|
|
REFERENCES
1.
Zuck D: Anaesthetic and postoperative recovery
rooms. Some notes on their early history. Anaesthesia 50:435, 1995.
2.
Nightingale F: Notes on Hospitals, 3rd ed. London,
Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green, 1863.
3.
Tomes CS: The administration of ether in America.
BMJ 1:297, 1873.
4.
Harvey AM: Neurosurgical genius—Walter Edward
Dandy. Johns Hopkins Med J 135:358, 1974.
5.
Hilberman M: The evolution of intensive care units.
Crit Care Med 3:159, 1975.
6.
Dunn FE, Shupp MG: The recovery room, a war time
economy. Am J Nurs 43:279, 1943.
7.
Carahan JM: Recovery room for patients. Am J Nurs
49:581, 1949.
8.
Ruth HS, Haugen FP, Grave DD: Anesthesia Study
Commission: Findings of eleven years of activity. JAMA 135:881, 1947.
9.
Conboy CE: A recovery room. Am J Nurs 47:686,
1947.
10.
Anderson CD, Miller EG: Postanesthesia unit in
private hospitals. Anesthesiology 10:351, 1949.
11.
Charbon GA, Livingston HM: Planning recovery room
for adequate care. Hospitals 23:35, 1949.
12.
Wiklund PE: Intensive care units: Design, location,
staffing ancillary areas, equipment. Anesthesiology 31:122, 1969.
13.
Ziser A, Alkobi M, Markovits R, et al: The postanaesthesia
care unit as a temporary admission location due to intensive care and ward overflow.
Br J Anaesth 88:577, 2002.
14.
Macario A, Vitez T, Dunn B, et al: What does perioperative
care really cost? Analysis of hospital costs and charges for inpatient surgical
care. Anesthesiology 83:1138, 1995.
15.
Macario A, Glenn D, Dexter F: What can the postanesthesia
care unit manager do to decrease cost in the postanesthesia care unit? J Perianesth
Nurs 14:284, 1999.
16.
Dexter F, Rittenmeyer H: A statistical method
for predicting peak numbers of patients and postanesthesia care unit staffing needs.
AORN J 65:947, 1997.
17.
Dexter F, Epstein RH, Penning DH: Statistical
analysis of post-anesthesia care unit staffing at a surgical suite with frequent
delays in admission from the operating room: A case study. Anesth Analg 92:947,
2001.
18.
Epstein RH, Dexter F, Traub RD: Statistical power
analysis to estimate how many months of data are required to identify PACU staffing
to minimize delays in admission from ORs. J Perianesth Nurs 17:84, 2002.
19.
Cohen MM, O'Brien-Pallas LL, Copplestone C, et
al: Nursing workload associated with adverse events in the postanesthesia care unit.
Anesthesiology 91:1882, 1999.
20.
Beaussier M, Decorps A, Tilleul P, et al: Desflurane
improves the throughput of patients in the PACU. A cost-effectiveness comparison
with isoflurane. Can J Anaesth 49:339, 2002.
21.
Dexter F, Tinker J: Analysis of strategies to
decrease post anesthesia costs. Anesthesiology 82:94, 1995.
22.
Lubarsky DA: Fast track in the post anesthesia
care unit: Unlimited possibilities? J Clin Anesth 8:70S, 1996.
23.
Drain CB, Shipley SB: The Recovery Room. Philadelphia,
WB Saunders, 1979.
24.
Sessler DI, Badgwell JM: Exposure of postoperative
nurses to exhaled anesthetic gases. Anesth Analg 87:1083, 1998.
25.
Stoelting RK, Eger EI II: The effects of ventilation
and anesthetic solubility on recovery from anesthesia. An in-vivo and analog analysis
before and after equilibrium. Anesthesiology 30:290, 1969.
26.
Dexter F, Tinker J: Comparisons between desflurane
and isoflurane or propofol on time to follow commands and time to discharge. Anesthesiology
83:77, 1995.
27.
Juvin P, Servin F, Giraud O, et al: Emergence
of elderly patients from prolonged desflurane, isoflurane, or propofol anesthesia.
Anesth Analg 85:647, 1997.
28.
Song D, Joshi G, White P: Fast-track eligibility
after ambulatory anesthesia: A comparison of desflurane, sevoflurane, and propofol.
Anesth Analg 86:267, 1998.
29.
Boldt J, Jaun N, Kumle B, et al: Economic consideration
of the use of new anesthetics: A comparison of propofol, sevoflurane, desflurane,
and isoflurane. Anesth Analg 86:504, 1998.
30.
Lebenbom-Mansour M, Pandit S, Kothary S, et al:
Desflurane versus propofol anesthesia: A comparative analysis in outpatients.
Anesth Analg 76:936, 1993.
31.
Rosenberg M, Bridge P, Brown M: Cost comparison:
A desflurane- versus a propofol-based general anesthetic technique. Anesth Analg
79:852, 1994.
32.
Raeder J, Mjland O, Aasbo V, et al: Desflurane
versus propofol for outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand
42:106, 1998.
33.
Van Hemelrijck J, Smith I, White P: Use of desflurane
for outpatient anesthesia. A comparison with propofol and nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology
75:197, 1991.
34.
Rapp S, Conahan T, Pavlin D, et al: Comparison
of desflurane with propofol in outpatients undergoing peripheral orthopedic surgery.
Anesth Analg 75:572, 1992.
35.
Wrigley S, Fairfield J, Jones R, et al: Induction
and recovery characteristics of desflurane in day case patients: A comparison with
propofol. Anaesthesia 46:615, 1991.
36.
Ashworth J, Smith I: Comparison of desflurane
with isoflurane or propofol in spontaneously breathing ambulatory patients. Anesth
Analg 87:312, 1998.
37.
Graham S, Aitkenhead A: A comparison between propofol
and desflurane anaesthesia for minor gynaecological laparoscopic surgery. Anaesthesia
48:471, 1993.
38.
Eriksson H, Haasio J, Korttila K: Recovery from
sevoflurane and isoflurane anaesthesia after outpatient gynaecological laparoscopy.
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 39:377, 1995.
39.
Wandel C, Neff S, Bohrer H, et al: Recovery characteristics
following anaesthesia with sevoflurane or propofol in adults undergoing out-patient
surgery. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 48:185, 1995.
40.
Fredman B, Nathanson MH, Smith I, et al: Sevoflurane
for outpatient anesthesia: A comparison with propofol. Anesth Analg 81:823, 1995.
41.
Eger E II, Bowland T, Lonescu P, et al: Recovery
and kinetic characteristics of desflurane and sevoflurane in volunteers after 8-h
exposure, including kinetics of degradation products. Anesthesiology 87:3, 1997.
42.
Dupont J, Tavernier B, Ghosez Y, et al: Recovery
after anaesthesia for pulmonary surgery: Desflurane, sevoflurane and isoflurane.
Br J Anaesth 82:355, 1999.
43.
Song D, Joshi G, White P: Fast-track eligibility
after ambulatory anesthesia: A comparison of desflurane, sevoflurane, and propofol.
Anesth Analg 86:267, 1998.
44.
Sun R, Watcha M, White P, et al: A comparison
of methohexital and propofol for ambulatory anesthesia. Anesth Analg 89:311, 1999.
45.
Nathanson M, Fredman B, Smith I, et al: Sevoflurane
versus desflurane for outpatient anesthesia: A comparison of maintenance and recovery
profiles. Anesth Analg 81:1186, 1995.
46.
Mathes DD, Conaway MR, Ross WT: Ambulatory surgery:
Room air versus nasal cannula oxygen during transport after general anesthesia.
Anesth Analg 93:917, 2001.
47.
Anwari JS: Quality of handover to the postanaesthesia
care unit nurse. Anaesthesia 57:488, 2002.
48.
Chung F, Chan VW, Ong D: A post-anesthetic discharge
scoring system for home readiness after ambulatory surgery. J Clin Anesth 7:500,
1995.
49.
Chung F, Mezei G: Factors contributing to a prolonged
stay after ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 89:1352, 1999.
50.
Seago JA, Weitz S, Walczak S: Factors influencing
stay in the postanesthesia care unit: A prospective analysis. J Clin Anesth 10:579,
1998.
51.
Handlin DS, Baker T: The effects of smoking on
postoperative recovery. Am J Med 93:32S, 1992.
52.
Waddle JP, Evers AS, Piccirillo JF: Postanesthesia
care unit length of stay: Quantifying and assessing dependent factors. Anesth Analg
87:628, 1998.
53.
Chung F: Recovery pattern and home readiness after
ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 80:896, 1996.
54.
Tessler MJ, Mitmaker L, Wahba RM, et al: Patient
flow in the post anesthesia care unit: An observational study. Can J Anaesth 46:348,
1999.
55.
Dexter F, Traub RD, Penning DH: Statistical analysis
by Monte-Carlo simulation of the impact of administrative and medical delays in discharge
from the post-anesthesia care unit on total patient care hours. Anesth Analg 92:1222,
2001.
56.
Standards for postanesthesia care. American Society
of Anesthesiologists 1996 Directory of Members, 1996, pp 395–396.
57.
Vitez T, Macario A: Setting performance standards
for an anesthesia department. J Clin Anesth 10:166, 1998.
58.
Macario A, Weinger M, Carney S, et al: Which clinical
anesthesia outcomes are important to avoid? The perspective of patients. Anesth
Analg 89:652, 1999.
59.
Lubarsky D, Glass P, Ginsberg B, et al: The successful
implementation of pharmaceutical practice guidelines. Analysis of associated outcomes
and cost savings. Anesthesiology 86:1145, 1997.
60.
Hines R, Barash PG, Watrous G, et al: Complications
occurring in the postanesthesia care unit: A survey. Anesth Analg 74:503, 1992.
61.
Bothner U, Georgieff M, Schwilk B: The impact
of minor perioperative anesthesia-related incidents, events, and complications on
postanesthesia care unit utilization. Anesth Analg 89:506, 1999.
62.
Duncan PG, Cohen MM, Tweed WA, et al: The Canadian
four-centre study of anaesthetic outcomes. III Are anaesthetic complications predictable
in day case practice? Can J Anaesth 39:440, 1992.
63.
Van der Walt JH, Webb RK, Osborne GA, et al: The
Australian incident monitoring study. Recovery room incidents in the first 200 incident
reports. Anaesth Intensive Care 21:650, 1993.
64.
Rose DK, Cohen MM, Wigglesworth DF: Critical respiratory
events in the postanesthesia care unit. Patient, surgical and anesthetic factors.
Anesthesiology 81:410, 1994.
65.
Morikawa S, Safer P, De Carlo J: Influence of
head-jaw position on upper airway patency. Anesthesiology 22:265, 1961.
66.
Macario A, Mackey S, Terris D: Bilateral vocal
cord paralysis after radical cystectomy in a patient with a history of bulbar polio.
Anesth Analg 85:1171, 1997.
67.
Ruben HM, Elam JO, Ruben AM, et al: Investigation
of upper airway problems in resuscitation. Anesthesiology 22:271, 1961.
68.
Komorn RM, Smith CP, Irwin JR: Acute laryngeal
injury with short-term endotracheal anesthesia. Laryngoscope 82:683, 1973.
69.
Larson CP Jr: Laryngospasm—the best treatment.
Anesthesiology 89:1293, 1998.
70.
Cullen DJ, Cullen BC: Postanesthesia complications.
Surg Clin North Am 55:987, 1975.
71.
Groudine SB, Lumb PD, Sandison MR: Pressure support
ventilation with the laryngeal mask airway: A method to manage severe reactive airway
disease postoperatively. Can J Anaesth 42:34, 1995.
72.
Rennotte MT, Baele F, Aubert G, Rodenstein DO:
Nasal continuous positive airway pressure in the perioperative management of patients
with obstructive sleep apnea submitted to surgery. Chest 107:367, 1995.
73.
DiBenedetto RJ, Gravenstein N: Against routine
postoperative oxygen administration in the PACU. J Clin Monit 11:408, 1995.
74.
Gravenstein D: For routine postoperative oxygen
administration in the PACU. J Clin Monit 11:406, 1995.
75.
Scuderi PE, Mims GR 3rd, Weeks DB, et al: Oxygen
administration during transport and recovery after outpatient surgery does not prevent
episodic arterial desaturation. J Clin Anesth 8:294, 1996.
76.
Gift AG, Stanik J, Karpenick J, et al: Oxygen
saturation in postoperative patients at low risk for hypoxemia: Is oxygen therapy
needed? Anesth Analg 80:368, 1995.
77.
Moller JT: Anesthesia related hypoxemia. The
effect of pulse oximetry monitoring on perioperative events and postoperative complications.
Dan Med Bull 41:489, 1994.
78.
Marshall BE, Wyche MQ: Hypoxemia during and after
anesthesia. Anesthesiology 37:178, 1972.
79.
Bay I, Nunn JF, Prys-Roberts C: Factors influencing
arterial PO2
during recovery from anesthesia.
Br J Anaesth 40:398, 1968.
80.
Feeley TW, Hedley-Whyte J: Bulk oxygen and nitrous
oxide delivery system. Anesthesiology 44:301, 1976.
81.
Cullen DJ, Caldera DL: The incidence of ventilator-induced
pulmonary barotrauma in critically ill patients. Anesthesiology 50:185, 1979.
82.
Hamilton WK: Atelectasis, pneumothorax, and aspiration
as postoperative complications. Anesthesiology 22:708, 1961.
83.
Don HF, Wahba WM, Craig DB: Airway closure, gas
trapping, and the functional residual capacity during anesthesia. Anesthesiology
36:533, 1972.
84.
Alexander JI, Horton PA, Miller WT, et al: The
effect of upper abdominal surgery on the relationship of airway closing point to
end-tidal position. Clin Sci 43:137, 1972.
85.
Cooperman LH, Price HR: Pulmonary edema in the
operative and postoperative period: Review of 40 cases. Ann Surg 172:883, 1970.
86.
Weissman C, Damask MC, Yang J: Noncardiogenic
pulmonary edema following laryngeal obstruction. Anesthesiology 60:163, 1984.
87.
Jackson FN, Rowland V, Corssen G: Laryngospasm
induced pulmonary edema. Chest 78:819, 1980.
88.
Saul GM, Feeley TW, Mihm FG: Effect of graded
administration of PEEP on lung water in noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Crit Care
Med 10:667, 1982.
89.
Philbin DM, Sullivan SF, Bowman FO, et al: Postoperative
hypoxemia. Contribution of cardiac output. Anesthesiology 32:136, 1970.
90.
Ford GT, Whitelaw WA, Rosenal TW, et al: Diaphragm
function after upper abdominal surgery in humans. Am Rev Respir Dis 127:431, 1983.
91.
Pontoppidan H, Layer MB, Geffin B: Acute respiratory
failure in the surgical patient. Adv Surg 4:163, 1970.
92.
Smith RA, Kirby RR, Gooding JM, et al: Continuous
positive airway pressure (CPAP) by face mask. Crit Care Med 8:483, 1980.
93.
Longnecker DE, Grazis PA, Eggers GWN: Naloxone
for antagonism of morphine induced respiratory depression. Anesth Analg 52:447,
1973.
94.
Ali J, Weisel RD, Layug AB, et al: Consequences
of postoperative alterations in respiratory mechanics. Am J Surg 128:376, 1974.
95.
Miller RD, Cullen DJ: Renal failure and postoperative
respiratory failure: Recurarization? Br J Anaesth 48:253, 1976.
96.
Fogdall RP, Miller RD: Prolongation of pancuronium-induced
neuromuscular blockade by clindamycin. Anesthesiology 41:407, 1974.
97.
Miller RD: Antagonism of neuromuscular blockade.
Anesthesiology 44:318, 1976.
98.
Feeley TW, Hedley-Whyte J: Weaning from controlled
ventilation and supplemental oxygen. N Engl J Med 292:903, 1975.
99.
Mathew JP, Rosenbaum SE, O'Connor T, et al: Emergency
tracheal intubation in the postanesthesia care unit: Physician error or patient
disease? Anesth Analg 71:691, 1990.
100.
Rose DK, Cohen MM, DeBoer DP: Cardiovascular
events in the postanesthesia care unit. Contribution of risk factors. Anesthesiology
84:772, 1996.
101.
Connors AF, Speroff T, Dawson NV, et al: The
effectiveness of right heart catheterization in the initial care of critically ill
patients. JAMA 276:889, 1996.
102.
Siegel DC, Cochin A, Goocaris T, et al: Effects
of saline and colloid resuscitation on renal function. Ann Surg 177:51, 1973.
103.
Loewe RJ, Moss GS, Jilek T, et al: Crystalloid
vs. colloid in the etiology of pulmonary failure after trauma: A randomized trial
in man. Surgery 81:676, 1977.
104.
Puri VK, Paidipaty B, White L: Hydroxyethyl starch
for resuscitation of patients with hypovolemia and shock. Crit Care Med 9:833, 1981.
105.
Halperin BD, Pearl RC, Rosenthal MH, et al: Lung
water following resuscitation with colloid and crystalloid solutions. Anesth Analg
63:227, 1984.
106.
Cohn JN, Francisosa JA: Vasodilator therapy of
cardiac failure. N Engl J Med 297:27, 1977.
107.
Packer M, Mailer J, Medina N, et al: Rebound
hemodynamic effects after the abrupt withdrawal of nitroprusside in patients with
severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 301:1193, 1979.
108.
Holcroft JW, Trunkey DD, Carpenter MA: Sepsis
in the baboon: Factors affecting resuscitation and pulmonary edema in animals resuscitated
with Ringer's lactate versus Plasmanate. J Trauma 17:600, 1977.
109.
Gal TJ, Cooperman LH: Hypertension in the immediate
postoperative period. Br J Anaesth 47:70, 1975.
110.
Kutz JD, Cronau LH, Barash PG: Postoperative
hypertension hazard of abrupt cessation of antihypertensive medication in preoperative
period. Am Heart J 92:79, 1976.
111.
Le Bret F, Coriat F, Gosgnach M, et al: Transesophageal
echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular function in response to labetalol
for control of postoperative hypertension. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 6:433, 1992.
112.
Leslie JB, Kalayjian RW, Sargo MA, et al: Intravenous
labetalol for treatment of postoperative hypertension. Anesthesiology 67:413, 1976.
113.
Orlowski JP, Shiesles D, Vidt DG, et al: Labetalol
to control blood pressure after cerebrovascular surgery. Crit Care Med 16:765, 1988.
114.
Gray RJ, Bateman TM, Czer LSC, et al: Esmolol:
A new ultra-short acting beta blocking agent. J Am Coll Cardiol 5:2451, 1985.
115.
Denlinger JK: Prolonged emergence and failure
to regain consciousness. In Orkin FK, Cooperman
LH (eds): Complications in Anesthesiology. Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 1983, p
368.
116.
Bourke DL, Rosenberg M, Allen PD: Physostigmine:
Effectiveness as an antagonist of respiratory depression and psychomotor effects
caused by morphine or diazepam. Anesthesiology 61:523, 1984.
117.
Jensen S, Knudsen L, Kirkegaard L, et al: Flumazenil
used for antagonizing the central effects of midazolam and diazepam in outpatients.
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 33:26, 1989.
118.
Ghoneim MM, Dembo JB, and Block RI: Time course
of antagonism of sedative and amnestic effects of diazepam by flumazenil. Anesthesiology
70:899, 1989.
119.
Larsen SF, Zaric D, Boysen G: Postoperative cerebrovascular
accidents in general surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 32:698, 1988.
120.
Oliver SB, Cucchiara RF, Warner MA, et al: Unexpected
focal neurologic deficit on emergence from anesthesia: A report of three cases.
Anesthesiology 67:823, 1987.
121.
Douglas JH, Ross JD, Bruce DL: Delayed awakening
due to lidocaine overdose. J Clin Anesth 2:126, 1990.
122.
Chung F, Seyone C, Dyck B, et al: Age-related
cognitive recovery after general anesthesia. Anesth Analg 71:217, 1990.
123.
Macario A, Weinger M, Truong P, et al: Which
clinical anesthesia outcomes are both common and important to avoid? The perspective
of a panel of expert anesthesiologists. Anesth Analg 88:1085, 1999.
124.
Macario A, Weinger M, Carney S, et al: Which
clinical anesthesia outcomes are important to avoid? The perspective of patients.
Anesth Analg 89:652, 1999.
125.
Macario A, Vasanawala A: Improving quality of
anesthesia care: Opportunities for the new decade. Can J Anaesth 48:6, 2001.
126.
Shafer A, Fish P, Gregg K, et al: Preoperative
anxiety and fear: A comparison of assessments by patients and anesthesia and surgery
residents. Anesth Analg 83:1285, 1996.
127.
Abbott F, Gray-Donald K, Sewitch M, et al: The
prevalence of pain in hospitalized patients and resolution over six months. Pain
50:15, 1992.
128.
Phillips DM: JCAHO pain management standards
are unveiled. JAMA 284:428, 2000.
129.
Greer SM, Dalton JA, Carlson J, et al: Surgical
patients' fear of addiction to pain medication: The effect of an educational program
for clinicians. Clin J Pain 17:157, 2001.
130.
Juhl IU, Christensen BV, Bulow HH, et al: Postoperative
pain relief, from the patients' and the nurses' point of view. Acta Anaesthesiol
Scand 37:404, 1993.
131.
Lavies N, Hart L, Rounsefell B, et al: Identification
of patient, medical and nursing staff attitudes to postoperative opioid analgesia:
Stage 1 of a longitudinal study of postoperative analgesia. Pain 48:313, 1992.
132.
Egbert LD, Battit GE, Welsch CE, et al: Reduction
of postoperative pain by encouragement and instruction of patients. N Engl J Med
270:825, 1964.
133.
Henderson JJ, Parbrook GD: Influence of anaesthetic
technique on postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 48:587, 1976.
134.
Dahmani S, Dupont H, Mantz J, et al: Predictive
factors of early morphine requirements in the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU).
Br J Anaesth 87:385, 2001.
135.
Aubrun F, Monsel S, Langeron O, et al: Postoperative
titration of intravenous morphine. Eur J Anaesthesiol 18:159, 2001.
136.
Pico L, Hernot S, Negre I, et al: Peroperative
titration of morphine improves immediate postoperative analgesia after total hip
arthroplasty. Can J Anaesth 47:309, 2000.
137.
Keats AS, Girgis KZ: Respiratory depression associated
with the relief of pain by narcotics. Anesthesiology 29:1006, 1965.
138.
White P: Use of patient controlled analgesia
for management of acute pain. JAMA 259:243, 1988.
139.
Greyn J, Lauwers MH, Vanlersberghe C, Camu F:
COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition: Current status and future perspective. Acta Anaesthesiol
Belg 49:175, 1998.
140.
Moiniche S, Kehlet H, Dahl JB: A qualitative
and quantitative systematic review of preemptive analgesia for postoperative pain
relief: The role of timing of analgesia. Anesthesiology 96:725, 2002.
141.
Macario A, Lipman A: Ketorolac in the era of
COX-2 inhibitors: A systematic review of efficacy, side effects, and regulatory
issues. Pain Med 4:336, 2001.
142.
Forrest JB, Camu F, Greer IA, et al: Ketorolac,
diclofenac, and ketoprofen are equally safe for pain relief after major surgery.
Br J Anaesth 88:227, 2002.
143.
Reuben SS, Connelly NR: Postoperative analgesic
effects of celecoxib or rofecoxib after spinal fusion surgery. Anesth Analg 91:1221,
2000.
144.
Bekker A, Cooper PR, Frempong-Boadu A, et al:
Evaluation of preoperative administration of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor rofecoxib
for the treatment of postoperative pain after lumbar disc surgery. Neurosurgery
50:1053, 2002.
145.
Issioui T, Klein KW, White PF, et al: The efficacy
of premedication with celecoxib and acetaminophen in preventing pain after otolaryngologic
surgery. Anesth Analg 94:1188, 2002.
146.
Daniels SE, Grossman EH, Kuss ME, et al: A double-blind,
randomized comparison of intramuscularly and intravenously administered parecoxib
sodium versus ketorolac and placebo in a post-oral surgery pain model. Clin Ther
23:1018, 2001.
147.
Desjardins PJ, Grossman EH, Kuss ME, et al: The
injectable cyclooxygenase-2-specific inhibitor parecoxib sodium has analgesic efficacy
when administered preoperatively. Anesth Analg 93:721, 2001.
148.
Kreitzer JM, Kirschenbaum LP, Eisenkraft JB:
Epidural fentanyl by continuous infusion for relief of postoperative pain. Clin
J Pain 5:283, 1989.
149.
Sinatra RS, Sevarino FB, Chung JH, et al: Comparison
of epidurally administered sufentanil, morphine, and sufentanil-morphine combination
for postoperative analgesia. Anesth Analg 72:522, 1991.
150.
Behar M, Olshwang D, Magora F, et al: Epidural
morphine in the treatment of pain. Lancet 1:527, 1979.