Previous Next

REFERENCES

151. Helms RA, Dickerson RN, Ebbert ML, et al: Retinol-binding protein and prealbumin: Useful measures of protein repletion in critically ill, malnourished infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 5:586, 1986.

152. Robin AP, Nordenstrom J, Askanazi J, et al: Influence of parenteral carbohydrate on fat oxidation in surgical patients. Surgery 95:608, 1984.

153. Wilmore DW: Catabolic illness: Strategies for enhancing recovery. N Engl J Med 325:695, 1991.


2921


154. Askanazi J, Hensle TW, Starker PM, et al: Effect of immediate postoperative nutritional support on length of hospitalization. Ann Surg 203:236, 1986.

155. Cooper JK: Does nutrition affect surgical outcome? J Am Geriatr Soc 35:229, 1987.

156. Twomey PL, Patching SC: Cost-effectiveness of nutritional support. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 9:3, 1985.

157. Detsky AS, Jeejeebhoy KN: Cost-effectiveness of preoperative parenteral nutrition in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 8:632, 1984.

158. Fan S-T, Lo C-M, Lai ECS, et al: Perioperative nutritional support in patients undergoing hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 331:1547, 1994.

159. Fasth S, Hulten L, Magnusson O, et al: Postoperative complications in colorectal surgery in relation to preoperative clinical and nutritional state and postoperative nutritional treatment. Int J Colorectal Dis 2:87, 1987.

160. Kalfarentzos F, Kehagias J, Mead N, et al: Enteral nutrition is superior to parenteral nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis: Results of a randomized prospective trial. Br J Surg 84:1665, 1997.

161. The Veterans Affairs Total Parenteral Nutrition Cooperative Study Group: Perioperative total parental nutrition in surgical patients. N Engl J Med 325:525, 1991.

162. Kudsk KA, Croce MA, Fabian TG, et al: Enteral versus parenteral feeding. Effects on septic morbidity after blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma. Ann Surg 215:503, 1992.

163. Reynolds JV, Kanwar S, Welsh FKS, et al: Does the route of feeding modify gut barrier function and clinical outcome in patients after major upper gastrointestinal surgery? JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 21:196, 1997.

164. Heyland DK, MacDonald S, Keefe L, Drover JW: Total parenteral nutrition in the critically-ill patient. JAMA 280:2013, 1998.

165. Woodcock W, Zeigler D, Palmer M, et al: Enteral versus parenteral nutrition: A pragmatic study. Nutrition 17:1, 2001.

166. Jeejebhoy KN: Total parenteral nutrition: Potion or poison? Am J Clin Nutr 74:160, 2001.

167. Lipman TO: Grains or veins: Is enteral nutrition really better than parenteral nutrition? A look at the evidence. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 22:167, 1998.

168. Pacelli F, Bossola M, Papa V, et al: Enteral vs. parenteral nutrition after major abdominal surgery: An even match. Arch Surg 136:933, 2001.

169. Lowry SF, Brennan MF: Abnormal liver function during parenteral nutrition: Relation to infusion excess. J Surg Res 26:300, 1979.

170. Askanazi J, Carpentier YA, Elwyn DH, et al: Influence of total parenteral nutrition on fuel utilization in injury and sepsis. Ann Surg 191:40, 1980.

171. McCowen KC, Friel C, Sternberg J, et al: Hypocaloric total parenteral nutrition: Effectiveness in prevention of hyperglycemia and infectious complications—A randomized clinical trial. Crit Care Med 28:3606, 2000.

172. Jarnberg PO, Lindholm M, Eklund J: Lipid infusion in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 9:27, 1981.

173. Ball MJ, White K: Metabolic effects of intravenous medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols in critically ill patients. Clin Sci 76:165, 1989.

174. McCowan KC, Malhotra A, Bistrian BR: Stress-induced hyperglycemia. Crit Care Clin 17:107, 2001.

175. Phillips GO: Total parenteral nutrition in acute illness. Anaesth Intensive Care 13:288, 1985.

176. Daly JM, Lieberman MD, Goldfine J, et al. Enteral nutrition with supplemental arginine, RNA, and omega 3-fatty acids in patients after operation: Immunogenic, metabolic, and clinical outcome. Surgery 112:56, 1992.

177. Cerra FB, Benitez MR, Blackburn GL, et al: Applied nutrition in ICU patients: A consensus statement of the American College of Chest Physicians. Chest 111:769, 1997.

178. Kudsk KA, Minard G, Croce MA, et al: A randomized trial of isonitrogenous enteral diets after severe trauma: An immune-enhancing diet reduces septic complications. Ann Surg 224:531, 1996.

179. Mendez C, Jurkovich GJ, Garcia I, et al: Effects of an immune-enhancing diet in critically ill injured patients. J Trauma 42:933, 1997.

180. Weimann A, Bastian L, Bischoff WE, et al: Influence of arginine, omega-3 fatty acids on systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure in patients after severe trauma. Nutrition 14:165, 1998.

181. Tennant GB, Smith RC, Leinster SJ, et al: Acute depression of serum folate in surgical patients during preoperative infusion of ethanol-free parenteral nutrition solutions. Scand J Haematol 27:327, 1981.

182. Krebs HA, Hems R, Tyler B: The regulation of folate and methionine metabolism. Biochem J 158:341, 1976.

183. Tennant GB, Smith RC, Leinster SJ, et al: Amino-acid infusion induced depression of serum folate after cholecystectomy. Scand J Haematol 27:333, 1981.

184. Amess JAL, Burman JF, Rees GM, et al: Megaloblastic haemopoiesis in patients receiving nitrous oxide. Lancet 2:339, 1978.

185. Chanarin I, Deacon R, Lumb M, et al: Vitamin B12 regulates folate metabolism by the supply of formate. Lancet 2:505, 1980.

186. Cerra FB, Siegel JH, Coleman B, et al: Septic autocannibalism: A failure of exogenous nutritional support. Ann Surg 192:570, 1980.

187. Cerra FB, Hirsh JB, Mullen K, et al: The effect of stress level amino acid formula, and nitrogen dose on nitrogen retention in traumatic and septic stress. Ann Surg 205:282, 1987.

188. Doekel RC Jr, Zwillich CW, Scoggin CH, et al: Clinical semi-starvation: Depression of hypoxic ventilatory response. N Engl J Med 295:358, 1976.

189. Weissman C, Askanazi J, Rosenbaum SH, et al: Amino acids and respiration. Ann Intern Med 98:41, 1983.

190. Arora NS, Rochester DF: Respiratory muscle strength and maximal voluntary ventilation in undernourished patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 126:5, 1982.

191. Delafosse B, Bouffard Y, Bertrand O, et al: Effects of protein intake on pulmonary gas exchange and ventilatory drive in postoperative patients. Anesthesiology 70:404, 1989.

192. Weissman C, Askanazi J: Respiratory complications of nutritional support. Clin Anaesthesiol 1:707, 1983.

193. Nordenstrom J, Jeevanandam M, Elwyn D, et al: Increasing glucose intake during parenteral nutrition increases norepinephrine excretion in trauma and sepsis. Clin Physiol 1:1, 1981.

194. Lowrey TS, Dunlap AW, Brown RO, et al: Pharmacologic influence on nutrition support therapy: Use of propofol in a patient receiving combined enteral and parenteral nutrition support. Nutr Clin Pract 11:147, 1996.

195. Allardyce DB: Cholestasis caused by lipid emulsions. Surg Gynecol Obstet 154:641, 1982.

196. Battistella FD, Widergren JT, Anderson JT, et al: A prospective, randomized trial of intravenous fat emulsion administration in trauma victims requiring total parenteral nutrition. J Trauma 43:52, 1997.

197. Pantuck EJ, Pantuck CB, Weissman C, et al: Effects of parenteral nutrition regimens on oxidative drug metabolism. Anesthesiology 60:534, 1984.

198. Vesell ES, Biebuyck JF: New approaches to assessment of drug disposition in the surgical patient. Anesthesiology 60:529, 1984.

199. Kappas A, Anderson KE, Conney AH, et al: Influence of dietary protein and carbohydrate on antipyrine and theophylline metabolism in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 20:643, 1976.

200. Feldman CH, Hutchinson VE, Pippenger CE, et al: Effect of dietary protein and carbohydrate on theophylline metabolism in children. Pediatrics 66:956, 1980.

201. Fagan TC, Walle T, Oexmann MJ, et al: Increased clearance of propranolol and theophylline by high-protein compared with high-carbohydrate diet. Clin Pharmacol Ther 41:402, 1987.

202. Juan D, Worwag EM, Schoeller DA, et al: Effects of dietary protein on theophylline pharmacokinetics and caffeine and aminopyrine breath tests. Clin Pharmacol Ther 40:187, 1986.
2922


203. Anderson KE: Influences of diet and nutrition on clinical pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet 14:325, 1988.

204. Brodie MJ, Boobis AR, Toverud E-L, et al: Drug metabolism in white vegetarians. Br J Clin Pharmacol 9:523, 1980.

205. Pulsinelli WA, Waldman S, Rawlinson D, et al: Moderate hyperglycemia augments ischemic brain damage: A neuropathological study in the rat. Neurology 32:1239, 1982.

206. Pulsinelli WA, Levy DE, Sigsbee B, et al: Increased damage after ischemic stroke in patients with hyperglycemia with or without established diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 74:540, 1983.

207. Aguirre A, Funovics J, Wesdorp RI, et al: Parenteral nutrition in hepatic failure. In Fischer JE (ed): Total Parenteral Nutrition. Boston, Little, Brown, 1976.

208. Munro HN, Fernstrom JD, Wurtman RJ: Insulin, plasma amino acid imbalance and hepatic coma. Lancet 1:722, 1975.

209. Mans AM, Biebuyck JF, Shelley K, et al: Regional blood-brain barrier permeability to amino acids after portacaval anastomosis. J Neurochem 38:705, 1982.

210. Fischer JE, Baldessarini RJ: False neurotransmitters and hepatic failure. Lancet 2:75, 1971.

211. Freund H, Dienstag J, Lehrich J, et al: Infusion of branched-chain enriched amino acid solution in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Ann Surg 196:209, 1982.

212. Wahren J, Denis J, Desurmont P, et al: Is intravenous administration of branched-chain amino acids effective in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy? A multicenter study. Hepatology 3:475, 1983.

213. Fischer JE, Rosen HM, Ebeid AM, et al: The effect of normalization of plasma amino acids on hepatic encephalopathy in man. Surgery 80:77, 1976.

214. Toker P: Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma, a cause of delayed recovery from anesthesia. Anesthesiology 41:284, 1974.

215. Wulfsen HD, Dalton B: Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma in a patient undergoing emergency cholecystectomy. Anesthesiology 41:286, 1974.

216. Hagerdal M, Caldwell C, Gross JB: Intraoperative fluid management influences carbon dioxide production and respiratory quotient. Anesthesiology 59:48, 1983.

217. Newman JH, Neff TA, Ziporin P: Acute respiratory failure associated with hypophosphatemia. N Engl J Med 296:1101, 1977.

218. Schneider AJL, Biebuyck JF: Intraoperative management of patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. Clin Anaesthesiol 1:697, 1983.

219. Newmark SR, Key JC, Roberts J: Perioperative stabilization of glucose levels in patients supported with total parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 4:494, 1980.

220. Dudrick SJ, MacFadyen BV Jr, Van Buren C, et al: Parenteral hyperalimentation: Metabolic problems and solutions. Ann Surg 176:259, 1972.

221. Kehlet H, Brandt MR, Prange-Hansen A, et al: Effect of epidural analgesia on metabolic profiles during and after surgery. Br J Surg 66:543, 1979.

222. George JM, Reier CE, Canese RR, et al: Morphine anaesthesia blocks cortisol and growth hormone response to surgical stress in humans. Clin Endocrinol Metab 38:736, 1974.

223. Brandt MR, Korshin J, Prange-Hansen A, et al: Influence of morphine anaesthesia on the endocrine-metabolic response to open heart surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 22:400, 1978.

224. Cooper GM, Paterson JL, Ward ID, et al: Fentanyl and the metabolic response to gastric surgery. Anaesthesia 36:667, 1981.

225. Walsh ES, Paterson JL, O'Riordan JB, et al: Effect of high-dose fentanyl anaesthesia on the metabolic and endocrine response to cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 53:1155, 1981.

226. Watters JM, March RJ, Desai D, et al: Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia do not affect energy expenditure after major abdominal surgery. Can J Anaesth 40:314, 1993.

227. Cahill GJ Jr: Starvation in man. N Engl J Med 282:668, 1970.

228. Biebuyck JF: Anaesthesia and hepatic metabolism: Current concepts of carbohydrate homeostasis. Anesthesiology 39:188, 1973.

229. Blackshear PJ, Fang LST, Axelrod L: Treatment of severe lactic acidosis with dichloroacetate. Diabetes Care 5:391, 1982.

230. Hawkins RA, Vina JR: Lipid and ketone body metabolism in man. Clin Anaesthesiol 1:559, 1983.

231. Blackburn GL, Phinney SD: Lipid metabolism in injury. In Burke JF (ed): Surgical Physiology. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1983, p 113.

232. Wolfe RR, O'Donnell TF, Stone MD, et al: Investigation of factors determining the optimal glucose infusion rate in total parenteral nutrition. Metabolism 29:892, 1980.

233. Wolfe RR: Regulation of glucose metabolism. In Burke JF (ed): Surgical Physiology. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1983, p 75.

234. Vary TC, Kimball SR: Sepsis-induced changes in protein synthesis: Differential effects on fast and slow-twitch muscles. Am J Physiol 262:C1513, 1992.

235. Vary TC, Siegel JH, Nakatani T, et al: A biochemical basis for depressed ketogenesis in sepsis. J Trauma 26:419, 1986.

236. Popp MB, Brennan MF: Metabolic response to trauma and infection. In Fischer JE (ed): Surgical Nutrition. Boston, Little, Brown, 1983, p 492.

237. Lee HA: Fluid balance and parenteral feeding. In Nunn JF, Utting JE, Brown BR (eds): General Anaesthesia. London, Butterworth, 1989, p 1213.

238. Feldman CH, Hutchinson VE, Pippenger CH, et al: Effect of dietary protein and carbohydrate on theophylline metabolism in children. Pediatrics 66:956, 1980.

239. Aspen Board of Directors: Clinical Pathways and Algorithms for Delivery of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Support in Adults. Silver Spring, MD, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 1998.

Previous Next