, et al:  The effects
of anesthesia and 100 percent oxygen on the functional residual capacity of the lungs.
 Anesthesiology 32:521, 1970.
152.
 Westbrook PR, Stubbs SE, Sessler AD, et al:  Effects
of anesthesia and muscle paralysis on respiratory mechanics in normal man.  J Appl
Physiol 34:81, 1973.
153.
 Pelosi P, Croci M, Ravagnan I, et al:  The effects
of body mass on lung volumes, respiratory mechanics, and gas exchange during general
anesthesia.  Anesth Analg 87:654–660, 1998.
154.
 Alexander JI, Spence AA, Parikh RK, et al:  The
role of airway closure in postoperative hypoxemia.  Br J Anaesth 45:34, 1973.
155.
 Hickey RF, Visick W, Fairley HB, et al:  Effects
of halothane anesthesia on functional residual capacity and alveolar-arterial oxygen
tension difference.  Anesthesiology 38:20, 1973.
156.
 Wyche MQ, Teichner RL, Kallos T, et al:  Effects
of continuous positive-pressure breathing on functional residual capacity and arterial
oxygenation during intra-abdominal operation.  Anesthesiology 38:68, 1973.
157.
 Freund F, Roos A, Dodd RB:  Expiratory activity
of the abdominal muscles in man during general anesthesia.  J Appl Physiol 19:693,
1964.
158.
 Kallos T, Wyche MQ, Garman JK:  The effect of
Innovar on functional residual capacity and total chest compliance.  Anesthesiology
39:558, 1973.
159.
 Campbell EJM, Agostini E, David JN:  The Respiratory
Muscles:  Mechanics and Neural Control, 2nd ed.  Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1970.
160.
 Milic-Emili J, Mead J, Tanner JM:  Topography
of esophageal pressure as a function of posture in man.  J Appl Physiol 19:212, 1964.
161.
 Froese AB, Bryan CA:  Effects of anesthesia and
paralysis on diaphragmatic mechanics in man.  Anesthesiology 41:242, 1974.
162.
 Dekker E, Defares JG, Heemstra H:  Direct measurement
of intrabronchial pressure:  Its application to the location of the check-valve mechanism.
 J Appl Physiol 13:35, 1958.
163.
 Ward CF, Gagnon RL, Benumof JL:  Wheezing after
induction of general anesthesia:  Negative expiratory pressure revisited.  Anesth
Analg 58:49, 1979.
164.
 Ray JF, Yost L, Moallem S, et al:  Immobility,
hypoxemia, and pulmonary arteriovenous shunting.  Arch Surg 109:537, 1974.
165.
 Gentilello L, Thompson DA, Tonnesen AS, et al:
 Effect of a rotating bed on the incidence of pulmonary complications in critically
ill patients.  Crit Care Med 16:783–786, 1988.
166.
 Wagner PD, Laravuso RB, Uhl RR, et al:  Continuous
distributions of ventilation-perfusion ratios in normal subjects breathing air and
100% O2
.  J Clin Invest 54:54, 1974.
167.
 Briscoe WA, Cree EM, Filler J, et al:  Lung volume,
alveolar ventilation and perfusion interrelationships in chronic pulmonary emphysema.
 J Appl Physiol 15:785, 1960.
168.
 Slocum HC, Hoeflich EA, Allen CR:  Circulatory
and respiratory distress from extreme positions on the operating table.  Surg Gynecol
Obstet 84:1065, 1947.
169.
 Laver MB, Hallowell P, Goldblatt A:  Pulmonary
dysfunction secondary to heart disease:  Aspects relevant to anesthesia and surgery.
 Anesthesiology 33:161, 1970.
170.
 Lumb AB, Nunn JF:  Respiratory function and ribcage
contribution to ventilation in body positions commonly used during anesthesia.  Anesth
Analg 73:422, 1991.
171.
 Huang YC, Weinmann GG, Mitzner W:  Effect of tidal
volume and frequency on the temporal fall in lung compliance.  J Appl Physiol 65:2040,
1988.
172.
 Tweed WA, Phua WT, Chong KY, et al:  Large tidal
volume ventilation improves pulmonary gas exchange during lower abdominal surgery
in Trendelenburg's position.  Can J Anaesth 38:989, 1991.
173.
 Grim PS, Freund PR, Cheney FW:  Effect of spontaneous
sighs on arterial oxygenation during isoflurane anesthesia in humans.  Anesth Analg
66:839, 1987.
174.
 Yeaker H:  Tracheobronchial secretions.  Am J
Med 50:493, 1971.
175.
 Forbes AR:  Humidification and mucous flow in
the intubated trachea.  Br J Anaesth 45:874, 1973.
176.
 Bang BG, Bang FB:  Effect of water deprivation
on nasal mucous flow.  Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 106:516, 1961.
177.
 Hirsch JA, Tokayer JL, Robinson MJ, et al:  Effects
of dry air and subsequent humidification on tracheal mucous velocity in dogs.  J
Appl Physiol 39:242, 1975.
178.
 Dalhamn T:  Mucous flow and ciliary activity in
the tracheas of rats exposed to respiratory irritant gases.  Acta Physiol Scand Suppl
36:123, 1956.
179.
 Hill L:  The ciliary movement of the trachea studies
in vitro.  Lancet 2:802, 1928.
180.
 Sackner MA, Landa J, Hirsch J, et al:  Pulmonary
effects of oxygen breathing.  Ann Intern Med 82:40, 1975.
181.
 Sackner MA, Hirsch J, Epstein S:  Effect of cuffed
endotracheal tubes on tracheal mucous velocity.  Chest 68:774, 1975.
182.
 Forbes AR:  Halothane depresses mucociliary flow
in the trachea.  Anesthesiology 45:59, 1976.
183.
 Nunn JF, Sturrock JE, Wills EJ, et al:  The effect
of inhalation anaesthetics on the swimming velocity of Tetrahymena
pyriformis.  J Cell Sci 15:537, 1974.
184.
 Prys-Roberts C:  The metabolic regulation of circulatory
transport.  In Scurr C, Feldman S (eds):  Scientific
Foundation of Anesthesia.  Philadelphia, FA Davis, 1970, p 87.
185.
 Benumof JL, Wahrenbrock EA:  Blunted hypoxic pulmonary
vasoconstriction by increased lung vascular pressures.  J Appl Physiol 38:846, 1975.
186.
 Scanlon TS, Benumof JL, Wahrenbrock EA, et al:
 Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and the ratio of hypoxic lung to perfused normoxic
lung.  Anesthesiology 49:177, 1978.
187.
 Benumof JL, Wahrenbrock EA:  Dependency of hypoxic
pulmonary vasoconstriction on temperature.  J Appl Physiol 42:56, 1977.
188.
 Benumof JL:  Anesthesia for Thoracic Surgery,
2nd ed.  Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1995, Chapter 4.
189.
 Benumof JL:  Anesthesia for Thoracic Surgery,
2nd ed.  Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1995, Chapter 8.
190.
 Benumof JL:  One lung ventilation:  Which lung
should be PEEPed?  Anesthesiology 56:161, 1982.
191.
 Krayer S, Rehder K, Vettermann, et al:  Position
and motion of the human diaphragm during anesthesia-paralysis.  Anesthesiology 70:891,
1989.
192.
 Froese AB:  Anesthesia-paralysis and the diaphragm:
 In pursuit of an elusive muscle.  Anesthesiology 70:887, 1989.
193.
 Moorthy SS, Haselby KA, Caldwell RL, et al:  Transient
right-left interatrial shunting during emergence from anesthesia:  Demonstration
by color flow Doppler mapping.  Anesth Analg 68:820, 1989.
194.
 Fellahi JL, Mourgeon E, Goarin JP, et al:  Inhaled
nitric oxide-induced closure of a patent foramen ovale in an adult patient with acute
respiratory distress syndrome and life-threatening hypoxemia.  Anesthesiology 83:635–638,
1995.
195.
 Ware LB, Matthay MA:  Acute respiratory distress
syndrome.  N Engl J Med 342:1334–1349, 2000.
196.
 Eckenhoff JE, Enderby GEH, Larson A, et al:  Pulmonary
gas exchange during deliberate hypotension.  Br J Anaesth 35:750, 1963.
197.
 Kain ML, Panday J, Nunn JF:  The effect of intubation
on the dead space during halothane anaesthesia.  Br J Anaesth 41:94, 1969.
198.
 Heistad DD, Abboud FM:  Circulatory adjustments
to hypoxia:  Dickinson W. Richards Lecture.  Circulation 61:463, 1980.
199.
 Roberts JG:  The effect of hypoxia on the systemic
circulation during anaesthesia.  In Prys-Roberts
E (ed):  The Circulation in Anaesthesia:  Applied Physiology and Pharmacology.  Oxford,
Blackwell Scientific, 1980, p 311.
200.
 Rothe CF, Flanagan AD, Maass-Moreno R:  Reflex
control of vascular capacitance during hypoxia, hypercapnia, or hypoxic hypercapnia.
 Can J Physiol Pharmacol 68:384, 1990.
201.
 Serebrovskaya TV:  Comparison of respiratory and
circulatory human responses to progressive hypoxia and hypercapnia.  Respiration
59:35, 1992.
202.
 Dohzaki S, Ohtsuka H, Yamamura T, et al:  Comparative
effects of volatile anesthetics on the sympathetic activity to acute hypoxemia or
hypercarbia in dogs.  Anesth Analg 70:S87, 1990.
203.
 Lehot JJ, Leone BJ, Föex P:  Effects of altered
PaCO2
 and PaCO2
on left ventricular function and coronary hemodynamics of sheep.  Anesth Analg 72:737,
1991.
204.
 Winter PM, Smith G:  The toxicity of oxygen. 
Anesthesiology 37:210, 1972.
205.
 Lambertsen CJ:  Effects of oxygen at high partial
pressure.  In Fenn WO, Rahn H (eds):  Handbook of
Physiology, section 3. Respiration, vol 2.  Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1965,
p 1027.
206.
 Clark JM:  Pulmonary limits of oxygen tolerance
in man.  Exp Lung Res 14:897, 1988.
207.
 Klein J:  Normobaric pulmonary oxygen toxicity.
 Anesth Analg 70:195, 1990.
208.
 Montgomery AB, Luce JM, Murray JF:  Retrosternal
pain is an early indicator of oxygen toxicity.  Am Rev Respir Dis 139:1548, 1989.
209.
 Nash G, Blennerhasset JB, Pontoppidan H:  Pulmonary
lesions associated with oxygen therapy and artificial ventilation.  N Engl J Med
276:368, 1967.
210.
 Magnus L, Wattwil T, Olsson JG:  Circulatory effects
of isoflurane during acute hypercapnia.  Anesth Analg 66:1234, 1987.
211.
 Prys-Roberts C:  Hypercapnia.  In
Gray TC, Nunn JF, Utting JE (eds):  General Anaesthesia, 4th ed.  London, Butterworths,
1980, p 435.
212.
 Schmeling WT, Warltier DC, McDonald DJ, et al:
 Prolongation of the QT interval by enflurane, isoflurane, and halothane in humans.
 Anesth Analg 72:137, 1991.
213.
 Severinghaus JW, Larson CP:  Respiration in anesthesia.
 In Fenn WO, Rahn H (eds):  Handbook of Physiology, section 3. Respiration, vol 2.
 Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1965, p 1219.
214.
 Clowes GHA, Hopkins AL, Simeone FA:  A comparison
of the physiological effects of hypercapnia and hypoxia in the production of cardiac
arrest.  Ann Surg 142:446, 1955.
215.
 Parson PE, Grunstein MM, Fernandez E:  The effects
of acute hypoxia and hypercapnia on pulmonary mechanics in normal subjects and patients
with chronic pulmonary disease.  Chest 96:96, 1989.
216.
 Fenn WO, Asano T:  Effects of carbon dioxide inhalation
on potassium liberation from the liver.  Am J Physiol 185:567, 1956.
217.
 Kil HK:  Hypercapnia is an important adjuvant
factor of oculocardiac reflex during strabismus surgery.  Anesth Analg 91:1044, 2000.
218.
 Patterson RW:  Effect of PaCO2
on O2
 consumption during cardiopulmonary bypass in man.  Anesth Analg
55:269, 1976.
219.
 Brian JE Jr:  Carbon dioxide and the cerebral
circulation.  Anesthesiology 88:1365–1386, 1998.