Previous Next



REFERENCES

1. Kalb C: Taking a new look at pain. Newsweek, 2003, pp 43.

2. Statistics NCfH: National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Washington, DC, Dept of Health and Human Services, 1998.

3. Lawrence RC, Helmick CG, Arnett FC, et al: Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and selected musculoskeletal disorders in the United States. Arthritis Rheum 41:778–799, 1998.

4. Ashburn MA: Foreword. In Guideline for the Management of Pain in Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Juvenile Chronic Arthritis. Glenview, IL, American Pain Society, 2002.

5. Harstall C, Ospina M: How prevalent is chronic pain? IASP Pain Clinical Updates XI:1–4, 2003.

6. Jacobson L, Mariano AJ: General considerations of chronic pain. In Loeser JD, Butler SH, Chapman RC, Turk CD (eds): Bonica's Management of Pain, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001.

7. Merskey H, Bogduk M: Classification of Chronic Pain: Descriptions of Chronic Pain Syndromes and Definitions of Pain Terms. Seattle, WA, IASP Press, 1994.

8. Ready LB, Laird D: The interface between acute and chronic pain. In Ashburn MA, Rice LJ (eds): The Management of Pain. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1998.

9. Apfelbaum JL, Chen C, Mehta SS, Gan TJ: Postoperative pain experience: Results from a national survey suggest postoperative pain continues to be undermanaged. Anesth Analg 97:534–540, 2003.

10. Perkins FM, Kehlet H: Chronic pain as an outcome of surgery. A review of predictive factors. Anesthesiology 93:1123–1133, 2000.

11. Basbaum AI: Spinal mechanisms of acute and persistent pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med 24:59–67, 1999.

12. Dworkin RH: Which individuals with acute pain are most likely to develop a chronic pain syndrome? Pain Forum 6:127–136, 1997.

13. Gatchel RJ, Polatin PB, Mayer TG: The dominant role of psychosocial risk factors in the development of chronic low back pain disability. Spine 20:2702–2709, 1995.

14. Backonja MM: Defining neuropathic pain. Anesth Analg 97:785–790, 2003.

15. Sidall PJ: Introduction to pain mechanisms: Implications for neural blockade. In Cousins MJ, Bridenbaugh PO (eds): Neural Blockade in Clinical Anesthesia and Management of Pain. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven, 1998.

16. Turk DC, Okifuji A: Interdisciplinary approach to pain management: Philosophy, operations, efficacy. In Ashburn MA, Rice LJ (eds): The Management of Pain. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1998.

17. Byrod G, Olmarker K, Konno S, et al B: A rapid transport route between the epidural space and the intraneural capillaries of the nerve roots. Spine 20:138–143, 1995.

18. Sluka KA, Willis WD, Westlund KN: The role of dorsal root reflexes in neurogenic inflammation. Pain Forum 4:141, 1995.

19. Woolf CJ, Chong MS: Preemptive analgesia—treating postoperative pain by preventing the establishment of central sensitization. Anesth Analg 77:362–379, 1993.

20. Bennett G, Serafini M, Burchiel K, et al: Evidence-based review of the literature on intrathecal delivery of pain medication. J Pain Symptom Manage 20:S12–S36, 2000.

21. Bolay H, Moskowitz MA: Mechanisms of pain modulation in chronic syndromes. Neurology 59:S2–S7, 2002.

22. Petrenko AB, Yamakura T, Baba H, Shimoji K: The role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in pain: A review. Anesth Analg 97:1108–1116, 2003.

23. Yaksh T: Physiologic and pharmacologic substrates of nociception and nerve injury. In Cousins MJ, Bridenbaugh PO (eds): Neural Blockade in Clinical Anesthesia and Management of Pain. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven, 1998.

24. Burgess SE, Gardell LR, Ossipov MH, et al: Time-dependent descending facilitation from the rostral ventromedial medulla maintains, but does not initiate, neuropathic pain. J Neurosci 22:5129–5136, 2002.

25. Vanderah TW, Ossipov MH, Lai J, et al: Mechanisms of opioid-induced pain and antinociceptive tolerance: Descending facilitation and spinal dynorphin. Pain 92:5–9, 2001.

26. Melzack R, Wall PD: Pain mechanisms: A new theory. Science 150:971–979, 1965.

27. Melzack R: Psychological aspects of pain. Implications for neural blockade. In Cousins MJ, Bridenbaugh PO (eds): Neural Blockade in Clinical Anesthesia and Management of Pain. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven, 1998.

28. Doleys DM, Murray JB, Klapow JC: Psychological Assessment. In Ashburn MA, Rice LJ (eds): The Management of Pain. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1998.

29. Puttick MP: Rheumatology: 11. Evaluation of the patient with pain all over. CMAJ 164:223–7, 2001.


2779


30. Jacobson L, Mariano AJ, Chabal C, Chaney EF: Beyond the needle: Expanding the role of anesthesiologists in the management of chronic non-malignant pain. Anesthesiology 87:1210–1218, 1997.

31. Loeser JD: Medical evaluation of the patient with pain. In Loeser JD, Butler SH, Chapman RC, Turk CD (eds): Bonica's Management of Pain, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001.

32. Lasch KE: Culture and pain. IASP Pain Clinical Updates X:1–4, 2002.

33. Worz R: Pain and depression—depression and pain. IASP Pain Clinical Updates XI:1–4, 2003.

34. Marple RL, Kroenke K, Lucey CR, et al: Concerns and expectations in patients presenting with physical complaints. Frequency, physician perceptions and actions, and 2-week outcome. Arch Intern Med 157:1482–1488, 1997.

35. Otto M, Bak S, Bach FW, et al: Pain phenomena and possible mechanisms in patients with painful polyneuropathy. Pain 101:187–192, 2003.

36. Fishbain DA, Cole B, Cutler RB, et al: A structured evidence-based review on the meaning of nonorganic physical signs: Waddell signs. Pain Med 4:141–181, 2003.

37. Bigos S, Bowyer O, Braen G: Clinical Practice Guidelines: Quick Reference Guide No. 14: Acute Low Back Problems in Adults. Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research, 1995.

38. Johnson WL, Abram SE, Lynch NT: Pain clinic organization and staffing. In Abram SE, Hadden JD (eds): The Pain Clinic Manual. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.

39. Von Korff M, Barlow W, Cherkin D, Deyo RA: Effects of practice style in managing back pain. Ann Intern Med 121:187–195, 1994.

40. Egan TD: Modern clinical pharmacology concepts and pain management. In Ashburn MA, Rice LJ (eds): The Management of Pain. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1998.

41. Zuckerman LA, Ferrante FM: Nonopioid analgesia. In Ashburn MA, Rice LJ (eds): The Management of Pain. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1998.

42. Katz JA: Opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics. In Raj PP (ed): Pain Medicine: A Comprehensive Review. St. Louis, Mosby, 1996.

43. Gajraj NM: Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Anesth Analg 96:1720–1738, 2003.

44. Zhu X, Conklin D, Eisenach JC: Cyclooxygenase-1 in the spinal cord plays an important role in postoperative pain. Pain 104:15–23, 2003.

45. Bjorkman R, Hallman KM, Hedner J, et al: Acetaminophen blocks spinal hyperalgesia induced by NMDA and substance P. Pain 57:259–264, 1994.

46. Boureau F, Legallicier P, Kabir-Ahmadi M: Tramadol in post-herpetic neuralgia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pain 104:323–331, 2003.

47. Turk DC, Brody MC, Okifuji EA: Physicians' attitudes and practices regarding the long-term prescribing of opioids for non-cancer pain. Pain 59:201–208, 1994.

48. Turk DC, Okifuji A: What factors affect physicians' decisions to prescribe opioids for chronic noncancer pain patients? Clin J Pain 13:330–336, 1997.

49. Gimbel JS, Richards P, Portenoy RK: Controlled-release oxycodone for pain in diabetic neuropathy: A randomized controlled trial. Neurology 60:927–934, 2003.

50. Rowbotham MC, Twilling L, Davies PS, et al: Oral opioid therapy for chronic peripheral and central neuropathic pain. N Engl J Med 348:1223–1232, 2003.

51. Fishman SM, Kreis PG: The opioid contract. Clin J Pain 18:S70–S75, 2002.

52. Tassain V, Attal N, Fletcher D, et al: Long term effects of oral sustained release morphine on neuropsychological performance in patients with chronic non-cancer pain. Pain 104:389–400, 2003.

53. Mao J: Opioid-induced abnormal pain sensitivity: Implications in clinical opioid therapy. Pain 100:213–217, 2002.

54. Joranson DE, Ryan KM, Gilson AM, Dahl JL: Trends in medical use and abuse of opioid analgesics. JAMA 283:1710–1714, 2000.

55. Bonica JJ: Cancer pain. In bonica JJ (ed): Management of Pain. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1990.

56. Jacox A, Carr DB, Payne R: Clinical Practice Guidelines No. 9: Management of Cancer Pain. Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research, 1994.

57. Gouldin WM, Kennedy DT, Small RE: Methadone: History and recommendations for use in analgesia. APS Bulletin 10:1, 8–9, 2000.

58. Bruera E, Fainsinger R, MacEachern T, Hanson J: The use of methylphenidate in patients with incident cancer pain receiving regular opiates. A preliminary report. Pain 50:75–77, 1992.

59. Streisand JB, Ashburn MA: Noninvasive drug delivery systems. In Ashburn MA, Rice LJ (eds): The Management of Pain. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1998.

60. Lipman AG: Pharmacological approaches to pain management: Nontraditional analgesics and analgesic adjuvants. In Ashburn MA, Rice LJ (eds): The Management of Pain. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1998.

61. Galer BS: Advances in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: The topical lidocaine patch. Today's Ther Trends 18:1–20, 2000.

62. Galer BS: Typical Medications. In Loeser JD, Butler SH, Chapman RC, Turk CD (eds): Bonica's Management of Pain, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001.

63. Hocking G, Cousins MJ: Ketamine in chronic pain management: An evidence-based review. Anesth Analg 97:1730–1739, 2003.

64. Backonja MM: Use of anticonvulsants for treatment of neuropathic pain. Neurology 59:S14–S17, 2002.

65. Mao J, Chen LL: Gabapentin in pain management. Anesth Analg 91:680–687, 2000.

66. Singh D, Kennedy DH: The use of gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Clin Ther 25:852–889, 2003.

67. Tanelian DL, Brose WG: Neuropathic pain can be relieved by drugs that are use-dependent sodium channel blockers: Lidocaine, carbamazepine, and mexiletine. Anesthesiology 74:949–951, 1991.

68. Rosner H, Rubin L, Kestenbaum A: Gabapentin adjunctive therapy in neuropathic pain states. Clin J Pain 12:56–58, 1996.

69. Field MJ, Oles RJ, Lewis AS, McCleary S, et al: Gabapentin (neurontin) and S-(+)-3-isobutylgaba represent a novel class of selective antihyperalgesic agents. Br J Pharmacol 121:1513–1522, 1997.

70. Fishbain DA: Evidence-based data on pain relief with antidepressants. Ann Med 32:305–316, 2000.

71. Alper BS, Lewis PR: Treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: A systematic review of the literature. J Fam Pract 51:121–128, 2002.

72. Johnson RW, Dworkin RH: Treatment of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. BMJ 326:748–750, 2003.

73. McQuay HJ, Tramer M, Nye BA, et al: A systematic review of antidepressants in neuropathic pain. Pain 68:217–227, 1996.

74. Lejoyeux M, Ades J: Antidepressant discontinuation: A review of the literature. J Clin Psychiatry 58(Suppl)7:11–15, 1997; discussion 16.

75. Hogan QH, Abram SE: Diagnostic and prognostic neural blockade. In Cousins MJ, Bridenbaugh PO (eds): Neural Blockade in Clinical Anesthesia and Management of Pain. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven, 1998.

76. Hogan QH: Neural blockades for diagnosis and treatment of painful conditions. In Ashburn MA, Rice LJ (eds): The Management of Pain. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1998.

77. Manchikanti L, Staats P, Singh V: Evidence-based practice guidelines for interventional techniques in the management of chronic pain. Pain Physician 6:3–81, 2003.

78. Donner B, Dertwinkel R, Zenz M, et al: Long-term effects of nerve blocks in chronic pain. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 11:523–532, 1998.

79. Straus BN: Chronic pain of spinal origin: The costs of intervention. Spine 27:2614–2619, 2002; discussion 2620.
2780


80. Manning DC, Rowlingson JC: Back pain and the role of neural blockade. In Cousins MJ, Bridenbaugh PO (eds): Neural Blockade in Clinical Anesthesia and Management of Pain. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven, 1998.

81. Rowlingson JC, Keifer RB: Low back pain. In Ashburn MA, Rice LJ (eds): The Management of Pain. New York, New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1998.

82. Sola AE, Bonica JJ: Myofascial pain syndromes. In Loeser JD, Butler SH, Chapman RC, Turk CD (eds): Bonica's Management of Pain, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001.

83. Smith HS, Audette J, Royal MA: Botulinum toxin in pain management of soft tissue syndromes. Clin J Pain 18:S147S154, 2002.

84. Difazio M, Jabbari B: A focused review of the use of botulinum toxins for low back pain. Clin J Pain 18:S155–S162, 2002.

85. Okifuji A, Turk DC: Fibromyalgia syndrome: Prevalent and perplexing. IASP Pain Clinical Updates XI:1–4, 2003.

86. Leventhal LJ, Bouali H: Fibromyalgia: 20 clinical pearls. J Musculoskeletal Med 20:59–65, 2003.

87. Deyo RA, Weinstein JN: Primary care: Low back pain. N Engl J Med 344:363–370, 2001.

88. Abram SE: Factors that influence the decision to treat pain of spinal origin with epidural steroid injections. Reg Anesth Pain Med 26:2–4, 2001.

89. Fanciullo GJ, Hanscom B, Seville J, et al: An observational study of the frequency and pattern of use of epidural steroid injection in 25,479 patients with spinal and radicular pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med 26:5–11, 2001.

90. Cluff R, Mehio AK, Cohen SP, et al: The technical aspects of epidural steroid injections: A national survey. Anesth Analg 95:403–408, 2002.

91. Horlocker TT, Bajwa ZH, Ashraf Z, et al: Risk assessment of hemorrhagic complications associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medications in ambulatory pain clinic patients undergoing epidural steroid injection. Anesth Analg 95:1691–1697, 2002.

92. Fitzgibbon DR, Posner KL, Domino KB, et al: Chronic pain management: American Society of Anesthesiologists Closed Claims Project. Anesthesiology 100:98–105, 2004.

93. Lutz GE, Vad VB, Wisneski RJ: Fluoroscopic transforaminal lumbar epidural steroids: An outcome study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 79:1362–1366, 1998.

94. Rowlingson JC: Epidural steroid injections. In Wallace M, Staats P (eds): Just the Facts: Pain Medicine and Management. New York, McGraw-Hill (in press).

95. Manchikanti L: Evidence-based interventional pain medicine: Is there any evidence? Pain Physician 5:1–7, 2002.

96. Slipman CW, Lipetz JS, Jackson HB, et al: Therapeutic selective nerve root block in the nonsurgical treatment of atraumatic cervical spondylotic radicular pain: A retrospective analysis with independent clinical review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 81:741–746, 2000.

97. Botwin KP, Gruber RD, Bouchlas CG, et al: Complications of fluoroscopically guided transforaminal lumbar epidural injections. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 81:1045–1050, 2000.

98. Koes BW, Scholten R, Mens JMA, Barter LM: Epidural steroid injections for low back pain and sciatica: An updated systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Pain Digest 9:241–247, 1999.

99. Spaccarelli KC: Lumbar and caudal epidural corticosteroid injections. Mayo Clin Proc 71:169–178, 1996.

100. Karasek M, Bogduk N: Intradiscal electrothermal annuloplasty: Percutaneous treatment of chronic discogenic low back pain. Tech Reg Anesth Pain Manage 5:130–135, 2001.

101. Saal JA, Saal JS: Intradiscal electrothermal treatment for chronic discogenic low back pain: Prospective outcome study with a minimum 2-year follow-up. Spine 27:966–973, 2002; discussion 973–974.

102. Kapural L, Mekhail N: Radiofrequency ablation for chronic pain control. Curr Pain Headache Rep 5:517–525, 2001.

103. Geurts JW, van Wijk RM, Stolker RJ, Groen GJ: Efficacy of radiofrequency procedures for the treatment of spinal pain: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Reg Anesth Pain Med 26:394–400, 2001.

104. Deer TR: Current and future trends in spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep 5:503–509, 2001.

105. Kemler MA, Barendse GA, van Kleef M, et al: Spinal cord stimulation in patients with chronic reflex sympathetic dystrophy. N Engl J Med 343:618–624, 2000.

106. Cata JP, Cordella JV, Burton AW, et al: Spinal cord stimulation relieves chemotherapy-induced pain: A clinical case report. J Pain Symptom Manage 27:72–78, 2004.

107. Harke H, Gretenkort P, Ladleif HU, Koester P, Rahman S: Spinal cord stimulation in postherpetic neuralgia and in acute herpes zoster pain. Anesth Analg 94:694–700, 2002; table of contents.

108. North RB, Wetzel FT: Spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain of spinal origin: A valuable long-term solution. Spine 27:2584–91, 2002; discussion 2592.

109. Kumar K, Malik S, Demeria D: Treatment of chronic pain with spinal cord stimulation versus alternative therapies: Cost-effectiveness analysis. Neurosurgery 51:106–115, 2002; discussion 115–116.

110. Grabow TS, Derdzinski D, Staats PS: Spinal drug delivery. Curr Pain Headache Rep 5:510–516, 2001.

111. Bennett GJ: Update on the neurophysiology of pain transmission and modulation: Focus on the NMDA-receptor. J Pain Symptom Manage 19:S2–S6, 2000.

112. Janig W, Baron R: Complex regional pain syndrome: mystery explained? Lancet Neurol 2:687–697, 2003.

113. Maleki J, LeBel AA, Bennett GJ, Schwartzman RJ: Patterns of spread in complex regional pain syndrome, type I (reflex sympathetic dystrophy). Pain 88:259–266, 2000.

114. Bruehl S, Harden RN, Galer BS, et al: Complex regional pain syndrome: Are there distinct subtypes and sequential stages of the syndrome? Pain 95:119–124, 2002.

115. Rho RH, Brewer RP, Lamer TJ, Wilson PR: Complex regional pain syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 77:174–180, 2002.

116. Reinders MF, Geertzen JH, Dijkstra PU: Complex regional pain syndrome type I: Use of the International Association for the Study of Pain diagnostic criteria defined in 1994. Clin J Pain 18:207–215, 2002.

117. Cepeda MS, Lau J, Carr DB: Defining the therapeutic role of local anesthetic sympathetic blockade in complex regional pain syndrome: A narrative and systematic review. Clin J Pain 18:216–233, 2002.

118. Schurmann M, Gradl G, Wizgal I, et al: Clinical and physiologic evaluation of stellate ganglion blockade for complex regional pain syndrome type I. Clin J Pain 17:94–100, 2001.

119. Rowlingson JC: Lumbar ganglion. In Hahn MB, McQuillan PM, Sheplock GJ (eds): Regional Anesthesia: An Atlas of Anatomy and Techniques. St. Louis, Mosby, 1996.

120. Furlan AD, Lui PW, Mailis A: Chemical sympathectomy for neuropathic pain: does it work? Case report and systematic literature review. Clin J Pain 17:327–336, 2001.

121. Grabow TS, Tella PK, Raja SN: Spinal cord stimulation for complex regional pain syndrome: An evidence-based medicine review of the literature. Clin J Pain 19:371–383, 2003.

122. van Hilten BJ, van de Beek WJ, Hoff JI, et al: Intrathecal baclofen for the treatment of dystonia in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. N Engl J Med 343:625–630, 2000.

123. Rauck RL, Eisenach JC, Jackson K, et al: Epidural clonidine treatment for refractory reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Anesthesiology 79:1163–1169, 1993; discussion 27A.

124. Suresh S, Wheeler M, Patel A: Case series: IV regional anesthesia with ketorolac and lidocaine: Is it effective for the management of complex regional pain syndrome 1 in children and adolescents? Anesth Analg 96:694–695, 2003.

125. Patt RB, Cousins MJ: Technologies for neurolytic blockade. In Cousins MJ, Bridenbaugh PO (eds): Neural Blockade in Clinical Anesthesia and Management of Pain. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven, 1998.

126. Eisenberg E, Carr DB, Chalmers TC: Neurolytic celiac plexus block for treatment of cancer pain: A meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 80:290–295, 1995.
2781


127. deLeon-Casasola OA: Superior hypogastric block and ganglion impar neurolysis for pain associated with cancer. Tech Reg Anesth Pain Manage 1:27, 1997.

128. Ashburn MA, Lipman AG: Management of pain in the cancer patient. Anesth Analg 76:402–416, 1993.

129. Fordyce WE: Operant or contingency therapies. In Loeser JD, Butler SH, Chapman RC, Turk CD (eds): Bonica's Management of Pain, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001.

130. Turner JA: Cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic pain. In Loeser JD, Butler SH, Chapman RC, Turk CD (eds): Bonica's Management of Pain, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001.

131. Stroud MW, Thorn BE, Jensen MP, Boothby JL: The relation between pain beliefs, negative thoughts, and psychosocial functioning in chronic pain patients. Pain 84:347–352, 2000.

132. Jensen MP, Nielson WR, Turner JA, et al: Readiness to self-manage pain is associated with coping and with psychological and physical functioning among patients with chronic pain. Pain 104:529–537, 2003.

133. Sator-Katzenschlager SM, Schiesser AW, Kozek-Langenecker SA, et al: Does pain relief improve pain behavior and mood in chronic pain patients? Anesth Analg 97:791–797, 2003.

134. Lanes TC, Gauron EF, Spratt KF, et al: Long-term follow-up of patients with chronic back pain treated in a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program. Spine 20:801–806, 1995.

135. Flor H, Fydrich T, Turk DC: Efficacy of multidisciplinary pain treatment centers: A meta-analytic review. Pain 49:221–230, 1992.

136. Cutler RB, Fishbain DA, Rosomoff HL, et al: Does nonsurgical pain center treatment of chronic pain return patients to work? A review and meta-analysis of the literature. Spine 19:643–652, 1994.

137. Robinson JP: Evaluation of function and disability. In Loeser JD, Butler SH, Chapman RC, Turk CD (eds): Bonica's Management of Pain, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001.

138. Guzman J, Esmail R, Karjalainen K, et al: Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for chronic low back pain: Systematic review. BMJ 322:1511–1516, 2001.

139. Sluka KA, Walsh D: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: Basic science mechanisms and clinical effectiveness. J Pain 4:109–121, 2003.

140. Chabal C: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. In Loeser JD, Butler SH, Chapman RC, Turk CD (eds): Bonica's Management of Pain, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001.

141. Butler SH: Acupuncture. In Loeser JD, Butler SH, Chapman RC, Turk CD (eds): Bonica's Management of Pain, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001.

142. Raj PP: Acupuncture. In Raj PP (ed): The Management of Pain. Philadelphia, Mosby, 1996.

143. Eisenberg DM, Kessler RC, Foster C, et al: Unconventional medicine in the United States. Prevalence, costs, and patterns of use. N Engl J Med 328:246–252, 1993.

144. Health NIo: NIH Consensus Development Conference on Acupuncture. Bethesda, MD, NIH, 1997.

145. Breen A, Breen R: Back pain and satisfaction with chiropractic treatment: What role does the physical outcome play? Clin J Pain 19:263–268, 2003.

146. Blumenthal D, Gokhale M, Campbell EG, Weissman JS: Preparedness for clinical practice: Reports of graduating residents at academic health centers. JAMA 286:1027–1034, 2001.

147. Burton R, Boedeker B: Application of telemedicine in a pain clinic: The changing face of medical practice. Pain Medicine 1:351–357, 2000.

148. Nielson WR, Mior S: Prevention of chronic pain: The unexplored frontier. Clin J Pain 17:S68-S69, 2001.

Previous Next