REFERENCES
1.
Wilkinson G: Pharmacokinetics: The dynamics of
drug absorption, distribution and elimination. In
Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Goodman GA (eds): Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological
Basis of Therapeutics, 10th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2001.
2.
Weinshilboum R: Inheritance and drug response.
N Engl J Med 348:529–537, 2003.
3.
Gibson GG, Skett P: Introduction to drug metabolism.
Chelteham, UK, Stanley Thornes Publishers, 1999.
4.
Krishna DR, Klotz U: Extra hepatic metabolism of
drugs in humans. Clin Pharmacokinet 26:144–160, 1994.
5.
Lohr JW, Willsky GR, Acara MA: Renal drug metabolism.
Pharmacol Rev 50:107–141, 1998.
6.
Koop DR: Oxidative and reductive metabolism by
cytochrome P450 2E1. FASEB J 6:724–730, 1992.
7.
Guengerich FP: Cytochrome P450 enzymes and drug
metabolism. In Bridges JAV, Chasseadud LF, Gibson
GG (eds): Progress in Drug Metabolism. New York, Taylor & Francis, 1987, p
3.
8.
Snyder R, Remmer H: Classes of hepatic microsomal
mixed function oxidase inducers. In Schenkman JB,
Kupfer D (eds): Hepatic Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase System. New York, Pergamon
Press, 1982, p 227.
9.
Boobis AR, Davies DS: Human cytochromes P-450.
Xenobiotica 14:151–185, 1984.
10.
Duvaldestin P, Mazze RI, Nivoche Y, Desmonts JM:
Occupational exposure to halothane results in enzyme induction in anesthetists.
Anesthesiology 54:57–60, 1981.
11.
Dooley JR, Mazze RI, Rice SA, Borel JD: Is enflurane
defluorination inducible in man? Anesthesiology 50:213–217, 1979.
12.
Mazze RI, Woodruff RE, Heerdt ME: Isoniazid-induced
enflurane defluorination in humans. Anesthesiology 57:5–8, 1982.
13.
Greene NM: Halothane anesthesia and hepatitis
in a high-risk population. N Engl J Med 289:304–307, 1973.
14.
Ortiz de Montellano PR, Reich NO: Inhibition of
cytochrome P450 enzymes. In Ortiz de Montellano
PR (ed): Cytochrome P450: Structure, Mechanism, and Biochemistry. New York, Plenum
Press, 1986, pp 21–30.
15.
Weiss CF, Glazko AJ, Weston JK: Chloramphenicol
in the newborn infant. A physiologic explanation of its toxicity when given in excessive
doses. N Engl J Med 262:787–794, 1960.
16.
Young WS, Lietman PS: Chloramphenicol glucuronyl
transferase: Assay, ontogeny and inducibility. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 204:203–211,
1978.
17.
Lacroix D, Sonnier M, Moncion A, et al: Expression
of CYP3A in the human liver—Evidence that the shift between CYP3A7 and CYP3A4
occurs immediately after birth. Eur J Biochem 247:625–634, 1997.
18.
Loughnan PM, Greenwald A, Purton WW, et al: Pharmacokinetic
observations of phenytoin disposition in the newborn and young infant. Arch Dis
Child 52:302–309, 1977.
19.
Kalow W: The Pennsylvania State University College
of Medicine 1990 Bernard B. Brodie lecture. Pharmacogenetics: Past and future.
Life Sci 47:1385–1397, 1990.
20.
Kalow W, Gunn DR: The relation between dose of
succinylcholine and duration of apnea in man. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 120:203–214,
1957.
21.
Ingelman-Sundberg M, Oscarson M, McLellan RA:
Polymorphic human cytochrome P450 enzymes: An opportunity for individualized drug
treatment. Trends Pharmacol Sci 20:342–349, 1999.
22.
Sata F, Sapone A, Elizondo G, et al: CYP3A4 allelic
variants with amino acid substitutions in exons 7 and 12: Evidence for an allelic
variant with altered catalytic activity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 67:48–56, 2000.
23.
Kuehl P, Zhang J, Lin Y, et al: Sequence diversity
in CYP3A promoters and characterization of the genetic basis of polymorphic CYP3A5
expression. Nat Genet 27:383–391, 2001.
24.
Blum M, Grant DM, McBride W, et al: Human arylamine
N-acetyltransferase genes: Isolation, chromosomal
localization, and functional expression. DNA Cell Biol 9:193–203, 1990.
25.
Lin HJ, Han CY, Lin BK, Hardy S: Slow acetylator
mutations in the human polymorphic N-acetyltransferase
gene in 786 Asians, blacks, Hispanics, and whites: Application to metabolic epidemiology.
Am J Hum Genet 52:827–834, 1993.
26.
Remy CN: Metabolism of thiopyrimidines and thiopurines:
S-methylation with S-adenosylmethionine
transmethylase and catabolism in mammalian tissues. J Biol Chem 238:1078–1084,
1963.
27.
Woodson LC, Weinshilboum RM: Human kidney thiopurine
methyltransferase, purification and biochemical properties. Biochem Pharmacol 32:819–826,
1983.
28.
Banks RGS, Henderson RJ, Pratt JM: Reactions of
gases in solution. Some reactions of nitrous oxide with transition metal complexes.
J Chem Soc 3(Suppl A):2886, 1968.
29.
Hong K, Trudell JR, O'Neil JR, Cohen EN: Metabolism
of nitrous oxide by human and rat intestinal contents. Anesthesiology 52:16–19,
1980.
30.
Amess JA, Burman JF, Rees GM, et al: Megaloblastic
haemopoiesis in patients receiving nitrous oxide. Lancet 2:339–342, 1978.
31.
Van Dyke RA: Biotransformation. In
Chenoweth MB (ed): Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. New York, Springer-Verlag,
1972, p 354.
32.
Rao GS, Meridian DJ, Tong YS, et al: Biochemical
toxicology of chronic nitrous oxide exposures. Pharmologist 21:216, 1979.
33.
Rice SA, Mazze RI, Baden JM: Effects of subchronic
intermittent exposure to nitrous oxide in Swiss Webster mice. J Environ Pathol Toxicol
Oncol 6:271–281, 1985.
34.
Linde HW, Berman ML: Nonspecific stimulation of
drug-metabolizing enzymes by inhalation anesthetic agents. Anesth Analg 50:656–667,
1971.
35.
Cullen SC, Gross EG: The anesthetic properties
of xenon in animals and human beings, with additional observations on krypton. Science
113:580–582, 1951.
36.
Froeba G, Marx T, Pazhur J, et al: Xenon does
not trigger malignant hyperthermia in susceptible swine. Anesthesiology 91:1047–1052,
1999.
37.
Jaffrin MY, Kesic P: Airway resistance: A fluid
mechanical approach. J Appl Physiol 36:354–361, 1974.
38.
Zhang P, Ohara A, Mashimo T, et al: Pulmonary
resistance in dogs: A comparison of xenon with nitrous oxide. Can J Anaesth 42:547–553,
1995.
39.
Morris LE, Knott JR, Pittinger CB: Electro-encephalographic
and blood gas observations in human surgical patients during xenon anesthesia. Anesthesiology
16:312–319, 1955.
40.
Lachmann B, Armbruster S, Schairer W, et al: Safety
and efficacy of xenon in routine use as an inhalational anaesthetic. Lancet 335:1413–1415,
1990.
41.
Luttropp HH, Thomasson R, Dahm S, et al: Clinical
experience with minimal flow xenon anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 38:121–125,
1994.
42.
Hofland J, Gultuna I, Tenbrinck R: Xenon anaesthesia
for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a patient with Eisenmenger's syndrome. Br J
Anaesth 86:882–886, 2001.
43.
Burov NE, Molchanov IV, Nikolaev LL, Rashchupkin
AB: [The method of low-flow xenon anesthesia]. Anesteziol Reanimatol 3:31–34,
2003.
44.
Goto T, Saito H, Shinkai M, et al: Xenon provides
faster emergence from anesthesia than does nitrous oxidesevoflurane or nitrous oxide-isoflurane.
Anesthesiology 86:1273–1278, 1997.
45.
Rossaint R, Reyle-Hahn M, Schulte AM, et al: Multicenter
randomized comparison of the efficacy and safety of xenon and isoflurane in patients
undergoing elective surgery. Anesthesiology 98:6–13, 2003.
46.
Kharasch ED, Hankins DC, Fenstamaker K, Cox K:
Human halothane metabolism, lipid peroxidation, and cytochromes P(450)2A6 and P(450)3A4.
Eur J Clin Pharmacol 55:853–859, 2000.
47.
Lind RC, Gandolfi AJ, Hall PD: The role of oxidative
biotransformation of halothane in the guinea pig model of halothane-associated hepatotoxicity.
Anesthesiology 70:649–653, 1989.
48.
Muller R, Stier A: Modification of liver microsomal
lipids by halothane metabolites; a multi nuclear NMR spectroscopic study. Naunyn
Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 321:234–237, 1982.
49.
Cohen EN, Trudell JR, Edmunds HN, Watson E: Urinary
metabolites of halothane in man. Anesthesiology 43:392–401, 1975.
50.
Maiorino RM, Sipes IG, Gandolfi AJ, et al: Factors
affecting the formation of chlorotrifluoroethane and chlorodifluoroethylene from
halothane. Anesthesiology 54:383–389, 1981.
51.
Baker MT, Nelson RM, Van Dyke RA: The release
of inorganic fluoride from halothane and halothane metabolites by cytochrome P-450,
hemin, and hemoglobin. Drug Metab Dispos 11:308–311, 1983.
52.
Sipes IG, Brown BR Jr: An animal model of hepatotoxicity
associated with halothane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 45:622–628, 1976.
53.
Sharp JH, Trudell JR, Cohen EN: Volatile metabolites
and decomposition products of halothane in man. Anesthesiology 50:2–8, 1979.
54.
Ahr HJ, King LJ, Nastainczyk W, Ullrich V: The
mechanism of reductive dehalogenation of halothane by liver cytochrome P450. Biochem
Pharmacol 31:383–390, 1982.
55.
de Groot H, Harnisch U, Noll T: Suicidal inactivation
of microsomal cytochrome P-450 by halothane under hypoxic conditions. Biochem Biophys
Res Commun 107:885–891, 1982.
56.
Raventos J, Lemon PG: The impurities in Fluothane:
Their biological properties. Br J Anaesth 37:716–737, 1965.
57.
Kharasch ED, Hankins D, Mautz D, Thummel KE: Identification
of the enzyme responsible for oxidative halothane metabolism: Implications for prevention
of halothane hepatitis. Lancet 347:1367–1371, 1996.
58.
Jee RC, Sipes IG, Gandolfi AJ, Brown BR Jr: Factors
influencing halothane hepatotoxicity in the rat hypoxic model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol
52:267–277, 1980.
59.
Rice SA, Maze M, Smith CM, et al: Halothane hepatotoxicity
in Fischer 344 rats pretreated with isoniazid. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 87:411–419,
1987.
60.
Garton KJ, Yuen P, Meinwald J, et al: Stereoselective
metabolism of enflurane by human liver cytochrome P450 2E1. Drug Metab Dispos 23:1426–1430,
1995.
61.
Burke TR Jr, Branchflower RV, Lees DE, Pohl LR:
Mechanism of defluorination of enflurane. Identification of an organic metabolite
in rat and man. Drug Metab Dispos 9:19–24, 1981.
62.
Miller MS, Gandolfi AJ: Enflurane biotransformation
in humans. Life Sci 27:1465–1468, 1980.
63.
Christ DD, Satoh H, Kenna JG, Pohl LR: Potential
metabolic basis for enflurane hepatitis and the apparent cross-sensitization between
enflurane and halothane. Drug Metab Dispos 16:135–140, 1988.
64.
Hoffman J, Konopka K, Buckhorn C, et al: Ethanol-inducible
cytochrome P450 in rabbits metabolizes enflurane. Br J Anaesth 63:103–108,
1989.
65.
Thummel KE, Kharasch ED, Podoll T, Kunze K: Human
liver microsomal enflurane defluorination catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 2E1. Drug
Metab Dispos 21:350–357, 1993.
66.
Wrighton SA, Thomas PE, Molowa DT, et al: Characterization
of ethanol-inducible human liver N-nitrosodimethylamine
demethylase. Biochemistry 25:6731–6735, 1986.
67.
Kharasch ED, Thummel KE: Identification of cytochrome
P450 2E1 as the predominant enzyme catalyzing human liver microsomal defluorination
of sevoflurane, isoflurane, and methoxyflurane. Anesthesiology 79:795–807,
1993.
68.
Kharasch ED, Hankins DC, Cox K: Clinical isoflurane
metabolism by cytochrome P450 2E1. Anesthesiology 90:766–771, 1999.
69.
Hitt BA, Mazze RI: Effect of enzyme induction
on nephrotoxicity of halothane-related compounds. Environ Health Perspect 21:179–183,
1977.
70.
Mazze RI, Hitt BA, Cousins MJ: Effect of enzyme
induction with phenobarbital on the in vivo and in vitro defluorination of isoflurane
and methoxyflurane. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 190:523–529, 1974.
71.
Caughey GH, Rice SA, Kosek JC, Mazze RI: Effect
of phenytoin (DPH) treatment on methoxyflurane metabolism in rats. J Pharmacol Exp
Ther 210:180–185, 1979.
72.
Van Dyke RA: Enflurane, isoflurane, and methoxyflurane
metabolism in rat hepatic microsomes from ethanol-treated animals. Anesthesiology
58:221–224, 1983.
73.
Rice SA, Talcott RE: Effects of isoniazid treatment
on selected hepatic mixed-function oxidases. Drug Metab Dispos 7:260–262,
1979.
74.
Rice SA, Sbordone L, Mazze RI: Metabolism by rat
hepatic microsomes of fluorinated ether anesthetics following isoniazid administration.
Anesthesiology 53:489–493, 1980.
75.
Holaday DA, Fiserova-Bergerova V, Latto IP, Zumbiel
MA: Resistance of isoflurane to biotransformation in man. Anesthesiology 43:325–332,
1975.
76.
Koblin DD, Eger EI, Johnson BH, et al: I-653 resists
degradation in rats. Anesth Analg 67:534–538, 1988.
77.
Sutton TS, Koblin DD, Gruenke LD, et al: Fluroide
metabolites after prolonged exposure of volunteers and patients to desflurane. Anesth
Analg 73:180–185, 1991.
78.
Eger EI, Johnson BH, Strum DP, Ferrell LD: Studies
of the toxicity of I-653, halothane, and isoflurane in enzyme-induced, hypoxic rats.
Anesth Analg 66:1227–1229, 1987.
79.
Cook TL, Beppu WJ, Hitt BA, et al: Renal effects
and metabolism of sevoflurane in fisher 3444 rats: An in-vivo and in-vitro comparison
with methoxyflurane. Anesthesiology 43:70–77, 1975.
80.
Cook TL, Beppu WJ, Hitt BA, et al: A comparison
of renal effects and metabolism of sevoflurane and methoxyflurane in enzyme-induced
rats. Anesth Analg 54:829–835, 1975.
81.
Holaday DA, Smith FR: Clinical characteristics
and biotransformation of sevoflurane in healthy human volunteers. Anesthesiology
54:100–106, 1981.
82.
Kharasch ED, Karol MD, Lanni C, Sawchuk R: Clinical
sevoflurane metabolism and disposition. I. Sevoflurane and metabolite pharmacokinetics.
Anesthesiology 82:1369–1378, 1995.
83.
Kharasch ED, Armstrong AS, Gunn K, et al: Clinical
sevoflurane metabolism and disposition. II. The role of cytochrome P450 2E1 in fluoride
and hexafluoroisopropanol formation. Anesthesiology 82:1379–1388, 1995.
84.
Baker MT, Ronnenberg WC Jr, Ruzicka JA, et al:
Inhibitory effects of deuterium substitution on the metabolism of sevoflurane by
the rat. Drug Metab Dispos 21:1170–1171, 1993.
85.
Kikuchi H, Morio M, Fujii K, et al: Clinical evaluation
and metabolism of sevoflurane in patients. Hiroshima J Med Sci 36:93–97, 1987.
86.
Frink EJ Jr, Ghantous H, Malan TP, et al: Plasma
inorganic fluoride with sevoflurane anesthesia: Correlation with indices of hepatic
and renal function. Anesth Analg 74:231–235, 1992.
87.
Rice SA, Sbordone L, Mazze RI: Metabolism by rat
hepatic microsomes of fluorinated ether anesthetics following isoniazid administration.
Anesthesiology 53:489–493, 1980.
88.
Van Dyke RA: Enflurane, isoflurane, and methoxyflurane
metabolism in rat hepatic microsomes from ethanol-treated animals. Anesthesiology
58:221–224, 1983.
89.
Drayer DE: Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic
differences between drug enantiomers in humans: An overview. Clin Pharmacol Ther
40:125–133, 1986.
90.
Tucker GT, Lennard MS: Enantiomer specific pharmacokinetics.
Pharmacol Ther 45:309–329, 1990.
91.
Brikett DJ: Racemates or enantiomers: Regulatory
approaches. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 16:479, 1989.
92.
Ariens EJ, Testa B: Chiral aspects of drug metabolism.
Trends Pharmacol 7:60, 1986.
93.
Howard-Lock HE, Lock CJ, Mewa A, Kean WF: D-Penicillamine:
Chemistry and clinical use in rheumatic disease. Semin Arthritis Rheum 15:261–281,
1986.
94.
SatoH K, Yanagisawa T, Taira N: Coronary vasodilator
and cardiac effects of optical isomers of verapamil in the dog. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol
2:309–318, 1980.
95.
Powell JR, Ambre JJ, Rud TI: Drug stereochemistry.
In Wainer IW, Drayer DE (eds): Analytical Methods
and Pharmacology. New York, Dekker, 1988, p 245.
96.
Buchinger W, Ober O, Uray G, et al: Synthesis
and effects on peripheral thyroid hormone conversion of (R)-4-hydroxypropanolol,
a main metabolite of (R)-propranolol. Chirality
3:145, 1991.
97.
Grisslinger G, Hering W, Thomann P, et al: Pharmacokinetics
and pharmacodynamics of ketamine enantiomers in surgical patients using a stereoselective
analytical method. Br J Anaesth 70:666–671, 1993.
98.
Kharasch ED, Labroo R: Metabolism of ketamine
stereoisomers by human liver microsomes. Anesthesiology 77:1201–1207, 1992.
99.
Brau ME, Branitzki P, Olschewski A, et al: Block
of neuronal tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+
currents by stereoisomers of piperidine
local anesthetics. Anesth Analg 91:1499–1505, 2000.
100.
Blaschke G, Kraft HP, Fickentscher K, Kohler F:
Chromatographic separation of racemic thalidomide and teratogenic activity of its
enantiomers [author's transl]. Arzneimittelforschung 29:1640–1642, 1979.
101.
Martin JL, Meinwald J, Radford P, et al: Stereoselective
metabolism of halothane enantiomers to trifluoroacetylated liver proteins. Drug
Metab Rev 27:179–189, 1995.
102.
Kendig JJ, Trudell JR, Cohen EN: Halothane steeoisomers:
Lack of stereospecificity in two model systems. Anesthesiology 39:518–524,
1973.
103.
Lysko GS, Robinson JL, Casto R, Ferrone RA: The
stereospecific effects of isoflurane isomers in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 263:25–29,
1994.
104.
Harris B, Moody E, Skolnick P: Isoflurane anesthesia
is stereoselective. Eur J Pharmacol 217:215–216, 1992.
105.
Moody EJ, Harris BD, Skolnick P: Stereospecific
actions of the inhalation anesthetic isoflurane at the GABAA
receptor
complex. Brain Res 615:101–106, 1993.
106.
Jones MV, Harrison NL: Effects of volatile anesthetics
on the kinetics of inhibitory postsynaptic currents in cultured rat hippocampal neurons.
J Neurophysiol 70:1339–1349, 1993.
107.
Harris BD, Moody EJ, Basile AS, Skolnick P: Volatile
anesthetics bidirectionally and stereospecifically modulate ligand binding to GABA
receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 267:269–274, 1994.
108.
Bunker JP, Blumenfeld CM: Liver necrosis after
halothane anesthesia: Cause or coincidence? N Engl J Med 268:531–534, 1963.
109.
Brody GL, Sweet RB: Halothane anesthesia as a
possible cause of massive hepatic necrosis. Anesthesiology 24:29–37, 1963.
110.
Gall EA: Report of the Pathology Panel: National
Halothane Study. Anesthesiology 29:233–248, 1968.
111.
Peters RL, Edmondson HA, Reynolds TB, et al:
Hepatic necrosis associated with halothane anesthesia. Am J Med 47:748–764,
1969.
112.
Subcommittee on the National Halothane Study of
the Committee on Anesthesia, National Academy of Sciences: National Research Council
Summary of the National Halothane Study: Possible association between halothane
anesthesia and postoperative necrosis. JAMA 197:775, 1966.
113.
Davis M, Eddleston AL, Neuberger JM, et al: Halothane
hepatitis. N Engl J Med 303:1123–1124, 1980.
114.
Van Pelt FN, Straub P, Manns MP: Molecular basis
of drug-induced immunological liver injury. Semin Liver Dis 15:283–300, 1995.
115.
Baker MT, Van Dyke RA: Hepatotoxicity of halogenated
anesthetics. In Rice SA, Fish KJ (eds): Anesthetic
Toxicity. New York, Raven Press, 1994, p 73.
116.
Lewis JH, Zimmerman HJ, Ishak KG, Mullick FG:
Enflurane hepatotoxicity: A clinicopathologic study of 24 cases. Ann Intern Med
98:984–992, 1983.
117.
Carrigan TW, Straughen WJ: A report of hepatic
necrosis and death following isoflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 67:581–583,
1987.
118.
Sinha A, Clatch RJ, Stuck G, et al: Isoflurane
hepatotoxicity: A case report and review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol
91:2406–2409, 1996.
119.
Martin JL, Plevak DJ, Flannery KD, et al: Hepatotoxicity
after desflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 83:1125–1129, 1995.
120.
Pohl LR, Satoh H, Christ DD, Kenna JG: The immunologic
and metabolic basis of drug hypersensitivities. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 28:367–387,
1988.
121.
Vergani D, Mieli-Vergani G, Alberti A, et al:
Antibodies to the surface of halothane-altered rabbit hepatocytes in patients with
severe halothane-associated hepatitis. N Engl J Med 303:66–71, 1980.
122.
Pohl LR, Pumford NR, Martin JL: Mechanisms, chemical
structures and drug metabolism. Eur J Haematol Suppl 60:98–104, 1996.
123.
Kenna JG: Immunoallergic drug-induced hepatitis:
Lessons from halothane. J Hepatol 26(Suppl 1):5–12, 1997.
124.
Kenna JG, Satoh H, Christ DD, Pohl LR: Metabolic
basis for a drug hypersensitivity: Antibodies in sera from patients with halothane
hepatitis recognize liver neoantigens that contain the trifluoroacetyl group derived
from halothane. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 245:1103–1109, 1988.
125.
Martin JL, Pumford NR, LaRosa AC, et al: A metabolite
of halothane covalently binds to an endoplasmic reticulum protein that is highly
homologous to phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-alpha but has no activity.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun 178:679–685, 1991.
126.
Butler LE, Thomassen D, Martin JL, et al: The
calcium-binding protein calreticulin is covalently modified in rat liver by a reactive
metabolite of the inhalation anesthetic halothane. Chem Res Toxicol 5:406–410,
1992.
127.
Martin JL, Reed GF, Pohl LR: Association of anti-58
kDa endoplasmic reticulum antibodies with halothane hepatitis. Biochem Pharmacol
46:1247–1250, 1993.
128.
Martin JL, Kenna JG, Martin BM, et al: Halothane
hepatitis patients have serum antibodies that react with protein disulfide isomerase.
Hepatology 18:858–863, 1993.
129.
Pumford NR, Martin BM, Thomassen D, et al: Serum
antibodies from halothane hepatitis patients react with the rat endoplasmic reticulum
protein ERp72. Chem Res Toxicol 6:609–615, 1993.
130.
Bourdi M, Demady D, Martin JL, et al: CDNA cloning
and baculovirus expression of the human liver endoplasmic reticulum P58: Characterization
as a protein disulfide isomerase isoform, but not as a protease or a carnitine acyltransferase.
Arch Biochem Biophys 323:397–403. 1995.
131.
Pohl LR: An immunochemical approach of identifying
and characterizing protein targets of toxic reactive metabolites. Chem Res Toxicol
6:786–793, 1993.
132.
Gut J, Christen U, Huwyler J: Mechanisms of halothane
toxicity: Novel insights. Pharmacol Ther 58:133–155, 1993.
133.
Reves JG, McCracken LE Jr: Failure to induce
hepatic pathology in animals sensitized to a halothane metabolite and subsequently
challenged with halothane. Anesth Analg 55:235–242, 1976.
134.
Neuberger JM, Kenna JG, Williams R: Halothane
hepatitis: Attempt to develop an animal model. Int J Immunopharmacol 9:123–131,
1987.
135.
Chen M, Gandolfi J: Characterization of the humoral
immune response and hepatotoxicity after multiple halothane exposures in guinea pigs.
Drug Metab Rev 29:103–122, 1997.
136.
Lunam CA, Cousins MJ, Hall PD: Guinea-pig model
of halothane-associated hepatotoxicity in the absence of enzyme induction and hypoxia.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther 232:802–809, 1985.
137.
Lind RC, Gandolfi AJ, Hall PD: Covalent binding
of oxidative biotransformation intermediates is associated with halothane hepatotoxicity
in guinea pigs. Anesthesiology 73:1208–1213, 1990.
138.
Furst SM, Luedke D, Gaw HH, et al: Demonstration
of a cellular immune response in halothane-exposed guinea pigs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol
143:245–255, 1997.
139.
Palucka K, Banchereau J: Dendritic cells: A
link between innate and adaptive immunity. J Clin Immunol 19:12–25, 1999.
140.
Bourdi M, Amouzadeh HR, Rushmore TH, et al: Halothane-induced
liver injury in outbred guinea pigs: Role of trifluoroacetylated protein adducts
in animal susceptibility. Chem Res Toxicol 14:362–370, 2001.
141.
Neuberger JM, Kenna JG, Williams R: Halothane
hepatitis: Attempt to develop an animal model. Int J Immunopharmacol 9:123–131,
1987.
142.
Barton JDM: Jaundice and halothane. Lancet 1:1087,
1959.
143.
Crowe GR: Halothane hepatitis in children. Med
J Aust 1:794, 1977.
144.
Campbell RL, Small EW, Lesesne HR, et al: Fatal
hepatic necrosis after halothane anesthesia in a boy with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis:
A case report. Anesth Analg 56:589–593, 1977.
145.
Psacharopoulos HT, Mowat AP, Davies M, et al:
Fulminant hepatic failure in childhood: An analysis of 31 cases. Arch Dis Child
55:252–258, 1980.
146.
Smith RM: Anesthesia for Infants and Children,
4th ed. St. Louis, CV Mosby, 1980.
147.
Lewis RB, Blair M: Halothane hepatitis in a young
child. Br J Anaesth 54:349–354, 1982.
148.
Wark HJ: Postoperative jaundice in children:
The influence of halothane. Anaesthesia 38:237–242, 1983.
149.
Warner LO, Beach TP, Garvin JP, Warner EJ: Halothane
and children: The first quarter century. Anesth Analg 63:838–840, 1984.
150.
Kenna JG, Neuberger J, Mieli-Vergani G, et al:
Halothane hepatitis in children. Br Med J 294:1209–1211, 1987.