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98. Jakobsen H, Hertz JB, Johansen JR, et al: Premedication before day surgery: A double-blind comparison of diazepam and placebo. Br J Anaesth 57:300, 1985.

99. van Vlymen JM, SaRego MM, White PF: Benzodiazepine premedication: Can it improve outcome in patients undergoing breast biopsy procedures? Anesthesiology 90:740, 1999.

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101. Kain ZN, Gaal DJ, Kain TS, et al: A first-pass cost analysis of propofol vs barbiturates for children undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. Anesth Analg 79:1102, 1994.

102. Marhofer P, Freitag H, Hochtl A, et al: S(+)-ketamine for rectal premedication in children. Anesth Analg 92:62, 2001.

103. Naguib M, Samarkandi AH: The comparative dose-response effects of melatonin and midazolam for premedication of adult patients: A double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Anesth Analg 91:473, 2000.

104. Richardson MG, Wu CL, Hussain A: Midazolam premedication increases sedation but does not prolong discharge times after brief outpatient general anesthesia for laparoscopic tubal sterilization. Anesth Analg 85:301, 1997.

105. Miller DR, Blew PG, Martineau RJ, et al: Midazolam and awareness with recall during total intravenous anaesthesia. Can J Anaesth 43:946, 1996.

106. Wilder-Smith OH, Ravussin PA, Decosterd LA, et al: Midazolam premedication reduces propofol dose requirements for multiple anesthetic endpoints. Can J Anaesth 48:439, 2001.

107. Hargreaves J: Benzodiazepine premedication in minor day-case surgery: Comparison of oral midazolam and temazepam with placebo. Br J Anaesth 61:611, 1988.

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109. Brosius KK, Bannister CF: Oral midazolam premedication in preadolescents and adolescents. Anesth Analg 94:31, 2002.

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111. Fredman B, Lahav M, Zohar E, et al: The effect of midazolam premedication on mental and psychomotor recovery in geriatric patients undergoing brief surgical procedures. Anesth Analg 89:1161, 1999.

112. De Witte JL, Algret C, Sessler DI, Cammu G: Preoperative alprazolam reduces anxiety in ambulatory surgery patients: A comparison with oral midazolam. Anesth Analg 95:1601, 2002.

113. Aantaa R, Kanto J, Scheinin M, et al: Dexmedetomidine, an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, reduces anesthetic requirements for patients undergoing minor gynecologic surgery. Anesthesiology 73:230, 1990.

114. Scheinin H, Aantaa R, Anttila M, et al: Reversal of the sedative and sympatholytic effects of dexmedetomidine with a specific alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist atipamezole: A pharmacodynamic and kinetic study in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology 89:574, 1998.

115. Faxi L, Jantzen EC, Rose JB, et al: A comparison of oral clonidine and oral midazolam as preanesthetic medications in the pediatric tonsillectomy patient. Anesth Analg 92:56, 2001.

116. Inomata S, Kihara S, Miyabe M, et al: The hypnotic and analgesic effects of oral clonidine during sevoflurane anesthesia in children. A dose-response study. Anesth Analg 94:1479, 2002.

117. Bock M, Kunz P, Schreckenberger R, et al: Comparison of caudal and intravenous clonidine in the prevention of agitation after sevoflurane in children. Br J Anaesth 88:790, 2002.

118. Oddby-Muhrbeck E, Eksborg S, Bergendahl HT, et al: Effects of clonidine on postoperative nausea and vomiting in breast cancer surgery. Anesthesiology 96:1109, 2002.

119. Song D, Whitten CW, White PF: Use of remifentanil during anesthetic induction: A comparison with fentanyl in the ambulatory setting. Anesth Analg 88:734, 1999.

120. White PF, Coe V, Shafer A, Sung ML: Comparison of alfentanil with fentanyl for outpatient anesthesia. Anesthesiology 64:99, 1986.

121. Langevin S, Lessard MR, Trepanier CA, Baribault JP: Alfentanil causes less postoperative nausea and vomiting than equipotent doses of fentanyl or sufentanil in outpatients. Anesthesiology 91:1666, 1999.

122. Gesztesi Z, Sa Rego MM, White PF: The comparative effectiveness of fentanyl and its newer analogs during extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy under monitored anesthesia care. Anesth Analg 90:567, 2000.

123. Souter AJ, Fredman B, White PF: Controversies in the perioperative use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Anesth Analg 79:1178, 1994.

124. Liu J, Ding Y, White PF, et al: Effects of ketorolac on postoperative analgesia and ventilatory function after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg 76:1061, 1993.

125. Watcha MF, Ramirez-Ruiz M, White PF, et al: Perioperative effects of oral ketorolac and acetaminophen in children undergoing bilateral myringotomy. Can J Anaesth 39:649, 1992.

126. Pappas AL, Fluder EM, Creech S, et al: Postoperative analgesia in children undergoing myringotomy and placement equalization tubes in ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 96:1621, 2003.

127. White PF: The role of non-opioid analgesic techniques in the management of pain after ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 94:577, 2002.

128. Issioui T, Klein KW, White PF, et al: The efficacy of premedication with celecoxib and acetaminophen in preventing pain after otolaryngologic surgery. Anesth Analg 94:1188, 2002.

129. Issioui T, Klein KW, White PF, et al: Cost-efficacy of rofecoxib vs acetaminophen for preventing pain after ambulatory surgery. Anesthesiology 97:931, 2002.

130. Reuben SS, Bohpatkar S, Maciolek H, et al: The preemptive analgesic effect of rofecoxib after ambulatory arthroscopic knee surgery. Anesth Analg 94:55, 2002.

131. Recart A, Issioui T, White PF, et al: Efficacy of celecoxib premedication on postoperative pain and recovery times after ambulatory surgery: A dose-ranging study. Anesth Analg 96:1631, 2003.

132. Watcha MF, Issioui T, Klein KW, White PF: Costs and effectiveness of rofecoxib, celecoxib, and acetaminophen for preventing pain after ambulatory otolaryngologic surgery. Anesth Analg 96:987, 2003.

133. Desjardins PJ, Shu VS, Recker DP, et al: A single preoperative oral dose of valdecoxib, a new coclooxygenase-2 specific inhibitor, relieves post-oral surgery or bunionectomy pain. Anesthesiology 97:565, 2002.
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134. Tang J, Li S, White PF, et al: Effect of parecoxib, a novel intravenous cyclooxygenase type-2 inhibitor, on the postoperative opioid requirement and quality of pain control. Anesthesiology 96:1305, 2002.

135. Barton SF, Langeland FF, Snabes MC, et al: Efficacy and safety of intravenous parecoxib sodium in relieving acute postoperative pain following gynecologic laparotomy surgery. Anesthesiology 97:306, 2002.

136. Eberhart LH, Morin AM, Wulf H, Geldner G: Patient preferences for immediate postoperative recovery. Br J Anaesth 89:760, 2002.

137. Gan T, Sloan F, Dear G de L, et al: How much are patients willing to pay to avoid postoperative nausea and vomiting? Anesth Analg 92:393, 2001.

138. Abramowitz MD, Oh TH, Epstein BS, et al: The antiemetic effect of droperidol following outpatient strabismus surgery in children. Anesthesiology 59:579, 1983.

139. Korttila K, Ostman P, Faure E, et al: Randomized comparison of recovery after propofol-nitrous oxide vs thiopentone-isoflurane-nitrous oxide anaesthesia in patients undergoing ambulatory surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 34:400, 1990.

140. Lerman J: Surgical and patient factors involved in postoperative nausea and vomiting. Br J Anaesth 69:S24, 1992.

141. Watcha MF, White PF: Postoperative nausea and vomiting: Its etiology, treatment, and prevention. Anesthesiology 77:162, 1992.

142. Cohen MM, Duncan PG, DeBoer DP, et al: The postoperative interview: Assessing risk factors for nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 78:7, 1994.

143. Honkavaara P, Lehtinen AM, Hovoka J, et al: Nausea and vomiting after gynaecological laparoscopy depends upon the phase of the menstrual cycle. Can J Anaesth 38:876, 1991.

144. Beattie WS, Lindblad T, Buckley DN, et al: The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting in women undergoing laparoscopy is influenced by the day of menstrual cycle. Can J Anaesth 38:298, 1991.

145. Watcha MF: The cost-effective management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesthesiology 92:931, 2000.

146. Sinclair DR, Chung F, Mezei G: Can postoperative nausea and vomiting be predicted? Anesthesiology 91:109, 1999.

147. Apfel CC, Laara E, Koivuranta M, et al: A simplified risk score for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting: Conclusions from cross-validations between two centers. Anesthesiology 91:693, 1999.

148. Pierre S, Benais H, Pouymayou J: Apfel's simplified score may favourably predict the risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Can J Anaesth 49:237, 2002.

149. McKenzie R, Uy NT, Riley TJ, et al: Droperidol/ondansetron combination controls nausea and vomiting after tubal banding. Anesth Analg 83:1218, 1996.

150. Doze VA, Shafer A, White PF: Nausea and vomiting after outpatient anesthesia: Effectiveness of droperidol alone and in combination with metoclopramide. Anesth Analg 66:S41, 1987.

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