|
|
REFERENCES
301.
Gentili M, Bonnet F: Incidence of urinary retention
after spinal anesthesia: Comparison of morphine and clonidine [abstract]. Anesthesiology
81:A945, 1994.
302.
Gentili M, Mamelle JC, Le Foll G: Combination
of low-dose bupivacaine and clonidine for unilateral spinal anesthesia in arthroscopic
knee surgery. Reg Anesth 20:169, 1995.
303.
Kapral S, Kocek S, Krafft P, et al: Intrathecal
clonidine delays motor onset of bupivacaine [abstract]. Anesthesiology 81:A935,
1994.
304.
Ota K, Namiki A, Ujike Y, Takahashi I: Prolongation
of tetracaine spinal anesthesia by oral clonidine. Anesth Analg 75:262, 1992.
305.
DeKock M, Lavandhomme P, Scholtes JL: Intraoperative
and postoperative analgesia using intravenous opioid, clonidine and lignocaine.
Anaesth Intensive Care 22:15, 1994.
306.
Mendez R, Eisenach JC, Kashtan K: Epidural clonidine
analgesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 73:848, 1990.
307.
Filos KS, Goudas LC, Patroni O, Polyzou V: Intrathecal
clonidine as a sole analgesic for pain relief after cesarean section. Anesthesiology
77:267, 1990.
308.
Bernard JM, Kick O, Bonnet F: Comparison of intravenous
and epidural clonidine for postoperative patient-controlled analgesia. Anesth Analg
81:706, 1995.
309.
Huntoon M, Eisenach JC, Boese P: Epidural clonidine
after cesarean section: Appropriate dose and effect of prior local anesthetic.
Anesthesiology 76:187, 1992.
310.
Bouguet D: Caudal clonidine added to local anesthetics
enhances post-operative analgesia after anal surgery in adults [abstract]. Anesthesiology
81:A942, 1994.
311.
Coombs DW, Saunders RL, Fratkin JD, et al: Continuous
intrathecal hydromorphone and clonidine for intractable cancer pain. J Neurosurg
64:890, 1986.
312.
van Essen EJ, Bovill JG, Ploeger EJ, Beerman H:
Intrathecal morphine and clonidine for control of intractable cancer pain. A case
report. Acta Anaesthiol Belg 39:109, 1988.
313.
Hardy PAJ, Wells JCD: Pain after spinal intrathecal
clonidine. An adverse interaction with tricyclic antidepressants? Anaesthesia 43:1026,
1988.
314.
Grace D, Milligan KR, Morrow BJ, Fee JPH: Co-administration
of pethidine and clonidine: A spinal anaesthetic technique for total hip replacement.
Br J Anaesth 73:628, 1994.
315.
Boico O, Bonnet F, Bazoit JX: Effects of epinephrine
and clonidine on plasma concentrations of spinal bupivacaine. Acta Anaesthesiol
Scand 36:684, 1992.
316.
Grace D, Bunting H, Milligan KR, Fee JPH: Postoperative
analgesia after co-administration of clonidine and morphine by the intrathecal route
in patients undergoing hip replacement. Anesth Analg 80:86, 1995.
317.
Sucu Y, Kanbak O, Gogus N, Aksu C: Comparison
of intrathecal clonidine and alfentanil [abstract]. Br J Anaesth 74(Suppl 1):131,
1995.
318.
Sonnenblick EH, Frishman WH, LeJemtel TH: Dobutamine:
A new synthetic cardioactive sympathetic amine. N Engl J Med 300:17, 1979.
319.
Gillespie T, Ambos H, Sobel B, Roberts R: Effects
of dobutamine in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 39:588,
1977.
320.
Ruffolo RR Jr, Yaden E: Vascular effects of the
stereoisomers of dobutamine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 224:46, 1983.
321.
Opie L, Sonnenblick E, Kaplan N, Thadani V: Beta-blocking
agents. In Opie LH: Drugs for the Heart, 3rd ed.
Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1991.
322.
Unverferth DV, Blanford M, Kates RE, et al: Tolerance
to dobutamine after a 72-hour continuous infusion. Am J Med 69:262, 1980.
323.
Leier CV, Huss P, Lewis RP, Unverferth DV: Drug-induced
conditioning in congestive heart failure. Circulation 65:1382, 1982.
324.
Krell MJ, Kline EM, Bates ER, et al: Intermittent,
ambulatory dobutamine infusions in patients with severe congestive heart failure.
Am Heart J 112:787, 1986.
325.
Spitzer W, Suissa S, Ernst P, et al: The use
of β-agonists and the risk of death and near death from asthma. N Engl J Med
326:501, 1992.
326.
Robin E, McCauley R: Sudden cardiac death in
bronchial asthma, and inhaled β-adrenergic agonists. Chest 101:1699, 1992.
327.
Ziment I: Infrequent cardiac deaths occur in
bronchial asthma. Chest 101:1703, 1992.
328.
Caritis SN, Edelstone DI, Mueller-Heubach E:
Pharmacologic inhibition of preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 133:557, 1979.
329.
Wagner JM, Morton MJ, Johnson KA, et al: Terbutaline
and maternal cardiac function. JAMA 246:2697, 1981.
330.
The Canadian Preterm Labor Investigators Group:
Treatment of preterm labor with the β-adrenergic agonist ritodrine. N Engl
J Med 327:308, 1992.
331.
Hoffman B, Lefkowitz R: Adrenergic receptor antagonists.
In Gilman A, Rall T, Nies A, Taylor P (eds): Goodman
and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed. New York, Pergamon
Press, 1990, p 221.
332.
Shojania KG, Duncan BW, McDonald KM, et al: Making
health care safer: A critical analysis of patient safety practices. Evidence report/technology
assessment no. 43. Prepared by the University of California at San Francisco-Stanford
University Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-97-0013, AHRQ publication
no. 01-E058. Rockville, MD, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, July 2001.
333.
Stone JG, Foex P, Sear JW, et al: Myocardial
ischemia in untreated hypertensive patients: Effect of a single small oral dose
of a beta-adrenergic blocking agent. Anesthesiology 68:495, 1988.
334.
Mangano DT, Layug EL, Wallace A, et al: Effect
of atenolol on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity after noncardiac surgery.
Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. N Engl J Med 335:1713,
1996.
335.
Poldermans D, Boersma E, Bax JJ, et al: The effect
of bisoprolol on perioperative mortality and myocardial infarction in high-risk patients
undergoing vascular surgery. Dutch Echocardiographic Cardiac Risk Evaluation Applying
Stress Echocardiography Study Group. N Engl J Med 341:1789, 1999.
336.
Raby KE, Brull SJ, Timimi F, et al: The effect
of heart rate control on myocardial ischemia among high-risk patients after vascular
surgery. Anesth Analg 88:477, 1999.
337.
Urban MK, Markowitz SM, Gordon MA, et al: Postoperative
prophylactic administration of beta-adrenergic blockers in patients at risk for myocardial
ischemia. Anesth Analg 90:1257, 2000.
338.
Stevenson LW: Beta-blockers for stable heart
failure. N Engl J Med 346:1346, 2002.
339.
Kaplan N: Treatment of hypertension: Drug therapy.
In Kaplan N (ed): Clinical Hypertension, 5th ed.
Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1990, p 182.
340.
Rutherford J, Braunwald E: Chronic ischemic heart
disease. In Braunwald E (ed): Heart Disease, A
Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1992, p 1292.
341.
Conolly ME, Kersting F, Dollery CT: The clinical
pharmacology of β-adrenoreceptor blocking drugs. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 19:203,
1976.
342.
Salpeter SS, Ormiston T, Salpeter E, et al: Cardioselective
beta-blockers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst
Rev 2:CD003566, 2002.
343.
MERIT-HF Study Group: Effect of metoprolol CR/XL
in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in Congestive
Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 353:2001, 1999.
344.
CIBIS-II Investigators and Committees: The Cardiac
Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): A randomized trial. Lancet 353:9,
1999.
345.
Kostis JB, Frishman W, Hosler MH, et al: Treatment
of angina pectoris with pindolol: The significance of intrinsic sympathomimetic
activity of beta-blockers. Am Heart J 104:496, 1982.
346.
Miller N: Effects of adrenoceptor-blocking drugs
on plasma lipoprotein concentrations. Am J Cardiol 60:17E, 1987.
347.
Furberg C: Secondary prevention trials after
acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 60:28A, 1987.
348.
Rango R, Langlois S: Comparison of withdrawal
phenomena after propranolol, metoprolol, and pindolol. Am Heart J 104:437, 1982.
349.
Streufert S, DePadova A, McGlynn T, et al: Impact
of β-blockade on complex cognitive functioning. Am Heart J 116:311, 1988.
350.
Gengo FM, Huntoor L, McHugh WB: Lipid-soluble
and water-soluble beta-blockers. Comparison of the central nervous system depressant
effect. Arch Intern Med 147:39, 1987.
351.
Fortier NL, Snyder LM, Palek J, et al: Effect
of propranolol on normal human erythrocytes. J Lab Clin Med 89:41, 1977.
352.
Oski FA, Miller LD, Delivoria-Papadopoulos M,
et al: Oxygen affinity in red cells: Changes induced in vivo by propranolol. Science
175:1372, 1972.
353.
Zipes DG: Management of cardiac arrhythmias:
Pharmacological, electrical and surgical techniques. In
Braunwald E (ed): Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 4th ed.
Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1992, p 628.
354.
Henry J, Cassidy S: Membrane stabilizing activity:
A major cause of fatal poisoning. Lancet 1:1414, 1986.
355.
Auerbach AD, Goldman L: s-Blockers and
reduction of cardiac events in noncardiac surgery: Scientific review. JAMA 287:1435,
2002.
356.
Viljoen JF, Estafanous G, Kellner GA: Propanolol
and cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 64:826, 1972.
357.
DeBruijn N, Reves JG, Croughnell N, Knopes K:
Comparison of hemodynamic responses to isoproterenol infusion and surgical stress
in patients given cardioselective and non-cardioselective β-adrenergic antagonists.
Anesth Analg 66:637, 1987.
358.
Olsson G, Rehnqvist N, Sjogren A, et al: Long-term
treatment with metoprolol after myocardial infarction: Effect on 3-year mortality
and morbidity. J Am Coll Cardiol 5:1428, 1985.
359.
Yusuf S: Interventions that potentially limit
myocardial infarct size: Overview of clinical trials. Am J Cardiol 60:11A, 1987.
360.
ISIS-1 (First International Study of Infarct Survival)
Collaborative Group: Randomized trial of intravenous atenolol among 16,027 cases
of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-1. Lancet 1:57, 1986.
361.
Yusuf S, Peto R, Lewis J, et al: Beta blockade
during and after myocardial infarction: An overview of the randomized trials. Prog
Cardiovasc Dis 27:335, 1985.
362.
The TIMI Study Group: Comparison of invasive
and conservative strategies after treatment with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator
in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 320:618, 1989.
363.
Ryden L, Ariniego R, Arnman K, et al: A double-blind
trial of metoprolol in acute myocardial infarction. Effects on ventricular tachyarrhythmias.
N Engl J Med 308:614, 1983.
364.
Bristow MR, Gilbert EM, Abraham WT, et al: Carvedilol
produces dose-related improvements in left ventricular function and survival in subjects
with chronic heart failure. MOCHA Investigators. Circulation 94:2807, 1996.
365.
Packer M, Colucci WS, Sackner-Bernstein JD, et
al: Double blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of carvedilol in patients
with moderate to severe heart failure. The PRECISE Trial: Prospective Randomized
Evaluation of Carvedilol on Symptoms and Exercise. Circulation 94:2793, 1996.
366.
Eichhorn EJ, Bristow MR: Medical therapy can
improve the biological properties of the chronically failing heart. A new era in
the treatment of heart failure. Circulation 94:2285, 1996.
367.
Communal C, Singh K, Sawyer D, et al: Opposing
effects of β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors on cardiac myocyte apoptosis:
Role of a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein. Circulation 100:2210, 1999.
368.
Eichhorn EJ, Bristow MR: Practical guidelines
for initiation of beta-adrenergic blockade in patients with chronic heart failure.
Am J Cardiol 79:794, 1997.
369.
Bristow MR: β-Adrenergic receptor blockade
in chronic heart failure. Circulation 101:558, 2000.
370.
Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation
and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The fifth report of the Joint National Committee
on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC-V). Arch Intern
Med 153:154, 1993.
371.
Frishman W: Pindolol: A new β-adrenoceptor
antagonist with partial agonist activity. N Engl J Med 308:940, 1983.
372.
Van den Meiracker AH, Man in't Veld AJ, Ritsema
van Eck HJ, et al: Hemodynamic and hormonal adaptations to β-adrenoceptor blockade:
A 24-hour study of acebutolol, atenolol, pindolol, and propranolol in hypertensive
patients. Circulation 78:957, 1988.
373.
Man in't Veld AJ, Van den Meiracker AH, Schalekamp
MA: Do beta-blockers really increase peripheral vascular resistance? Review of
the literature and new observations under basal conditions. Am J Hypertens 1:91,
1988.
374.
Shand D: Propanolol. N Engl J Med 293:280, 1975.
375.
Platia E, Fitzpatrick P, Wallis D, et al: Esmolol
vs verapamil for the treatment of recent-onset atrial fibrillation/flutter. J Am
Coll Cardiol 11:170A, 1988.
376.
Waldo AL, Camm AJ, deRuyter H, et al: Effect
of D-sotalol on mortality in patients with left ventricular
dysfunction after recent and remote myocardial infarction. Lancet 348:7, 1996.
377.
Doggrell SA, Brown L: D-Sotalol:
Death by the SWORD or deserving of further consideration for clinical use? Expert
Opin Invest Drugs 9:1625, 2000.
378.
DeSanctis RW, Doroghazi RM, Austen WG, Buckley
MJ: Aortic dissection. N Engl J Med 317:1060, 1987.
379.
Grubb BP, Sirio C, Zelis R: Intravenous labetalol
in acute aortic dissection. JAMA 258:78, 1987.
380.
Wiersinga WM, Touber JL: The influence of β-adrenergic
blocking agents on plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab
45:293, 1977.
381.
Miller RR, Olson HG, Amsterdam EA, Mason OT:
Propanolol-withdrawal rebound phenomenon: Exacerbation of coronary events after
abrupt cessation of antianginal therapy. N Engl J Med 292:416, 1975.
382.
Psaty B, Koepsell T, Wagner E, et al: The relative
risk of incident coronary heart disease associated with recently stopping the use
of β-blockers. JAMA 263:1653, 1990.
383.
Cleophas T, Kauw F: Pressor responses from non-cardioselective
beta-blockers. Angiology 39:587, 1988.
384.
Strauss W, Parisi A: Combined use of calcium-channel
and β-adrenergic blockers for the treatment of chronic stable angina. Ann Intern
Med 109:570, 1988.
385.
Wayne VS, Harper RW, Laufer E, et al: Adverse
interaction between β-adrenergic blocking drugs and verapamil: Report of three
cases. Aust N Z J Med 12:285, 1982.
386.
Douglas-Jones A, Baber N, Lee A: Once daily propranolol
in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension: A dose range finding study.
Eur J Clin Pharmacol 14:163, 1978.
387.
Lichtman M, Cohen J, Murphy M, et al: Effect
of propranolol on oxygen binding to hemoglobin in vitro and in vivo. Circulation
49:881, 1974.
388.
Schrumpf JD, Sheps DS, Wolfson S, et al: Altered
hemoglobin-oxygen affinity with long-term propranolol therapy in patients with coronary
artery disease. Am J Cardiol 40:76, 1977.
389.
Pendleton RG, Newman DJ, Sherman SS, et al: Effect
of propranolol upon the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve. J Pharmacol Exp Ther
180:647, 1972.
390.
Hoffman BB, Lefkowitz RJ: Catecholamines, sympathomimetic
drugs, and adrenergic receptor antagonists. In Hardman
JG, Limbird LE, Molinoff PB, et al (eds): Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological
Basis of Therapeutics. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1996.
391.
Bernstein JS, Ebert TJ, Stowe DF, et al: Partial
attenuation of hemodynamic responses to rapid sequence induction and intubation with
labetalol. J Clin Anesth 1:444, 1989.
392.
Huey J, Thomas JP, Hendricks DR, et al: Clinical
evaluation of labetalol for the treatment of hypertensive urgency. Am J Hypertens
1:284S, 1988.
393.
Gabrielson G, Lingham R, Dimich I, et al: Comparative
study of labetalol and hydralazine in the treatment of postoperative hypertension
[abstract]. Anesth Analg 66:S63, 1987.
394.
Skrobic J, Cruise C, Webster R, et al: Labetalol
vs nitroprusside in hypertension post coronary-bypass surgery. Am J Hypertens 2:1295,
1989.
395.
Lavies NG, Meiklejohn BH, May AE, et al: Hypertensive
and catecholamine response to tracheal intubation in patients with pregnancy-induced
hypertension. Br J Anaesth 63:429, 1989.
396.
Jouppilla P, Kirkinen P, Koivula A: Labetalol
does not alter the placental and fetal blood flow or maternal prostanoids in pre-eclampsia.
Br J Obstet Gynaecol 93:543, 1986.
397.
Dupont AG, Van der Niepen P, Taeymans Y, et al:
Effect of carvedilol on ambulatory blood pressure, renal hemodynamics, and cardiac
function in essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 10(Suppl 1):S130, 1987.
398.
Eggertsen R, Sivertsson R, Adren L, et al: Haemodynamic
effects of carvedilol, a new β-adrenoceptor blocker and precapillary vasodilator
in essential hypertension. J Hypertens 2:529, 1984.
399.
Leonetti G, Sempieri L, Cuspidi C, et al: Resting
and postexercise hemodynamic effects of carvedilol, a β-adrenergic blocker and
precapillary vasodilator in hypertensive patients. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 10(Suppl
1):S94, 1987.
400.
Omvik P, Lund-Johansen P: Acute haemodynamic
effects of carvedilol in essential hypertension at rest and during exercise. Eur
Heart J 12:736, 1991.
401.
Cervantes Escarcega JL, Ruiz de Chavez A, Guadalajara
Boo J: Double blind study of the efficacy and tolerability of carvedilol vs nifedipine
S.R. in uncomplicated essential hypertension [in Spanish]. Invest Med Int 19:142,
1992.
402.
Ostergren J, Storstein L, Karlberg BE, et al:
Quality of life in hypertensive patients treated with either carvedilol or enalapril.
Blood Press 5:41, 1996.
403.
Ruilope LM, Group CS: Comparison of a new vasodilating
beta blocker, carvedilol, with atenolol in the treatment of mild to moderate essential
hypertension. Am J Hypertens 7:129, 1994.
404.
Weber K, Bohmeke T, van der Does R, et al: Comparison
of the hemodynamic effects of metoprolol and carvedilol in hypertensive patients.
Cardiovasc Drug Ther 10:113, 1996.
405.
Albergati F, Paterno E, Venuti RP, et al: Comparison
of the effects of carvedilol and nifedipine in patients with essential hypertension
and non-insulin-dependent mellitus. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 19(Suppl 1):S86, 1992.
406.
Louis WJ, Krum H, Conway EL: A risk-benefit assessment
of carvedilol in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. Drug Saf 11:86, 1994.
407.
van der Does R, Eberhardt R, Derr I, et al: Efficacy
and safety of carvedilol in comparison with nifedipine sustained-release in chronic
stable angina. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 19(Suppl 1):S122, 1992.
408.
Basu S, Senior R, van der Does R, et al: Carvedilol
reduces adverse cardiac events following acute myocardial infarction [abstract].
Circulation 92(Suppl 1):1, 1995.
409.
Senior R, Basu S, Lahiri A: Carvedilol prevents
remodeling and improves prognosis in patients with left ventricular dysfunction following
acute myocardial infarction [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 27(Suppl A):319A, 1996.
410.
Zehender M, Faber T, Schnabel P, et al: Benefits
and hazards of carvedilol in unstable angina: A double-blind placebo controlled,
randomized study [abstract]. Circulation 92(Suppl 1):I, 1995.
411.
Cohn JN, Fowler MB, Bristow MA, et al: Effect
of carvedilol in severe chronic heart failure [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 27(Suppl
A):169A, 1996.
412.
Colucci WS, Packer M, Bristow MR, et al: Carvedilol
inhibits clinical progression in patients with mild symptoms of heart failure. Circulation
94:2800, 1996.
413.
Bristow MR, Gilbert EM, Abraham WT, et al: Effects
of carvedilol on LV function and mortality in diabetic versus nondiabetic patients
with ischemic or nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy [abstract]. Circulation 94(Suppl
1):I, 3879, 1996.
414.
Gray R, Bateman T, Czer L, et al: Comparison
of esmolol and nitroprusside for acute post-cardiac surgical hypertension. Am J
Cardiol 59:887, 1987.
415.
Reves JG, Croughwell ND, Hawkins E, et al: Esmolol
for treatment of intraoperative tachycardia and/or hypertension in patients having
cardiac operations, bolus loading technique. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 100:221, 1990.
416.
Oxorn D, Knox JW, Hill J: Bolus doses of esmolol
for the prevention of perioperative hypertension and tachycardia. Can J Anaesth
37:206, 1990.
417.
Wallis DE, Littman WJ, Scanlon PJ: Safety and
efficacy of esmolol for unstable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 62:1033, 1988.
418.
Kirshenbaum JM, Kloner RJ, McGowan N, Antman EM:
Use of an ultrashort-acting β-receptor blocker (esmolol) in patients with acute
myocardial ischemia and relative contraindications to beta-blockade therapy. J Am
Coll Cardiol 12:773, 1988.
419.
Beart PM, Rowe PR, Louis WJ: Alpha methyl adrenaline
is a central metabolite of α-methyldopa. J Pharm Pharmacol 35:519, 1980.
420.
Tung C-S, Goldberg MR, Hollister AS, et al: Central
and peripheral cardiovascular effects of α-methylepinephrine. J Pharmacol
Exp Ther 227:484, 1983.
421.
Triner L, Baer L, Gallagher R, et al: Use of
metyrosine in the anesthetic management of patients with catecholamine-secreting
tumors. Br J Anaesth 54:1333, 1982.
422.
Bigger J, Hoffman B: Antiarrhythmic drugs. In
Gilman A, Rall T, Nies A, Taylor P (eds): Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological
Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed. New York, Pergamon Press, 1990, p 840.
423.
Baldessarini R: Drugs and the treatment of psychiatric
disorders. In Gilman A, Rall T, Nies A, Taylor P
(eds): Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. New York,
Pergamon Press, 1990.
424.
The Parkinson Study Group: Effect of deprenyl
on the progression of disability in early Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 321:1364,
1989.
425.
Roizen MF: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: Are
we condemned to relive history, or is history no longer relevant [letter]? J Clin
Anesth 2:293, 1990.
426.
Doyle DJ: Ketamine induction and monoamine oxidase
inhibitors. J Clin Anesth 2:324, 1990.
427.
Materson BJ: Adverse effects of angiotensin-converting
enzyme inhibitors in antihypertensive therapy with focus on quinapril. Am J Cardiol
69:46C, 1992.
428.
ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct
Survival) Collaborative Group: A randomized factorial trial assessing early oral
captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients
with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 345:669, 1995.
429.
Nash DT: Comparative properties of angiotensin-converting
enzyme inhibitors: Relations with inhibition of tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme
and potential clinical implications. Am J Cardiol 69:26C, 1992.
430.
Raia JJ Jr, Barone JA, Byerly WG, Lacy CR: Angiotensin-converting
enzyme inhibitors: A comparative review. DICP 24:506, 1990.
431.
Weber MA: Safety issues during antihypertensive
treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Am J Med 84(Suppl 4A):16,
1988.
432.
Warner JN, Rush JE: Safety profiles of the angiotensin-converting
enzyme inhibitors. Drugs 35(Suppl 5):89, 1988.
433.
Ferner RE: Adverse effects of angiotensin-converting-enzyme
inhibitors. Adverse Drug React Acute Poisoning Rev 141:528, 1990.
434.
Jong P, Demers C, McKelvie RS, et al: Angiotensin
receptor blockers in heart failure: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
J Am Coll Cardiol 39:463, 2002.
435.
Khan JA: Atropine poisoning in Hawthorne's The
Scarlet Letter. N Engl J Med 311:414, 1984.
436.
Ziskind A: Transdermal scopolamine-induced psychosis.
Postgrad Med 84:73, 1988.
437.
Wilkinson JA: Side-effects of transdermal scopolamine.
J Emerg Med 5:389, 1987.
438.
Gross NJ: Ipratropium bromide. N Engl J Med
319:486, 1988.
439.
Brown JH: Atropine, scoplamine and related antimuscarinic
drugs. In Gilman A, Rall T, Nies A, Taylor P (eds):
Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed. New York,
Pergamon Press, 1990, p 150.
440.
Alcalay M, Izraeli S, Wallach-Kapon R, et al:
Paradoxical pharmacodynamic effect of atropine on parasympathetic control: A study
by spectral analysis of heart rate fluctuations. Clin Pharmacol Ther 52:518, 1992.
441.
Cromwell EB, Ketchum JS: The treatment of scopolamine-induced
delirium with physostigmine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 8:409, 1967.
442.
Heiser JF, Wilbert D: Reversal of delirium induced
by tricyclic antidepressant drugs with physostigmine. Am J Psychiatry 131:1275,
1974.
443.
Bidwai AV, Stanley TH, Rogers C, et al: Reversal
of diazepam-induced post-anesthetic somnolence with physostigmine. Anesthesiology
51:256, 1979.
444.
Ghoneim MM, Dembo JB, Block RI: Time course of
antagonism of sedative and amnesic effects of diazepam by flumazenil. Anesthesiology
70:899, 1989.
445.
Flacke WE, Flacke JE: Cholinergic and anticholinergic
agents. In Smith NT, Corbasci A (eds): Drug Interactions
in Anesthesia, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1986, p 160.
446.
Taylor P: Agents acting at the neuromuscular
junction and autonomic ganglia. In Gilman A, Rall
T, Nies A, Taylor P (eds): Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics,
8th ed. New York, Pergamon Press, 1990.
447.
Paton W: The principles of ganglionic block.
In Scientific Basis of Medicine. London, Athlone
Press, London, 1954.
448.
Charlson ME, MacKenzie CR, Gold JP: Preoperative
autonomic function abnormalities in patients with diabetes mellitus and patients
with hypertension. J Am Coll Surg 179:1, 1994.
449.
Ewing DJ, Martyn CN, Young RJ: The value of cardiovascular
autonomic function tests: 10 years' experience in diabetes. Diabetes Care 8:491,
1985.
450.
Thomas J, Fouad FM, Tarazi RC, et al: Evaluation
of plasma catecholamines in humans. Correlation of resting levels with cardiac responses
to beta-blocking and sympatholytic drugs. Hypertension 5:858, 1983.
451.
Best JD, Halter JB: Release and clearance rates
of epinephrine in man: Importance of arterial measurements. J Clin Endocrinol Metab
55:263, 1982.
452.
Esler M, Thompson J, Kaye D, et al: Effects of
aging on the responsiveness of the human cardiac sympathetic nerves to stressors.
Circulation 91:351, 1995.
453.
Yamaguchi I, Kopin IJ: Plasma catecholamine and
blood pressure responses to sympathetic stimulation in pithed rats. Am J Physiol
237:H305, 1979.
454.
Adams K: Current perspectives on β-receptor
antagonists in the treatment of symptomatic ventricular dysfunction. Pharmacotherapy
16(Pt 2):69S, 1996.
455.
Eichhorn EJ: Do β-blockers have a role in
patients with congestive heart failure? Cardiol Clin 12:133, 1994.
456.
Rundqvist B, Eisenhofer G, Elam M, Friberg P:
Attenuated cardiac sympathetic responsiveness during dynamic exercise in patients
with heart failure. Circulation 95:940, 1997.
457.
Klassen G, Bramwell R, Bromage P, Zborowska-Sluis
D: Effect of acute sympathectomy by epidural anesthesia on the canine coronary circulation.
Anesthesiology 52:8, 1980.
458.
Bland J, Lowenstein E: Halothane-induced decrease
in experimental myocardial ischemia in the non-failing canine heart. Anesthesiology
45:287, 1976.
459.
Anand K, Hickey P: Halothane-morphine compared
with high dose sufentanil for anesthesia and postoperative analgesia in neonatal
cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 326:1, 1992.
460.
Roizen MF, Lampe GH, Benefiel DJ, et al: Is increased
operative stress associated with worse outcome [abstract]? Anesthesiology 67:A1,
1987.
461.
Scott NB, Kehlet H: Regional anaesthesia and
surgical morbidity. Br J Surg 75:299, 1988.
462.
Yeager M, Glass D, Neff R, Brinck-Johnsen T:
Epidural anesthesia and analgesia in high-risk surgical patients. Anesthesiology
66:729, 1987.
463.
Breslow MJ, Jordan DA, Christopherson R, et al:
Epidural morphine decreases postoperative hypertension by attenuating hypertension
by attenuating sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity. JAMA 261:3577, 1989.
464.
Christopherson R, Beattie C, Frank SM, et al:
Perioperative morbidity in patients randomized to epidural or general anesthesia
for lower extremity vascular surgery. Anesthesiology 79:422, 1993.
465.
Parker SD, Breslow MJ, Frank SM, et al: Catecholamine
and cortisol responses to lower extremity revascularization: Correlation with outcome
variables. Crit Care Med 23:1954, 1995.
466.
Selye H: Forty years of stress research: Principal
remaining problems and misconceptions. Can Med Assoc J 115:53, 1976.
467.
Kehlet H: Manipulation of the metabolic response
in clinical practice. World J Surg 24:690, 2000.
468.
Bardram L, Funch-Jensen P, Jensen P, et al: Recovery
after laparoscopic colonic surgery with epidural analgesia, and early oral nutrition
and mobilization. Lancet 345:763, 1995.
469.
Ewing DJ, Campbell IW, Clarke BF: The natural
history of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Q J Med 49:95, 1980.
470.
Burgos LG, Ebert TJ, Asiddao C, et al: Increased
intraoperative cardiovascular morbidity in diabetics with autonomic neuropathy.
Anesthesiology 70:591, 1989.
471.
Page MM, Watkins PJ: Cardiorespiratory arrest
and diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Lancet 1:14, 1978.
472.
Ewing DJ, Clarke BF: Diagnosis and management
of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. BMJ 285:916, 1982.
473.
Davies HEF: Respiratory change in heart rate,
sinus arrhythmia in the elderly. Gerontol Clin 17:96, 1975.
474.
Gribbin B, Pickering TG, Sleight P, et al: Effect
of age and high blood pressure on baroreflex sensitivity in man. Circ Res 29:424,
1971.
475.
Kalbfleish JH, Stowe DF, Smith JJ: Evaluation
of the heart rate response to the Valsalva maneuver. Am Heart J 95:707, 1978.
476.
Rothbaum DA, Shaw DJ, Angell CS, et al: Cardiac
performance in the unanesthetized senescent male rat. J Gerontol 28:287, 1974.
477.
Sato I, Hasegawa Y, Takahashi N, et al: Age-related
changes of cardiac control function in man. With special reference to heart rate
control at rest and during exercise. J Gerontol 36:564, 1981.
478.
Esler M, Skews H, Leonard P, et al: Age-dependence
of noradrenaline kinetics in normal subjects. Clin Sci Lond 60:217, 1981.
479.
Esler MD, Turner AG, Kaye DM, et al: Aging effects
on human sympathetic neuronal function. Am J Physiol 268:R278, 1995.
480.
Nafelski LA, Brown CFG: Action of atropine on
the cardiovascular system in normal persons. Arch Intern Med 86:898, 1950.
481.
Mancia G, Ferrari A, Gregorini L, et al: Blood
pressure and heart rate variabilities in normotensive and hypertensive human beings.
Circ Res 53:96, 1983.
482.
Ng AV, Callister R, Johnson DG, et al: Sympathetic
neural reactivity to stress does not increase with age in healthy humans. Am J Physiol
267:H344, 1994.
483.
White M, Roden R, Minobe W, et al: Age-related
changes in β-adrenergic neuroeffector systems in the human heart. Circulation
90:1225, 1994.
484.
Guaneri T, Filburn CR, Zitnik G, et al: Contractile
and biochemical correlates of β-adrenergic stimulation of the aged heart. Am
J Physiol 239:H501, 1980.
485.
Krall JF, Connelly M, Weisbart R, Tuck ML: Age-related
elevation of plasma catecholamine concentration and reduced responsiveness of lymphocyte
adenylate cyclase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52:863, 1981.
486.
Vaz M, Rajkumar C, Wong J, et al: Oxygen consumption
in the heart, hepatomesenteric bed, and brain in young and elderly human subjects,
and accompanying sympathetic nervous activity. Metabolism 45:1487, 1996.
487.
Buchholz J, Duckles SP: Effect of age on prejunctional
modulation of norepinephrine release. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 252:159, 1990.
488.
Hyland L, Docherty JR: Further examination of
the effects of aging on the adrenoceptor responsiveness of the rat vas deferens.
Eur J Pharmacol 110:241, 1985.
489.
Fernandes F, Salaices CF, Sanchez-Ferrer JL, et
al: Effect of aging and hypertension on [3
H]noradrenaline release in
rat mesenteric artery. J Hypertens 10(Suppl 4):S65, 1992.
490.
Supiano MA, Neubig RR, Linares OA, et al: Effects
of low-sodium diet on regulation of platelet α2-adrenergic receptors in young
and elderly humans. Am J Physiol 256:E339, 1989.
491.
Bracken MB, Shepard MJ, Collins WF, et al: A
randomized, controlled trial of methylprednisolone or naloxone in the treatment of
acute spinal-cord injury. N Engl J Med 322:1405, 1990.
492.
Mathias CJ, Christensen NJ, Frankel HL, et al:
Cardiovascular control in recently injured tetraplegics in spinal shock. Q J Med
48:273, 1979.
493.
Van Lieshout JJ, Imholz BPM, Wesseling KH, et
al: Singing-induced hypotension: A complication of high spinal cord lesion. Neth
J Med 38:75, 1991.
494.
Stjernberg L, Blumberg H, Wallin B: Sympathetic
activity in man after spinal cord injury: Outflow to muscle below the lesion. Brain
109:695, 1986.
495.
Tollenaeré JP: Atlas of the Three-Dimensional
Structure of Drugs. Amsterdam, Elsevier North-Holland, 1979.
496.
Vanhoutte PM: Adrenergic neuroeffector interaction
in the blood vessel wall. Fed Proc 37:181, 1978.
497.
Standaert F: Donuts and holes: Molecules and
muscle relaxants. In Katz R (ed): Muscle Relaxants:
Basic and Clinical Aspects. Orlando, FL, Grune & Stratton, 1984.