 |
|
|
REFERENCES
1.
Nunn JF: Oxygen. In
Nunn's Applied Respiratory Physiology, 4th ed. London, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1993.
2.
Kreit JW, Rogers RM: Approach to the patient with
acute respiratory failure. In Ayres SM, Grenvik
A, Holbrook PR, Shoemaker WC (eds): Textbook of Critical Care Medicine, 3rd ed.
Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1995.
3.
Markello R, Winter P, Olszowka A: Assessment of
ventilation-perfusion inequalities by arterial-alveolar nitrogen differences in intensive
care patients. Anesthesiology 37:4, 1972.
4.
Deneke SM, Fanberg BL: Normobaric oxygen toxicity
of the lung. N Engl J Med 303:76, 1980.
5.
Heuer AJ, Scanlan CL: Medical gas therapy. In
Fundamentals of Respiratory Care, 8th ed. Chicago, Mosby Year Book, 1999, p 827.
6.
Branson RD: The nuts and bolts of increasing arterial
oxygenation: Devices and techniques. Respir Care 38:672–686, 1993.
7.
Campkin NTA, Ooi RG, Soni NC: The rebreathing characteristics
of the Hudson oxygen mask. Anaesthesia 48:239, 1993.
8.
Smith SW, Biros M: Relief of imminent respiratory
failure from upper airway obstruction by use of helium-oxygen: A case series and
brief review. Acad Emerg Med 6:953, 1999.
9.
Ho AM-H, Lee A, Karmaker MK, et al: Heliox vs air-oxygen
mixtures for the treatment of patients with acute asthma. A systematic overview.
Chest 123:882, 2003.
10.
Gerbbeaux P, Gainnier M, Boussuges A, et al: Use
of heliox in patients with severe exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Crit Care Med 29:2322, 2001.
11.
Hollman G, Shen G, Zeng L, et al: Helium-oxygen
improves clinical asthma scores in children with acute bronchiolitis. Crit Care
Med 26:1731, 1998.
12.
Rubin LJ: Primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl
J Med 336:111, 1997.
13.
Kaisers U, Busch T, Deja M, et al: Selective pulmonary
vasodilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 31:S337, 2003.
14.
Michael JR, Barton RG, Saffle JR, et al: Inhaled
nitric oxide versus conventional therapy: Effect on oxygenation in ARDS. Am J Respir
Crit Care Med 157:1372, 1998.
15.
Dellinger RP, Zimmerman JL, Taylor RW, et al:
Effects of inhaled nitric oxide in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome:
Results of a randomized phase II trial. Crit Care Med 28:15, 1998.
16.
Hubbard RB, Smith CJP, Smeeth L, et al: Inhaled
corticosteroids and hip fracture: A population-based case-control study. Am J Respir
Crit Care Med 166:1563, 2002.
17.
Hirschel B, Lazzarin A, Chopard P, et al: A controlled
study of inhaled pentamidine for primary prevention of Pneumocystis
carinii pneumonia. N Engl J Med 324:1079, 1991.
18.
Ramsey BW, Pepe MS, Quan JM, et al: Intermittent
administration of inhaled tobramycin in patients with cystic fibrosis. N Engl J
Med 340:23, 1999.
19.
Hodson ME, Gallagher CG, Govan JRW: A randomised
clinical trial of nebulised tobramycin or colistin in cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir
J 20:659, 2002.
20.
Reichenspurner H, Gamberg P, Nitschke M, et al:
Significant reduction in the number of fungal infections after lung-, heart-lung,
and heart transplantation using aerosolized amphotericin B prophylaxis. Transplant
Proc 29:627, 1997.
21.
Committee on Infectious Diseases: Reassessment
of the indications for ribavirin therapy in respiratory syncytial virus infections.
Pediatrics 97:137, 1996.
22.
McColl MD, Corser RB, Bremner J, Chopra R: Respiratory
syncytial virus infection in adult BMT recipients: Effective therapy with short
duration nebulised ribavirin. Bone Marrow Trans 21:423, 1998.
23.
Fuchs HJ, Borowitz DS, Christiansen DH, et al:
Effect of aerosolized recombinant human DNase on exacerbation of respiratory symptoms
and on pulmonary function in patients with cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med 331:637,
1994.
24.
Olschewski H, Simonneau G, Galie N, et al: Inhaled
iloprost for severe pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 347:322, 2002.
25.
Walmrath D, Schneider T, Schermuly R, et al: Direct
comparison of inhaled nitric oxide and aerosolized prostacyclin in acute respiratory
distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153:991, 1996.
26.
Hess D: Inhaled bronchodilators during mechanical
ventilation: Delivery techniques, evaluation of response, and cost-effectiveness.
Respir Care 39:105, 1994.
27.
Fink JB, Dhand R, Duarte AG, et al: Aerosol delivery
from a metered-dose inhaler during mechanical ventilation: An in
vitro model. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154:382, 1996.
28.
Duarte AG, Dhand R, Reid R, et al: Serum albuterol
levels in mechanically ventilated patients and healthy subjects after metered-dose
inhaler administration. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154:1658, 1996.
29.
Dhand R, Duarte AG, Jubran A, et al: Dose-response
to bronchodilator delivered by metered-dose inhaler in ventilator-supported patients.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154:388, 1996.
30.
Hall JC, Tarala R, Harris J, et al: Incentive
spirometry versus routine chest physiotherapy for prevention of pulmonary complications
after abdominal surgery. Lancet 337:953, 1991.
31.
Thomas JA, McIntosh JM: Are incentive spirometry,
intermittent positive pressure breathing, and deep breathing exercises effective
in the prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications after upper abdominal
surgery? A systematic overview and meta-analysis. Phys Therapy 74:3, 1994.
32.
Hall JC, Tarala RA, Tapper J, et al: Prevention
of respiratory complications after abdominal surgery: A randomised clinical trial.
BMJ 312:148, 1996.
33.
Pryor JA: Physiotherapy for airway clearance in
adults. Eur Respir J 14:1418, 1999.
34.
Pasquina P, Tramer MR, Walder B: Prophylactic
respiratory physiotherapy after cardiac surgery: Systematic review. BMJ 327:1379,
2003.
35.
Overend TJ, Anderson CM, Lucy SD, et al: The effect
of incentive spirometry on postoperative pulmonary complications: A systematic review.
Chest 120:971, 2001.
36.
Jones AP, Rowe BH: Bronchopulmonary hygiene physical
therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis [Cochrane Review].
The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2003.
37.
Thomas J, Cook DJ, Brooks D: Chest physical therapy
management of patients with cystic fibrosis: A meta-analysis. Am J Respir Crit
Care Med 151:846, 1995.
38.
Bateman JRM, Newman SP, Daunt KM, et al: Is cough
as effective as chest physiotherapy in the removal of excessive tracheobronchial
secretions? Thorax 36:683, 1981.
39.
May DB, Munt PW: Physiologic effects of chest
percussion and postural drainage in patients with stable chronic bronchitis. Chest
75:29, 1979.
40.
Thompson CS, Harrison S, Ashley J, et al: Randomised
crossover study of the Flutter device and the active cycle of breathing technique
in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Thorax 57:446, 2002.
41.
Konstan MW, Stern RC, Doershuk CF: Efficacy of
the Flutter device for airway mucus clearance in patients with cystic fibrosis.
J Pediatr 124:689, 1994.
42.
Homnick DN, White F, de Castro C: Comparison of
effects of an intrapulmonary percussive ventilator to standard aerosol and chest
physiotherapy in treatment of cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 20:50, 1995.
43.
Scherer TA, Barandun J, Martinez E: Effect of
high-frequency oral airway and chest wall oscillation and conventional chest physical
therapy on expectoration in patients with stable cystic fibrosis. Chest 113:1019,
1998.
44.
Raoof S, Chowdhrey N, Raoof S, et al: Effect of
combined kinetic therapy and percussion therapy on the resolution of atelectasis
in critically ill patients. Chest 115:1658, 1999.
45.
Celli BR, Rodriguez KS, Snider GL: A controlled
trial of intermittent positive pressure breathing, incentive spirometry, and deep
breathing exercises in preventing pulmonary complications after abdominal surgery.
Am Rev Respir Dis 130:12, 1984.
46.
Campbell T, Ferguson N, McKinlay RGC: The use
of a simple self-administered method of positive expiratory pressure (PEP) in chest
physiotherapy after abdominal surgery. Physiotherapy 72:498, 1986.
47.
van der Schans CP, de Jong W, de Vries G, et al:
Effects of positive expiratory pressure breathing during exercise in patients with
COPD. Chest 105:782, 1994.
48.
McIlwaine PM, Wong LT, Peacock D: Long-term comparative
trial of conventional postural drainage and percussive versus positive expiratory
pressure physiotherapy in the treatment of cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 131:570, 1997.
49.
Stock MC, Downs JB, Cooper RB, et al: Comparison
of continuous positive airway pressure, incentive spirometry, and conservative therapy
after cardiac operations. Crit Care Med 12:969, 1984.
50.
Stock MC, Downs JB, Gauer PK, et al: Prevention
of postoperative pulmonary complications with CPAP, incentive spirometry, and conservative
therapy. Chest 87:151, 1985.
51.
Chatwin M, Ross E, Hart N, et al: Cough augmentation
with mechanical insufflation/exsufflation in patients with neuromuscular weakness.
Eur Respir J 21:502, 2003.
52.
AARC clinical practice guideline: Endotracheal
suctioning of mechanically ventilated adults and children with artificial airway.
Respir Care 38:500, 1993.
53.
AARC clinical practice guideline: Nasotracheal
suctioning. Respir Care 37:898, 1992.
54.
Kreider ME, Lipson DA: Bronchoscopy for atelectasis
in the ICU: A case report and review of the literature. Chest 124:344, 2003.
55.
Marini JJ, Pierson DJ, Hudson LD: Acute lobar
atelectasis: A prospective comparison of fiberoptic bronchoscopy and respiratory
therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis 119:971, 1979.
56.
Bredenberg CE, Kazui T, Webb WR: Experimental
pulmonary edema: The effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on lung water.
Ann Thorac Surg 26:62, 1978.
57.
Hopewell PC: Failure of positive end-expiratory
pressure to decrease lung water content in alloxan-induced pulmonary edema. Am Rev
Respir Dis 120:813, 1979.
58.
Demling RH, Staub NC, Edmonds LH: Effect of end-expiratory
airway pressure on accumulation of extravascular lung water. J Appl Physiol 38:907,
1975.
59.
Goldberg HS, Mitzner W, Batra G: Effect of transpulmonary
and vascular pressures on rate of pulmonary edema formation. J Appl Physiol 43:14,
1977.
60.
Shapiro BA, Cane RD, Harrison RA: Positive end
expiratory pressure therapy on adults with special reference to acute lung injury:
A review of the literature and suggested clinical correlations. Crit Care Med 12:127,
1984.
61.
Matamis D, Lemaire F, Hart A, et al: Total respiratory
pressure-volume curves in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Chest 86:58,
1984.
62.
Benito S, Lemaire F: Pulmonary pressure-volume
relationship in acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults: Role of positive
end-expiratory pressure. J Crit Care 5:27, 1990.
63.
Ranieri VM, Eissa NT, Corbeil C, et al: Effects
of positive end-expiratory pressure on alveolar recruitment and gas exchange in patients
with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 144:544, 1991.
64.
Leithner C, Podolsky A, Globits S, et al: Magnetic
resonance imaging of the heart during positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation
in normal subjects. Crit Care Med 22:426, 1994.
65.
Huemer G, Kolev N, Kurz A, et al: Influence of
positive end-expiratory pressure on right and left ventricular performance assessed
by Doppler two-dimensional echocardiography. Chest 106:67, 1994.
66.
Qvist J, Pontoppidan H, Wilson RS, et al: Hemodynamic
responses to mechanical ventilation with PEEP. Anesthesiology 42:45, 1975.
67.
Robotham JL, Lixfield W, Holland L, et al: The
effects of positive end expiratory pressure on right and left ventricular performance.
Am Rev Respir Dis 121:677, 1980.
68.
Pinsky MR, Desmet JM, Vincent JL: Effect of positive
end-expiratory pressure on right ventricular function in humans. Am Rev Respir Dis
146:681, 1992.
69.
Brooks H, Kirk ES, Vokonas C, et al: Performance
of the right ventricle under stress. J Clin Invest 50:2176, 1971.
70.
Jardin F, Farcot J, Boisante L, et al: Influence
of positive end expiratory pressure on left ventricular performance. N Engl J Med
304:387, 1981.
71.
Jardin F, Farcot J, Boisante L, et al: Influence
of positive end expiratory pressure on left ventricular performance. N Engl J Med
304:387, 1981.
72.
Terai C, Uenishi M, Sugimoto H, et al: Transesophageal
echocardiographic dimensional analysis of four chambers during positive end-expiratory
pressure. Anesthesiology 63:640, 1985.
73.
Grace MP, Greenbaum DM: Cardiac performance in
response to PEEP in patients with cardiac dysfunction. Crit Care Med 10:358, 1982.
74.
Nunn J: Positive end-expiratory pressure. Int
Anesthesiol Clin 22:149, 1984.
75.
Alvarez A, Subirana M, Benito S: Decelerating
flow ventilation effects in acute respiratory failure. J Crit Care 13:7, 1998.
76.
Esteban A, Anzueto A, Alia I, et al: How is mechanical
ventilation employed in the intensive care unit? An international utilization review.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161:1450, 2000.
77.
Kilburn KH: Shock, seizure and coma with alkalosis
during mechanical ventilation. Ann Intern Med 65:977, 1966.
78.
The ARDS Clinical Trials Network: A trial of a
traditional tidal volume versus a lower tidal volume ventilation strategy in acute
lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 342:18, 2000.
79.
Esteban A, Frutos F, Tobin MJ, et al: A comparison
of four methods of weaning from mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 332:345–350,
1995.
80.
Amato MBP, Barbos CSV, Bonassa J, et al: Volume-assured
pressure support ventilation (VAPSV): a new approach for reducing muscle workload
during acute respiratory failure. Chest 102:1225, 1992.
81.
Hillberg RE, Johnson DC: Noninvasive ventilation.
N Engl J Med. 337:1746, 1997.
82.
Tobias JD: Noninvasive ventilation using bi-level
positive airway pressure to treat impending respiratory failure in the postanesthesia
care unit. J Clin Anesth 12:409–412, 2000.
83.
Chiumello D, Pelosi P, Carlesso E, et al: Noninvasive
positive pressure ventilation delivered by helmet vs. standard face mask. Intensive
Care Med 29:1671–1678, 2003.
84.
Lofaso F, Brochard L, Hang T, et al: Home versus
intensive care pressure support devices. Experimental and clinical comparison.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153:1591, 1996.
85.
Lofaso F, Brochard L, Touchard D, et al: Evaluation
of carbon dioxide rebreathing during pressure support ventilation with airway management
system (BiPAP) devices. Chest 108:772, 1995.
86.
Antonelli M, Conti G: Noninvasive positive pressure
ventilation as treatment for acute respiratory failure in critically ill patients.
Crit Care 4:15, 2000.
87.
Flemons WW: Obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J
Med 347:498, 2002.
88.
Yasuyuki K, Floras JS, Kengo U, et al: Cardiovascular
effects of continuous positive airway pressure in patients with heart failure and
obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med 348:1233, 2003.
89.
Claman DM, Piper A, Sanders MH, et al: Nocturnal
noninvasive positive pressure assistance. Chest 110:1581, 1996.
90.
Meduri GU, Conoscenti CC, Menashe P, Noir S: Noninvasive
face mask ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. Chest 95:865,
1989.
91.
Brochard L, Mancebo J, Wysocki M, et al: Noninvasive
ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N
Engl J Med 333:817, 1995.
92.
Keenan SP, Sinuff T, Cook DJ, et al: Which patients
with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease benefit from noninvasive
positive-pressure ventilation? Ann Intern Med 138:861, 2003.
93.
Rasanen J, Heikkila J, Downs J, et al: Continuous
positive airway pressure by face mask in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Am J
Cardiol 55:296, 1985.
94.
Berstein AD, Holt AW, Vedig AE, et al: Treatment
of severe cardiogenic pulmonary edema with continuous positive pressure delivered
by face mask. N Engl J Med 325:1825, 1991.
95.
Lin M, Yang YF, Chiang HT, et al: Reappraisal
of continuous positive airway pressure therapy in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema:
Short-term results and long-term follow-up. Chest 107:1379, 1995.
96.
Pang D, Keenan SP, Cook DJ, Sibbald WJ: The effect
of positive pressure airway support on mortality and the need for intubation in cardiogenic
pulmonary edema: A systematic review. Chest 114:1185, 1998.
97.
Stefano N, Carbone G, DiBattista N, et al: Noninvasive
ventilation in cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168:1432,
2003.
98.
Mehta S, Jay GD, Woolard RH, et al: Randomized,
prospective trial of bilevel versus continuous positive airway pressure in acute
pulmonary edema. Crit Care Med 25:620, 1997.
99.
Tonget E, Mercatello A, Coronel B, et al: Respiratory
distress treated by positive pressure ventilation through a face mask in hematological
patients. Intensive Care Med 18(Suppl 2):S121, 1992.
100.
Conti G, Marino P, Cogliati A, et al: Noninvasive
ventilation for the treatment of acute respiratory failure in patients with hematologic
malignancies: A pilot study. Intensive Care Med 24:1283, 1998.
101.
Hilbert G, Gruson D, Vargas F, et al: Noninvasive
ventilation in immunosuppressed patients with pulmonary infiltrates, fever, and acute
respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 344:481, 2001.
102.
Antonelli M, Conti G, Rocco M, et al: A comparison
of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation and conventional mechanical ventilation
in patients with acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 339:429, 1998.
103.
Ferrer M, Esquinos A, Arancibia F, et al: Noninvasive
ventilation during persistent weaning failure, a randomized controlled trial. Am
J Respir Crit Care Med 168:70, 2003.
104.
Antonelli M, Conti G, Moro ML, et al: Predictors
of failure of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in patients with acute hypoxemic
respiratory failure: A multi-center study. Intensive Care Med 27:1718, 2001.
