|
|
REFERENCES
151.
Wolfe CL, Nibley C, Bhandari A, et al: Polymorphous
ventricular tachycardia associated with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation
84:1543, 1991.
152.
White RD, Wood DL: Out-of-hospital pleomorphic
ventricular tachycardia and resuscitation: Association with acute myocardial ischemia
and infarction. Ann Emerg Med 21:1282, 1992.
153.
Keren A, Tzivoni D: Torsades de pointes: Prevention
and therapy. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 5:509, 1991.
154.
Tzivoni D, Keren A, Cohen AM, et al: Magnesium
therapy for torsades de pointes. Am J Cardiol 53:528, 1984.
155.
Tzivoni D, Banai S, Schuger C, et al: Treatment
of torsades de pointes with magnesium sulfate. Circulation 77:392, 1988.
156.
Perticone F, Adinolfi L, Bonaduce D: Efficacy
of magnesium sulfate in the treatment of torsades de pointes. Am Heart J 112:847,
1986.
157.
International Consensus on Science: Guidelines
2000 for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care: International
Consensus on Science. Circulation 102(Suppl):I–158, 2000.
158.
White RD: Out-of-hospital intervention in sudden
cardiac death. In Brandenburg RO, Fuster V, Giuliani
ER, et al (eds): Cardiology: Fundamentals and Practice. Chicago, Year Book, 1994.
159.
Eisenberg MS, Cummins RO: Defibrillation performed
by the emergency medical technician. Circulation 74(Suppl IV): IV–9, 1986.
160.
Kelly PA, Cannom DS, Garan H, et al: The automatic
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: Efficacy, complications and survival in
patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol 11:1278, 1988.
161.
Akhtar M, Garan H, Lehmann MH, et al: Sudden
cardiac death: Management of high-risk patients. Ann Intern Med 114:499, 1991.
162.
Fromer M, Brachmann J, Block M, et al: Efficacy
of automatic multimodal device therapy for ventricular tachyarrhythmias as delivered
by a new implantable pacing cardioverter-defibrillation: Results of a European multicenter
study of 102 implants. Circulation 86:363, 1992.
163.
Naccarelli GV: Implantable cardioverter/defibrillators.
In Willerson JT, Cohn JN (eds): Cardiovascular
Medicine. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1995, p 1441.
164.
Saksena S, Diaz ML, Varanasi S, et al: Third-
and fourth-generation implantable cardioverter defibrillators: Current status and
future development. J Intervent Cardiol 7:427, 1994.
165.
Pinski SL, Trohman RG: Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators:
Implications for the nonelectrophysiologist. Ann Intern Med 122:770, 1995.
166.
Kerber RE: Electrical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias:
Defibrillation and cardioversion. Ann Emerg Med 22:296, 1993.
167.
White RD: Maintenance of defibrillators in a
state of readiness. Ann Emerg Med 22:302, 1993.
168.
White RD, Hankins DG, Atkinson EJ: Patient outcomes
following defibrillation with a low energy biphasic truncated exponential waveform
in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 49:9, 2001.
169.
Longstreth WT Jr, Diehr P, Inui TS: Prediction
of awakening after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 308:1378, 1983.
170.
Longstreth WT Jr, Inui TS: High blood glucose
level on hospital admission and poor neurologic recovery after cardiac arrest. Ann
Neurol 15:59, 1984.
171.
Lanier WL, Stangland KJ, Scheithauer BW, et al:
The effects of dextrose infusion and head position on neurologic outcome after complete
cerebral ischemia in primates: Examination of a model. Anesthesiology 66:39, 1987.
172.
Nakakimura K, Fleischer JE, Drummond JC, et al:
Glucose administration before cardiac arrest worsens neurologic outcome in cats.
Anesthesiology 72:1005, 1990.
173.
Michael JR, Guerci AD, Koehler RC, et al: Mechanisms
by which epinephrine augments cerebral and myocardial perfusion during cardiopulmonary
resuscitation in dogs. Circulation 69:822, 1984.
174.
Schleien CL, Koehler RC, Gervais H, et al: Organ
blood flow and somatosensory-evoked potentials during and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation
with epinephrine or phenylephrine. Circulation 79:1332, 1989.
175.
Schleien CL, Dean JM, Koehler RC, et al: Effect
of epinephrine on cerebral and myocardial perfusion in an infant animal preparation
of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 73:809, 1986.
176.
Paradis NA, Koscove EM: Epinephrine in cardiac
arrest: A critical review. Ann Emerg Med 19:1288, 1990.
177.
Brown CG, Werman HA: Adrenergic agonists during
cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 19:1, 1990.
178.
Swenson RD, Weaver WD, Niskanen RA, et al: Hemodynamics
in humans during conventional and experimental methods of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Circulation 78:630, 1988.
179.
Chernow B, Holbrook P, D'Angona DS, et al: Epinephrine
absorption after intratracheal administration. Anesth Analg 63:829, 1984.
180.
Roberts JR, Greenberg MI, Baskin SI: Endotracheal
epinephrine in cardiorespiratory collapse. JACEP 8:515, 1979.
181.
Roberts JR, Greenberg MI, Knaub MA, et al: Blood
levels following intravenous and endotracheal epinephrine administration. JACEP
8:53, 1979.
182.
Brillman J, Sanders A, Otto CW, et al: Comparison
of epinephrine and phenylephrine for resuscitation and neurologic outcome of cardiac
arrest in dogs. Ann Emerg Med 16:11, 1987.
183.
Brown CG, Werman HA, Davis EA, et al: The effect
of high-dose phenylephrine versus epinephrine on regional cerebral blood flow during
CPR. Ann Emerg Med 16:743, 1987.
184.
Brown CG, Werman HA, Davis EA, et al: The effects
of graded doses of epinephrine on regional myocardial blood flow during cardiopulmonary
resuscitation in swine. Circulation 75:491, 1987.
185.
Berkowitz ID, Gervais H, Schleien CL, et al:
Epinephrine dosage effects on cerebral and myocardial blood flow in an infant swine
model of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Anesthesiology 75:1041, 1991.
186.
Martin D, Werman HA, Brown CG: Four case studies:
High-dose epinephrine in cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 19:322, 1990.
187.
Koscove EM, Paradis NA: Successful resuscitation
from cardiac arrest using high-dose epinephrine therapy: Report of two cases. JAMA
259:3031, 1988.
188.
Paradis NA, Martin GB, Rosenberg J, et al: The
effect of standard- and high-dose epinephrine on coronary perfusion pressure during
prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation. JAMA 265:1139, 1991.
189.
Barton C, Callaham M: High-dose epinephrine improves
the return of spontaneous circulation rates in human victims of cardiac arrest.
Ann Emerg Med 20:722, 1991.
190.
Callaham M, Madsen CD, Barton CW, et al: A randomized
clinical trial of high-dose epinephrine and norepinephrine vs standard-dose epinephrine
in prehospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 268:2667, 1992.
191.
Stiell IG, Hebert PC, Weitzman BN, et al: High-dose
epinephrine in adult cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 327:1045, 1992.
192.
Brown CG, Martin DR, Pepe PE, et al: A comparison
of standard-dose and high-dose epinephrine in cardiac arrest outside the hospital.
N Engl J Med 327:1051, 1992.
193.
Wenzel V, Lindner KH, Prengel AW, et al: Vasopressin
improves vital organ blood flow after prolonged cardiac arrest with postcountershock
pulseless electrical activity in pigs. Crit Care Med 27:486, 1999.
194.
Wenzel V, Linder KH: Arginine vasopressin during
cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Laboratory evidence, clinical experience and recommendations,
and a view to the future. Crit Care Med 30:S157, 2002.
195.
Lindner KH, Strohmenger HU, Ensinger H, et al:
Stress hormone response during and after CPR. Anesthesiology 77:662, 1992.
196.
Lindner KH, Haak T, Keller A, et al: Release
of endogenous vasopressors during and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Heart
75:145, 1996.
197.
Fox AW, May RE, Mitch WE: Comparison of peptide
and nonpeptide receptor-mediated responses in rat-tail artery. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol
20:282, 1992.
198.
Wenzel V, Lindner KH, Augenstein S: Vasopressin
combined with epinephrine decreases cerebral perfusion compared with vasopressin
along during CPR in pigs. Stroke 29:1467, 1998.
199.
Lindner KH, Prengel AW, Brinkmann A, et al: Vasopressin
administration in refractory cardiac arrest. Ann Intern Med 124:1061, 1996.
200.
International Consensus on Science: Guidelines
2000 for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care: International
Consensus on Science. Circulation 102(Suppl):I–131, 2000.
201.
Lake CL, Kron IL, Mentzer RM, et al: Lidocaine
enhances intraoperative ventricular defibrillation. Anesth Analg 65:337, 1986.
202.
Dorian P, Fain ES, Davy J-M, et al: Lidocaine
causes a reversible, concentration-dependent increase in defibrillation energy requirements.
J Am Coll Cardiol 8:327, 1986.
203.
Chow MSS, Kluger J, Lawrence R, et al: The effect
of lidocaine and bretylium on the defibrillation threshold during cardiac arrest
and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 182:63, 1986.
204.
Ujhelyi MR, Schur M, Frede T, et al: Differential
effects of lidocaine on defibrillation threshold with monophasic versus biphasic
shock waveforms. Circulation 92:1644, 1995.
205.
International Consensus on Science: Guidelines
2000 for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care: International
Consensus on Science. Circulation 102(suppl):I–149, 2000.
206.
Kudenchuk PJ, Cobb LA, Copass MK, et al: Amiodarone
for resuscitation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation.
N Engl J Med 341:871, 1999.
207.
Dorian P, Cass D, Schwartz B, et al: Amiodarone
as compared with lidocaine for shock resistant ventricular fibrillation. N Engl
J Med 346:884, 2002.
208.
Guerci AD, Chandra N, Johnson E, et al: Failure
of sodium bicarbonate to improve resuscitation from ventricular fibrillation in dogs.
Circulation 74(Suppl IV):IV–75, 1986.
209.
Weil MH, Trevino RP, Rackow EC: Sodium bicarbonate
during CPR: Does it help or hinder? Chest 88:487, 1985.
210.
Matter JA, Weil MH, Shubin H, et al: Cardiac
arrest in the critically ill. II. Hyperosmolal states following cardiac arrest.
Am J Med 56:162, 1974.
211.
Bishop RL, Weisfeldt ML: Sodium bicarbonate administration
during cardiac arrest: Effect on arterial pH, PCO2
,
and osmolality. JAMA 235:506, 1976.
212.
Berenyi KJ, Wolk M, Killip T: Cerebrospinal fluid
acidosis complicating therapy of experimental cardiopulmonary arrest. Circulation
52:319, 1975.
213.
Weil MH, Rackow EC, Trevino R, et al: Difference
in acid-base state between venous and arterial blood during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
N Engl J Med 315:153, 1986.
214.
von Planta M, Weil MH, Gazmuri RJ, et al: Myocardial
acidosis associated with CO production during cardiac arrest and resuscitation.
Circulation 80:684, 1989.
215.
Kette F, Weil MH, von Planta M, et al: Buffer
agents do not reverse intramyocardial acidosis during cardiac resuscitation. Circulation
81:1660, 1990.
216.
Maldonado FA, Weil MH, Tang W, et al: Myocardial
hypercarbic acidosis reduces cardiac resuscitability. Anesthesiology 78:343, 1993.
217.
von Planta M, Bar-Joseph G, Wiklund L, et al:
Pathophysiologic and therapeutic implications of acid-base changes during CPR.
Ann Emerg Med 22:404, 1993.
218.
Bircher NG: Acid-base physiology during advanced
cardiac life support. Anesthesiol Clin North Am 13:799, 1995.
219.
Vukmir RB, Bircher NG, Radovsky A, et al: Sodium
bicarbonate may improve outcome in dogs with brief or prolonged cardiac arrest.
Crit Care Med 23:515, 1995.
220.
Gazmuri RJ, von Planta M, Weil MH, et al: Cardiac
effects of carbon dioxide-consuming and carbon dioxide-generating buffers during
cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 15:482, 1990.
221.
Wiklund L, Ronquist G, Stjernstrom H, et al:
Effects of alkaline buffer administration on survival and myocardial energy metabolism
in pigs subjected to ventricular fibrillation and closed-chest CPR. Acta Anaesthesiol
Scand 34:430, 1990.
222.
Saphir R: External cardiac massage: Prospective
analysis of 123 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 47:73,
1968.
223.
Lemire JG, Johnson AL: Is cardiac resuscitation
worthwhile? A decade of experience. N Engl J Med 286:970, 1972.
224.
Wildsmith JAW, Dennyson WG, Myers KW: Results
of resuscitation following cardiac arrest. Br J Anaesth 44:716, 1972.
225.
Eltringham RJ, Baskett PJF: Experience with a
hospital resuscitation service including an analysis of 258 calls to patients with
cardiorespiratory arrest. Resuscitation 2:57, 1973.
226.
Jeresaty RM, Liss JP, Basu SK: Long-term follow-up
of 122 patients who survived cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2:191, 1973.
227.
Bedell SE, Delbanco TL, Cook EF, et al: Survival
after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the hospital. N Engl J Med 309:569, 1983.
228.
Sowden GR, Robins DW, Baskett PJ: Factors associated
with survival and eventual cerebral status following cardiac arrest. Anaesthesia
39:39, 1984.
229.
Lazzam C, McCans J: Predictors of survival of
in-hospital cardiac arrest. Can J Cardiol 7:113, 1991.
230.
Taffet GE, Teasdale TA, Luchi RJ: In-hospital
cardiopulmonary resuscitation. JAMA 260:2069, 1988.
231.
Karetzky M, Zubair M, Parikh J: Cardiopulmonary
resuscitation in intensive care unit and non-intensive care unit patients. Arch
Intern Med 155:1277, 1995.
232.
Berger R, Kelley M: Survival after in-hospital
cardiopulmonary arrest of noncritically ill patients: A prospective study. Chest
106:872, 1994.
233.
Ballew KA, Philbrick JT, Caven DE, et al: Predictors
of survival following in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A moving target.
Arch Intern Med 154:2426, 1994.
234.
Gerardi LN, Barie PS: Improved survival after
intraoperative cardiac arrest in noncardiac surgical patients. Arch Surg 130:15,
1995.
235.
Murphy DJ: Do-not-resuscitate orders: Time for
reappraisal in long-term-care institutions. JAMA 260:2098, 1988.
236.
Youngner SJ: The decision to forgo CPR in the
elderly patient. JAMA 260:2096, 1988.
237.
Joint Commission on Accrediation of Healthcare
Organizations: Joint Commission Perspectives 18:5, 1998.
238.
International Consensus on Science: Guidelines
2000 for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care: International
Consensus on Science. Circulation 102(Suppl):I–60, 2000.
239.
Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, American
Medical Association: Guidelines for the appropriate use of do-not-resuscitate orders.
JAMA 265:1868, 1991.
240.
Jayes RL, Zimmerman JE, Wagner DP, et al: Do-not-resuscitate
orders in intensive care units: Current practices and recent changes. JAMA 270:2213,
1993.
241.
Martin RL, Soifer BE, Stevens WC: Ethical issues
in anesthesia: Management of the do-not-resuscitate patient. Anesth Analg 73:221,
1991.
242.
Keffer MJ, Keffer HL: Do-not-resuscitate in the
operating room: Moral obligations of anesthesiologists. Anesth Analg 74:901, 1992.
243.
Truog RD: "Do-not-resuscitate" orders during
anesthesia and surgery. Anesthesiology 74:606, 1991.
244.
Cohen CB, Cohen PJ: Do-not-resuscitate orders
in the operating room. N Engl J Med 325:1879, 1991.
245.
Walker RM: DNR in the OR: Resuscitation as an
operative risk. JAMA 266:2407, 1991.
246.
Clemency MV, Thompson NJ: "Do not resuscitate"
(DNR) orders in the perioperative period: A comparison of the perspectives of anesthesiologists,
internists, and surgeons. Anesth Analg 78:651, 1994.
247.
Margolis JO, McGrath BJ, Kussin PS, et al: Do
not resuscitate (DNR) orders during surgery: Ethical foundations for institutional
policies in the United States. Anesth Analg 80:806, 1995.
248.
Layon AJ, Dirk L: Resuscitation and DNR: Ethical
aspects for anaesthetists. Can J Anaesth 42:134, 1995.
249.
American Society of Anesthesiologists: Ethical
guidelines for the anesthesia care of patients with do-not-resuscitate orders or
other directives that limit treatment. In 1996 Directory
of Members, 61st ed. Park Ridge, IL, American Society of Anesthesiologists, 1996,
p 400.
250.
Ludwig S, Kettrick RG, Parker M: Pediatric cardiopulmonary
resuscitation: A review of 130 cases. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 23:71, 1984.
251.
Torphy DE, Minter MG, Thompson BM: Cardiorespiratory
arrest and resuscitation of children. Am J Dis Child 138:1099, 1984.
252.
Subcommittee on Pediatric Resuscitation: Textbook
of Pediatric Basic Life Support. Dallas, American Heart Association, 2000.
253.
Chameides L (ed): Instructor's Manual for Pediatric
Basic Life Support. Dallas, American Heart Association, 2000.
254.
Chameides L (ed): Textbook of Pediatric Advanced
Life Support. Dallas, American Heart Association, 2000.
255.
Finholt DA, Kettrick RG, Wagner HR, et al: The
heart is under the lower third of the sternum: Implications for external cardiac
massage. Am J Dis Child 140:646, 1986.
256.
Phillips GW, Ziderman DA: Relation of infant
heart to sternum: Its significance in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Lancet 1:1024,
1986.
257.
Walsh CK, Krongrad E: Terminal cardiac electrical
activity in pediatric patients. Am J Cardiol 51:557, 1983.
258.
Gillis J, Dickson D, Rieder M, et al: Results
of inpatient pediatric resuscitation. Crit Care Med 14:469, 1986.
259.
Friesen RM, Duncan P, Tweed WA, et al: Appraisal
of pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Can Med Assoc J 126:1055, 1982.
260.
Kuisma M, Suominun P, Korpela R: Paediatric out-of-hospital
cardiac arrests: Epidemiology and outcome. Resuscitation 30:141, 1995.
261.
Mogayzel C, Quan L, Graves JR, et al: Out-of-hospital
ventricular fibrillation in children and adolescents: Causes and outcomes. Ann
Emerg Med 25:484, 1995.
262.
Todres ID: Pediatric airway control and ventilation.
Ann Emerg Med 22:440, 1993.
263.
Paterson SJ, Byrne PJ, Molesky MG, et al: Neonatal
resuscitation using the laryngeal mask airway. Anesthesiology 80:1248, 1994.
264.
Baraka A: Laryngeal mask airway for resuscitation
of a newborn with Pierre-Robin syndrome. Anesthesiology 83:645, 1995.
265.
Brimacombe J, Berry A: The laryngeal mask airway:
A consideration for the Neonatal Resuscitation Programme guidelines? Can J Anaesth
42:88, 1995.
266.
Garson A Jr, Gillette PC, McNamara DG: Supraventricular
tachycardia in children: Clinical features, response to treatment, and long-term
follow-up in 217 patients. J Pediatr 98:875, 1981.
267.
Gikonyo BM, Dunnigan A, Benson DW Jr: Cardiovascular
collapse in infants: Association with paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. Pediatrics
76:922, 1985.
268.
Overholt E, Rheuban K, Gutgesell H, et al: Usefulness
of adenosine for arrhythmias in infants and children. Am J Cardiol 61:336, 1988.
269.
Ralston MA, Knilans TK, Hannon DW, et al: Use
of adenosine for diagnosis and treatment of tachyarrhythmias in pediatric patients.
J Pediatr 124:139, 1994.
270.
Kugler JD, Danford DA: Management of infants,
children, and adolescents with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. J Pediatr
129:324, 1996.
271.
Getschman SJ, Dietrich AM, Franklin WH, Allen
HD: Intraosseous adenosine: As effective as peripheral or central venous administration.
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 148:616, 1994.
272.
Friedman FD: Intraosseous adenosine for the termination
of supraventricular tachycardia in an infant. Ann Emerg Med 28:356, 1996.
273.
Epstein M, Kiel E, Victorica B: Cardiac decompensation
following verapamil in infants with supraventricular tachycardia. Pediatrics 75:737,
1985.
274.
Garson A Jr: Medicolegal problems in the management
of cardiac arrhythmias in children. Pediatrics 79:84, 19.
275.
Zaritsky A: Pediatric resuscitation pharmacology.
Ann Emerg Med 22:445, 1993.
276.
Perry JC, Fenrich AL, Hulse JE, et al: Pediatric
use of intravenous amiodarone: Efficacy and safety in critically ill patients from
a multicenter protocol. J Am Coll Cardiol 27:1246, 1996.
277.
Perry JC: Pediatric use of intravenous amiodarone:
Efficacy and safety in crucially ill patients from a multicenter protocol. J Am
Coll Cardiol 22:95, 1993.
278.
Koehler RC, Michael JR, Guerci AD, et al: Beneficial
effect of epinephrine infusion on cerebral and myocardial blood flows during CPR.
Ann Emerg Med 14:744, 1985.
279.
Berg RA: Emergency infusion of catecholamines
into bone marrow. Am J Dis Child 138:810, 1984.
280.
Kanter RK, Zimmerman JJ, Strauss RH, et al: Pediatric
emergency intravenous access. Am J Dis Child 140:132, 1986.
281.
Rosetti VA, Thompson BM, Miller J, et al: Intraosseous
infusion: An alternative route of pediatric intravascular access. Ann Emerg Med
14:885, 1985.
282.
Smith RJ, Keseg DP, Manley LK, et al: Intraosseous
infusions by prehospital personnel in critically ill pediatric patients. Ann Emerg
Med 17:491, 1988.
283.
Atkins DL, Kerber RE: Pediatric defibrillation:
Current flow is improved by using "adult" electrode paddles. Pediatrics 94:90,
1994.
284.
Cummins RO, Hazinski MF, Kerber RE, et al: Low-energy
biphasic wave form defibrillation: Evidence-based review applied to emergency cardiovascular
care guideline: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart
Association Committee on Emergency Cardiovascular Care and the Subcommittees on Basic
Life Support, Advanced Cardiac Life Support, and Pediatric Resuscitation. Circulation
97:1654, 1998.