Previous Next

REFERENCES

301. Gentili M, Bonnet F: Incidence of urinary retention after spinal anesthesia: Comparison of morphine and clonidine [abstract]. Anesthesiology 81:A945, 1994.

302. Gentili M, Mamelle JC, Le Foll G: Combination of low-dose bupivacaine and clonidine for unilateral spinal anesthesia in arthroscopic knee surgery. Reg Anesth 20:169, 1995.

303. Kapral S, Kocek S, Krafft P, et al: Intrathecal clonidine delays motor onset of bupivacaine [abstract]. Anesthesiology 81:A935, 1994.

304. Ota K, Namiki A, Ujike Y, Takahashi I: Prolongation of tetracaine spinal anesthesia by oral clonidine. Anesth Analg 75:262, 1992.

305. DeKock M, Lavandhomme P, Scholtes JL: Intraoperative and postoperative analgesia using intravenous opioid, clonidine and lignocaine. Anaesth Intensive Care 22:15, 1994.

306. Mendez R, Eisenach JC, Kashtan K: Epidural clonidine analgesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 73:848, 1990.

307. Filos KS, Goudas LC, Patroni O, Polyzou V: Intrathecal clonidine as a sole analgesic for pain relief after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 77:267, 1990.

308. Bernard JM, Kick O, Bonnet F: Comparison of intravenous and epidural clonidine for postoperative patient-controlled analgesia. Anesth Analg 81:706, 1995.

309. Huntoon M, Eisenach JC, Boese P: Epidural clonidine after cesarean section: Appropriate dose and effect of prior local anesthetic. Anesthesiology 76:187, 1992.

310. Bouguet D: Caudal clonidine added to local anesthetics enhances post-operative analgesia after anal surgery in adults [abstract]. Anesthesiology 81:A942, 1994.

311. Coombs DW, Saunders RL, Fratkin JD, et al: Continuous intrathecal hydromorphone and clonidine for intractable cancer pain. J Neurosurg 64:890, 1986.

312. van Essen EJ, Bovill JG, Ploeger EJ, Beerman H: Intrathecal morphine and clonidine for control of intractable cancer pain. A case report. Acta Anaesthiol Belg 39:109, 1988.

313. Hardy PAJ, Wells JCD: Pain after spinal intrathecal clonidine. An adverse interaction with tricyclic antidepressants? Anaesthesia 43:1026, 1988.

314. Grace D, Milligan KR, Morrow BJ, Fee JPH: Co-administration of pethidine and clonidine: A spinal anaesthetic technique for total hip replacement. Br J Anaesth 73:628, 1994.

315. Boico O, Bonnet F, Bazoit JX: Effects of epinephrine and clonidine on plasma concentrations of spinal bupivacaine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 36:684, 1992.

316. Grace D, Bunting H, Milligan KR, Fee JPH: Postoperative analgesia after co-administration of clonidine and morphine by the intrathecal route in patients undergoing hip replacement. Anesth Analg 80:86, 1995.

317. Sucu Y, Kanbak O, Gogus N, Aksu C: Comparison of intrathecal clonidine and alfentanil [abstract]. Br J Anaesth 74(Suppl 1):131, 1995.

318. Sonnenblick EH, Frishman WH, LeJemtel TH: Dobutamine: A new synthetic cardioactive sympathetic amine. N Engl J Med 300:17, 1979.

319. Gillespie T, Ambos H, Sobel B, Roberts R: Effects of dobutamine in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 39:588, 1977.

320. Ruffolo RR Jr, Yaden E: Vascular effects of the stereoisomers of dobutamine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 224:46, 1983.

321. Opie L, Sonnenblick E, Kaplan N, Thadani V: Beta-blocking agents. In Opie LH: Drugs for the Heart, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1991.

322. Unverferth DV, Blanford M, Kates RE, et al: Tolerance to dobutamine after a 72-hour continuous infusion. Am J Med 69:262, 1980.

323. Leier CV, Huss P, Lewis RP, Unverferth DV: Drug-induced conditioning in congestive heart failure. Circulation 65:1382, 1982.

324. Krell MJ, Kline EM, Bates ER, et al: Intermittent, ambulatory dobutamine infusions in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Am Heart J 112:787, 1986.

325. Spitzer W, Suissa S, Ernst P, et al: The use of β-agonists and the risk of death and near death from asthma. N Engl J Med 326:501, 1992.

326. Robin E, McCauley R: Sudden cardiac death in bronchial asthma, and inhaled β-adrenergic agonists. Chest 101:1699, 1992.

327. Ziment I: Infrequent cardiac deaths occur in bronchial asthma. Chest 101:1703, 1992.

328. Caritis SN, Edelstone DI, Mueller-Heubach E: Pharmacologic inhibition of preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 133:557, 1979.

329. Wagner JM, Morton MJ, Johnson KA, et al: Terbutaline and maternal cardiac function. JAMA 246:2697, 1981.

330. The Canadian Preterm Labor Investigators Group: Treatment of preterm labor with the β-adrenergic agonist ritodrine. N Engl J Med 327:308, 1992.

331. Hoffman B, Lefkowitz R: Adrenergic receptor antagonists. In Gilman A, Rall T, Nies A, Taylor P (eds): Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed. New York, Pergamon Press, 1990, p 221.


674


332. Shojania KG, Duncan BW, McDonald KM, et al: Making health care safer: A critical analysis of patient safety practices. Evidence report/technology assessment no. 43. Prepared by the University of California at San Francisco-Stanford University Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-97-0013, AHRQ publication no. 01-E058. Rockville, MD, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, July 2001.

333. Stone JG, Foex P, Sear JW, et al: Myocardial ischemia in untreated hypertensive patients: Effect of a single small oral dose of a beta-adrenergic blocking agent. Anesthesiology 68:495, 1988.

334. Mangano DT, Layug EL, Wallace A, et al: Effect of atenolol on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity after noncardiac surgery. Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. N Engl J Med 335:1713, 1996.

335. Poldermans D, Boersma E, Bax JJ, et al: The effect of bisoprolol on perioperative mortality and myocardial infarction in high-risk patients undergoing vascular surgery. Dutch Echocardiographic Cardiac Risk Evaluation Applying Stress Echocardiography Study Group. N Engl J Med 341:1789, 1999.

336. Raby KE, Brull SJ, Timimi F, et al: The effect of heart rate control on myocardial ischemia among high-risk patients after vascular surgery. Anesth Analg 88:477, 1999.

337. Urban MK, Markowitz SM, Gordon MA, et al: Postoperative prophylactic administration of beta-adrenergic blockers in patients at risk for myocardial ischemia. Anesth Analg 90:1257, 2000.

338. Stevenson LW: Beta-blockers for stable heart failure. N Engl J Med 346:1346, 2002.

339. Kaplan N: Treatment of hypertension: Drug therapy. In Kaplan N (ed): Clinical Hypertension, 5th ed. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1990, p 182.

340. Rutherford J, Braunwald E: Chronic ischemic heart disease. In Braunwald E (ed): Heart Disease, A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1992, p 1292.

341. Conolly ME, Kersting F, Dollery CT: The clinical pharmacology of β-adrenoreceptor blocking drugs. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 19:203, 1976.

342. Salpeter SS, Ormiston T, Salpeter E, et al: Cardioselective beta-blockers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD003566, 2002.

343. MERIT-HF Study Group: Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 353:2001, 1999.

344. CIBIS-II Investigators and Committees: The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): A randomized trial. Lancet 353:9, 1999.

345. Kostis JB, Frishman W, Hosler MH, et al: Treatment of angina pectoris with pindolol: The significance of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of beta-blockers. Am Heart J 104:496, 1982.

346. Miller N: Effects of adrenoceptor-blocking drugs on plasma lipoprotein concentrations. Am J Cardiol 60:17E, 1987.

347. Furberg C: Secondary prevention trials after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 60:28A, 1987.

348. Rango R, Langlois S: Comparison of withdrawal phenomena after propranolol, metoprolol, and pindolol. Am Heart J 104:437, 1982.

349. Streufert S, DePadova A, McGlynn T, et al: Impact of β-blockade on complex cognitive functioning. Am Heart J 116:311, 1988.

350. Gengo FM, Huntoor L, McHugh WB: Lipid-soluble and water-soluble beta-blockers. Comparison of the central nervous system depressant effect. Arch Intern Med 147:39, 1987.

351. Fortier NL, Snyder LM, Palek J, et al: Effect of propranolol on normal human erythrocytes. J Lab Clin Med 89:41, 1977.

352. Oski FA, Miller LD, Delivoria-Papadopoulos M, et al: Oxygen affinity in red cells: Changes induced in vivo by propranolol. Science 175:1372, 1972.

353. Zipes DG: Management of cardiac arrhythmias: Pharmacological, electrical and surgical techniques. In Braunwald E (ed): Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 4th ed. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1992, p 628.

354. Henry J, Cassidy S: Membrane stabilizing activity: A major cause of fatal poisoning. Lancet 1:1414, 1986.

355. Auerbach AD, Goldman L: s-Blockers and reduction of cardiac events in noncardiac surgery: Scientific review. JAMA 287:1435, 2002.

356. Viljoen JF, Estafanous G, Kellner GA: Propanolol and cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 64:826, 1972.

357. DeBruijn N, Reves JG, Croughnell N, Knopes K: Comparison of hemodynamic responses to isoproterenol infusion and surgical stress in patients given cardioselective and non-cardioselective β-adrenergic antagonists. Anesth Analg 66:637, 1987.

358. Olsson G, Rehnqvist N, Sjogren A, et al: Long-term treatment with metoprolol after myocardial infarction: Effect on 3-year mortality and morbidity. J Am Coll Cardiol 5:1428, 1985.

359. Yusuf S: Interventions that potentially limit myocardial infarct size: Overview of clinical trials. Am J Cardiol 60:11A, 1987.

360. ISIS-1 (First International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group: Randomized trial of intravenous atenolol among 16,027 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-1. Lancet 1:57, 1986.

361. Yusuf S, Peto R, Lewis J, et al: Beta blockade during and after myocardial infarction: An overview of the randomized trials. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 27:335, 1985.

362. The TIMI Study Group: Comparison of invasive and conservative strategies after treatment with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 320:618, 1989.

363. Ryden L, Ariniego R, Arnman K, et al: A double-blind trial of metoprolol in acute myocardial infarction. Effects on ventricular tachyarrhythmias. N Engl J Med 308:614, 1983.

364. Bristow MR, Gilbert EM, Abraham WT, et al: Carvedilol produces dose-related improvements in left ventricular function and survival in subjects with chronic heart failure. MOCHA Investigators. Circulation 94:2807, 1996.

365. Packer M, Colucci WS, Sackner-Bernstein JD, et al: Double blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of carvedilol in patients with moderate to severe heart failure. The PRECISE Trial: Prospective Randomized Evaluation of Carvedilol on Symptoms and Exercise. Circulation 94:2793, 1996.

366. Eichhorn EJ, Bristow MR: Medical therapy can improve the biological properties of the chronically failing heart. A new era in the treatment of heart failure. Circulation 94:2285, 1996.

367. Communal C, Singh K, Sawyer D, et al: Opposing effects of β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors on cardiac myocyte apoptosis: Role of a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein. Circulation 100:2210, 1999.

368. Eichhorn EJ, Bristow MR: Practical guidelines for initiation of beta-adrenergic blockade in patients with chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 79:794, 1997.

369. Bristow MR: β-Adrenergic receptor blockade in chronic heart failure. Circulation 101:558, 2000.

370. Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The fifth report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC-V). Arch Intern Med 153:154, 1993.

371. Frishman W: Pindolol: A new β-adrenoceptor antagonist with partial agonist activity. N Engl J Med 308:940, 1983.

372. Van den Meiracker AH, Man in't Veld AJ, Ritsema van Eck HJ, et al: Hemodynamic and hormonal adaptations to β-adrenoceptor blockade: A 24-hour study of acebutolol, atenolol, pindolol, and propranolol in hypertensive patients. Circulation 78:957, 1988.
675


373. Man in't Veld AJ, Van den Meiracker AH, Schalekamp MA: Do beta-blockers really increase peripheral vascular resistance? Review of the literature and new observations under basal conditions. Am J Hypertens 1:91, 1988.

374. Shand D: Propanolol. N Engl J Med 293:280, 1975.

375. Platia E, Fitzpatrick P, Wallis D, et al: Esmolol vs verapamil for the treatment of recent-onset atrial fibrillation/flutter. J Am Coll Cardiol 11:170A, 1988.

376. Waldo AL, Camm AJ, deRuyter H, et al: Effect of D-sotalol on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after recent and remote myocardial infarction. Lancet 348:7, 1996.

377. Doggrell SA, Brown L: D-Sotalol: Death by the SWORD or deserving of further consideration for clinical use? Expert Opin Invest Drugs 9:1625, 2000.

378. DeSanctis RW, Doroghazi RM, Austen WG, Buckley MJ: Aortic dissection. N Engl J Med 317:1060, 1987.

379. Grubb BP, Sirio C, Zelis R: Intravenous labetalol in acute aortic dissection. JAMA 258:78, 1987.

380. Wiersinga WM, Touber JL: The influence of β-adrenergic blocking agents on plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 45:293, 1977.

381. Miller RR, Olson HG, Amsterdam EA, Mason OT: Propanolol-withdrawal rebound phenomenon: Exacerbation of coronary events after abrupt cessation of antianginal therapy. N Engl J Med 292:416, 1975.

382. Psaty B, Koepsell T, Wagner E, et al: The relative risk of incident coronary heart disease associated with recently stopping the use of β-blockers. JAMA 263:1653, 1990.

383. Cleophas T, Kauw F: Pressor responses from non-cardioselective beta-blockers. Angiology 39:587, 1988.

384. Strauss W, Parisi A: Combined use of calcium-channel and β-adrenergic blockers for the treatment of chronic stable angina. Ann Intern Med 109:570, 1988.

385. Wayne VS, Harper RW, Laufer E, et al: Adverse interaction between β-adrenergic blocking drugs and verapamil: Report of three cases. Aust N Z J Med 12:285, 1982.

386. Douglas-Jones A, Baber N, Lee A: Once daily propranolol in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension: A dose range finding study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 14:163, 1978.

387. Lichtman M, Cohen J, Murphy M, et al: Effect of propranolol on oxygen binding to hemoglobin in vitro and in vivo. Circulation 49:881, 1974.

388. Schrumpf JD, Sheps DS, Wolfson S, et al: Altered hemoglobin-oxygen affinity with long-term propranolol therapy in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 40:76, 1977.

389. Pendleton RG, Newman DJ, Sherman SS, et al: Effect of propranolol upon the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 180:647, 1972.

390. Hoffman BB, Lefkowitz RJ: Catecholamines, sympathomimetic drugs, and adrenergic receptor antagonists. In Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Molinoff PB, et al (eds): Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1996.

391. Bernstein JS, Ebert TJ, Stowe DF, et al: Partial attenuation of hemodynamic responses to rapid sequence induction and intubation with labetalol. J Clin Anesth 1:444, 1989.

392. Huey J, Thomas JP, Hendricks DR, et al: Clinical evaluation of labetalol for the treatment of hypertensive urgency. Am J Hypertens 1:284S, 1988.

393. Gabrielson G, Lingham R, Dimich I, et al: Comparative study of labetalol and hydralazine in the treatment of postoperative hypertension [abstract]. Anesth Analg 66:S63, 1987.

394. Skrobic J, Cruise C, Webster R, et al: Labetalol vs nitroprusside in hypertension post coronary-bypass surgery. Am J Hypertens 2:1295, 1989.

395. Lavies NG, Meiklejohn BH, May AE, et al: Hypertensive and catecholamine response to tracheal intubation in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension. Br J Anaesth 63:429, 1989.

396. Jouppilla P, Kirkinen P, Koivula A: Labetalol does not alter the placental and fetal blood flow or maternal prostanoids in pre-eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 93:543, 1986.

397. Dupont AG, Van der Niepen P, Taeymans Y, et al: Effect of carvedilol on ambulatory blood pressure, renal hemodynamics, and cardiac function in essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 10(Suppl 1):S130, 1987.

398. Eggertsen R, Sivertsson R, Adren L, et al: Haemodynamic effects of carvedilol, a new β-adrenoceptor blocker and precapillary vasodilator in essential hypertension. J Hypertens 2:529, 1984.

399. Leonetti G, Sempieri L, Cuspidi C, et al: Resting and postexercise hemodynamic effects of carvedilol, a β-adrenergic blocker and precapillary vasodilator in hypertensive patients. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 10(Suppl 1):S94, 1987.

400. Omvik P, Lund-Johansen P: Acute haemodynamic effects of carvedilol in essential hypertension at rest and during exercise. Eur Heart J 12:736, 1991.

401. Cervantes Escarcega JL, Ruiz de Chavez A, Guadalajara Boo J: Double blind study of the efficacy and tolerability of carvedilol vs nifedipine S.R. in uncomplicated essential hypertension [in Spanish]. Invest Med Int 19:142, 1992.

402. Ostergren J, Storstein L, Karlberg BE, et al: Quality of life in hypertensive patients treated with either carvedilol or enalapril. Blood Press 5:41, 1996.

403. Ruilope LM, Group CS: Comparison of a new vasodilating beta blocker, carvedilol, with atenolol in the treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 7:129, 1994.

404. Weber K, Bohmeke T, van der Does R, et al: Comparison of the hemodynamic effects of metoprolol and carvedilol in hypertensive patients. Cardiovasc Drug Ther 10:113, 1996.

405. Albergati F, Paterno E, Venuti RP, et al: Comparison of the effects of carvedilol and nifedipine in patients with essential hypertension and non-insulin-dependent mellitus. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 19(Suppl 1):S86, 1992.

406. Louis WJ, Krum H, Conway EL: A risk-benefit assessment of carvedilol in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. Drug Saf 11:86, 1994.

407. van der Does R, Eberhardt R, Derr I, et al: Efficacy and safety of carvedilol in comparison with nifedipine sustained-release in chronic stable angina. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 19(Suppl 1):S122, 1992.

408. Basu S, Senior R, van der Does R, et al: Carvedilol reduces adverse cardiac events following acute myocardial infarction [abstract]. Circulation 92(Suppl 1):1, 1995.

409. Senior R, Basu S, Lahiri A: Carvedilol prevents remodeling and improves prognosis in patients with left ventricular dysfunction following acute myocardial infarction [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 27(Suppl A):319A, 1996.

410. Zehender M, Faber T, Schnabel P, et al: Benefits and hazards of carvedilol in unstable angina: A double-blind placebo controlled, randomized study [abstract]. Circulation 92(Suppl 1):I, 1995.

411. Cohn JN, Fowler MB, Bristow MA, et al: Effect of carvedilol in severe chronic heart failure [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 27(Suppl A):169A, 1996.

412. Colucci WS, Packer M, Bristow MR, et al: Carvedilol inhibits clinical progression in patients with mild symptoms of heart failure. Circulation 94:2800, 1996.

413. Bristow MR, Gilbert EM, Abraham WT, et al: Effects of carvedilol on LV function and mortality in diabetic versus nondiabetic patients with ischemic or nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy [abstract]. Circulation 94(Suppl 1):I, 3879, 1996.

414. Gray R, Bateman T, Czer L, et al: Comparison of esmolol and nitroprusside for acute post-cardiac surgical hypertension. Am J Cardiol 59:887, 1987.

415. Reves JG, Croughwell ND, Hawkins E, et al: Esmolol for treatment of intraoperative tachycardia and/or hypertension in patients having cardiac operations, bolus loading technique. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 100:221, 1990.

416. Oxorn D, Knox JW, Hill J: Bolus doses of esmolol for the prevention of perioperative hypertension and tachycardia. Can J Anaesth 37:206, 1990.

417. Wallis DE, Littman WJ, Scanlon PJ: Safety and efficacy of esmolol for unstable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 62:1033, 1988.
676


418. Kirshenbaum JM, Kloner RJ, McGowan N, Antman EM: Use of an ultrashort-acting β-receptor blocker (esmolol) in patients with acute myocardial ischemia and relative contraindications to beta-blockade therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 12:773, 1988.

419. Beart PM, Rowe PR, Louis WJ: Alpha methyl adrenaline is a central metabolite of α-methyldopa. J Pharm Pharmacol 35:519, 1980.

420. Tung C-S, Goldberg MR, Hollister AS, et al: Central and peripheral cardiovascular effects of α-methylepinephrine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 227:484, 1983.

421. Triner L, Baer L, Gallagher R, et al: Use of metyrosine in the anesthetic management of patients with catecholamine-secreting tumors. Br J Anaesth 54:1333, 1982.

422. Bigger J, Hoffman B: Antiarrhythmic drugs. In Gilman A, Rall T, Nies A, Taylor P (eds): Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed. New York, Pergamon Press, 1990, p 840.

423. Baldessarini R: Drugs and the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In Gilman A, Rall T, Nies A, Taylor P (eds): Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. New York, Pergamon Press, 1990.

424. The Parkinson Study Group: Effect of deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 321:1364, 1989.

425. Roizen MF: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: Are we condemned to relive history, or is history no longer relevant [letter]? J Clin Anesth 2:293, 1990.

426. Doyle DJ: Ketamine induction and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. J Clin Anesth 2:324, 1990.

427. Materson BJ: Adverse effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in antihypertensive therapy with focus on quinapril. Am J Cardiol 69:46C, 1992.

428. ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group: A randomized factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 345:669, 1995.

429. Nash DT: Comparative properties of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: Relations with inhibition of tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme and potential clinical implications. Am J Cardiol 69:26C, 1992.

430. Raia JJ Jr, Barone JA, Byerly WG, Lacy CR: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: A comparative review. DICP 24:506, 1990.

431. Weber MA: Safety issues during antihypertensive treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Am J Med 84(Suppl 4A):16, 1988.

432. Warner JN, Rush JE: Safety profiles of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Drugs 35(Suppl 5):89, 1988.

433. Ferner RE: Adverse effects of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors. Adverse Drug React Acute Poisoning Rev 141:528, 1990.

434. Jong P, Demers C, McKelvie RS, et al: Angiotensin receptor blockers in heart failure: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 39:463, 2002.

435. Khan JA: Atropine poisoning in Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter. N Engl J Med 311:414, 1984.

436. Ziskind A: Transdermal scopolamine-induced psychosis. Postgrad Med 84:73, 1988.

437. Wilkinson JA: Side-effects of transdermal scopolamine. J Emerg Med 5:389, 1987.

438. Gross NJ: Ipratropium bromide. N Engl J Med 319:486, 1988.

439. Brown JH: Atropine, scoplamine and related antimuscarinic drugs. In Gilman A, Rall T, Nies A, Taylor P (eds): Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed. New York, Pergamon Press, 1990, p 150.

440. Alcalay M, Izraeli S, Wallach-Kapon R, et al: Paradoxical pharmacodynamic effect of atropine on parasympathetic control: A study by spectral analysis of heart rate fluctuations. Clin Pharmacol Ther 52:518, 1992.

441. Cromwell EB, Ketchum JS: The treatment of scopolamine-induced delirium with physostigmine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 8:409, 1967.

442. Heiser JF, Wilbert D: Reversal of delirium induced by tricyclic antidepressant drugs with physostigmine. Am J Psychiatry 131:1275, 1974.

443. Bidwai AV, Stanley TH, Rogers C, et al: Reversal of diazepam-induced post-anesthetic somnolence with physostigmine. Anesthesiology 51:256, 1979.

444. Ghoneim MM, Dembo JB, Block RI: Time course of antagonism of sedative and amnesic effects of diazepam by flumazenil. Anesthesiology 70:899, 1989.

445. Flacke WE, Flacke JE: Cholinergic and anticholinergic agents. In Smith NT, Corbasci A (eds): Drug Interactions in Anesthesia, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1986, p 160.

446. Taylor P: Agents acting at the neuromuscular junction and autonomic ganglia. In Gilman A, Rall T, Nies A, Taylor P (eds): Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed. New York, Pergamon Press, 1990.

447. Paton W: The principles of ganglionic block. In Scientific Basis of Medicine. London, Athlone Press, London, 1954.

448. Charlson ME, MacKenzie CR, Gold JP: Preoperative autonomic function abnormalities in patients with diabetes mellitus and patients with hypertension. J Am Coll Surg 179:1, 1994.

449. Ewing DJ, Martyn CN, Young RJ: The value of cardiovascular autonomic function tests: 10 years' experience in diabetes. Diabetes Care 8:491, 1985.

450. Thomas J, Fouad FM, Tarazi RC, et al: Evaluation of plasma catecholamines in humans. Correlation of resting levels with cardiac responses to beta-blocking and sympatholytic drugs. Hypertension 5:858, 1983.

451. Best JD, Halter JB: Release and clearance rates of epinephrine in man: Importance of arterial measurements. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 55:263, 1982.

452. Esler M, Thompson J, Kaye D, et al: Effects of aging on the responsiveness of the human cardiac sympathetic nerves to stressors. Circulation 91:351, 1995.

453. Yamaguchi I, Kopin IJ: Plasma catecholamine and blood pressure responses to sympathetic stimulation in pithed rats. Am J Physiol 237:H305, 1979.

454. Adams K: Current perspectives on β-receptor antagonists in the treatment of symptomatic ventricular dysfunction. Pharmacotherapy 16(Pt 2):69S, 1996.

455. Eichhorn EJ: Do β-blockers have a role in patients with congestive heart failure? Cardiol Clin 12:133, 1994.

456. Rundqvist B, Eisenhofer G, Elam M, Friberg P: Attenuated cardiac sympathetic responsiveness during dynamic exercise in patients with heart failure. Circulation 95:940, 1997.

457. Klassen G, Bramwell R, Bromage P, Zborowska-Sluis D: Effect of acute sympathectomy by epidural anesthesia on the canine coronary circulation. Anesthesiology 52:8, 1980.

458. Bland J, Lowenstein E: Halothane-induced decrease in experimental myocardial ischemia in the non-failing canine heart. Anesthesiology 45:287, 1976.

459. Anand K, Hickey P: Halothane-morphine compared with high dose sufentanil for anesthesia and postoperative analgesia in neonatal cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 326:1, 1992.

460. Roizen MF, Lampe GH, Benefiel DJ, et al: Is increased operative stress associated with worse outcome [abstract]? Anesthesiology 67:A1, 1987.

461. Scott NB, Kehlet H: Regional anaesthesia and surgical morbidity. Br J Surg 75:299, 1988.

462. Yeager M, Glass D, Neff R, Brinck-Johnsen T: Epidural anesthesia and analgesia in high-risk surgical patients. Anesthesiology 66:729, 1987.

463. Breslow MJ, Jordan DA, Christopherson R, et al: Epidural morphine decreases postoperative hypertension by attenuating hypertension by attenuating sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity. JAMA 261:3577, 1989.

464. Christopherson R, Beattie C, Frank SM, et al: Perioperative morbidity in patients randomized to epidural or general anesthesia for lower extremity vascular surgery. Anesthesiology 79:422, 1993.

465. Parker SD, Breslow MJ, Frank SM, et al: Catecholamine and cortisol responses to lower extremity revascularization: Correlation with outcome variables. Crit Care Med 23:1954, 1995.
677


466. Selye H: Forty years of stress research: Principal remaining problems and misconceptions. Can Med Assoc J 115:53, 1976.

467. Kehlet H: Manipulation of the metabolic response in clinical practice. World J Surg 24:690, 2000.

468. Bardram L, Funch-Jensen P, Jensen P, et al: Recovery after laparoscopic colonic surgery with epidural analgesia, and early oral nutrition and mobilization. Lancet 345:763, 1995.

469. Ewing DJ, Campbell IW, Clarke BF: The natural history of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Q J Med 49:95, 1980.

470. Burgos LG, Ebert TJ, Asiddao C, et al: Increased intraoperative cardiovascular morbidity in diabetics with autonomic neuropathy. Anesthesiology 70:591, 1989.

471. Page MM, Watkins PJ: Cardiorespiratory arrest and diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Lancet 1:14, 1978.

472. Ewing DJ, Clarke BF: Diagnosis and management of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. BMJ 285:916, 1982.

473. Davies HEF: Respiratory change in heart rate, sinus arrhythmia in the elderly. Gerontol Clin 17:96, 1975.

474. Gribbin B, Pickering TG, Sleight P, et al: Effect of age and high blood pressure on baroreflex sensitivity in man. Circ Res 29:424, 1971.

475. Kalbfleish JH, Stowe DF, Smith JJ: Evaluation of the heart rate response to the Valsalva maneuver. Am Heart J 95:707, 1978.

476. Rothbaum DA, Shaw DJ, Angell CS, et al: Cardiac performance in the unanesthetized senescent male rat. J Gerontol 28:287, 1974.

477. Sato I, Hasegawa Y, Takahashi N, et al: Age-related changes of cardiac control function in man. With special reference to heart rate control at rest and during exercise. J Gerontol 36:564, 1981.

478. Esler M, Skews H, Leonard P, et al: Age-dependence of noradrenaline kinetics in normal subjects. Clin Sci Lond 60:217, 1981.

479. Esler MD, Turner AG, Kaye DM, et al: Aging effects on human sympathetic neuronal function. Am J Physiol 268:R278, 1995.

480. Nafelski LA, Brown CFG: Action of atropine on the cardiovascular system in normal persons. Arch Intern Med 86:898, 1950.

481. Mancia G, Ferrari A, Gregorini L, et al: Blood pressure and heart rate variabilities in normotensive and hypertensive human beings. Circ Res 53:96, 1983.

482. Ng AV, Callister R, Johnson DG, et al: Sympathetic neural reactivity to stress does not increase with age in healthy humans. Am J Physiol 267:H344, 1994.

483. White M, Roden R, Minobe W, et al: Age-related changes in β-adrenergic neuroeffector systems in the human heart. Circulation 90:1225, 1994.

484. Guaneri T, Filburn CR, Zitnik G, et al: Contractile and biochemical correlates of β-adrenergic stimulation of the aged heart. Am J Physiol 239:H501, 1980.

485. Krall JF, Connelly M, Weisbart R, Tuck ML: Age-related elevation of plasma catecholamine concentration and reduced responsiveness of lymphocyte adenylate cyclase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52:863, 1981.

486. Vaz M, Rajkumar C, Wong J, et al: Oxygen consumption in the heart, hepatomesenteric bed, and brain in young and elderly human subjects, and accompanying sympathetic nervous activity. Metabolism 45:1487, 1996.

487. Buchholz J, Duckles SP: Effect of age on prejunctional modulation of norepinephrine release. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 252:159, 1990.

488. Hyland L, Docherty JR: Further examination of the effects of aging on the adrenoceptor responsiveness of the rat vas deferens. Eur J Pharmacol 110:241, 1985.

489. Fernandes F, Salaices CF, Sanchez-Ferrer JL, et al: Effect of aging and hypertension on [3 H]noradrenaline release in rat mesenteric artery. J Hypertens 10(Suppl 4):S65, 1992.

490. Supiano MA, Neubig RR, Linares OA, et al: Effects of low-sodium diet on regulation of platelet α2-adrenergic receptors in young and elderly humans. Am J Physiol 256:E339, 1989.

491. Bracken MB, Shepard MJ, Collins WF, et al: A randomized, controlled trial of methylprednisolone or naloxone in the treatment of acute spinal-cord injury. N Engl J Med 322:1405, 1990.

492. Mathias CJ, Christensen NJ, Frankel HL, et al: Cardiovascular control in recently injured tetraplegics in spinal shock. Q J Med 48:273, 1979.

493. Van Lieshout JJ, Imholz BPM, Wesseling KH, et al: Singing-induced hypotension: A complication of high spinal cord lesion. Neth J Med 38:75, 1991.

494. Stjernberg L, Blumberg H, Wallin B: Sympathetic activity in man after spinal cord injury: Outflow to muscle below the lesion. Brain 109:695, 1986.

495. Tollenaeré JP: Atlas of the Three-Dimensional Structure of Drugs. Amsterdam, Elsevier North-Holland, 1979.

496. Vanhoutte PM: Adrenergic neuroeffector interaction in the blood vessel wall. Fed Proc 37:181, 1978.

497. Standaert F: Donuts and holes: Molecules and muscle relaxants. In Katz R (ed): Muscle Relaxants: Basic and Clinical Aspects. Orlando, FL, Grune & Stratton, 1984.


678

Previous Next