Previous Next

REFERENCES

151. Masuzawa M, Nakao S, Miyamoto E, et al: Pentobarbital inhibits ketamine-induced dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens: A microdialysis study. Anesth Analg 96:148–152, 2003.

152. Soukiasian HJ, Hui T, Avital I, et al: Decompressive craniectomy in trauma patients with severe brain injury. Am Surg 68:1066–1071, 2002.

153. Clasen RA, Pandolfi S, Russell J, et al: Hypothermia and hypotension in experimental cerebral edema. Arch Neurol 19:472–486, 1968.

154. Rosomoff HL, Shulman K, Raynor R, et al: Experimental brain injury and delayed hypothermia. Surg Gynecol Obstet 110:27–32, 1960.

155. Marion DW, Obrist WD, Carlier PM, et al: The use of moderate therapeutic hypothermia for patients with severe head injuries: A preliminary report. J Neurosurg 79:354–362, 1993.

156. Clifton GL, Allen SJ, Barrodale P, et al: A phase II study of moderate hypothermia in severe brain injury. J Neurotrauma 10:263–271, 1993.

157. Clifton GL, Emmy RM, Choi SC, et al: Lack of effect of induction of hypothermia after acute brain injury. N Engl J Med 344:556–563, 2001.

158. Jiang JY, Gao GY, Li WP, et al: Early indicators of prognosis in 846 cases of severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 19:869–874, 2002.

159. Frost EA: Perioperative management of the head trauma patient. Ann Acad Med Singapore 23:497–502, 1994.

160. DeVivo MJ, Rutt RD, Black KJ, et al: Trends in spinal cord injury demographics and treatment outcomes between 1973 and 1986. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 73:424–430, 1992.

161. Kiwerski JE: Neurological outcome from conservative treatment of cervical spinal cord injured patients. Paraplegia 31:192–196, 1993.

162. Berkowitz M: Assessing the socioeconomic impact of improved treatment of head and spinal cord injuries. J Emerg Med 11(Suppl):63–67, 1992.

163. Burney, RE, Maio RF, Maynard F, et al: Incidence, characteristics and outcome of spinal cord injury at trauma centers in North America. Arch Surg 128:596–599, 1993.

164. Pang D, Pollack IF: Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality in children—the SCIWORA syndrome. J Trauma 29:654–664, 1989.

165. Dangor A, Lam AM: Perioperative management of patients with head and spinal cord trauma. Anesthesiol Clin North Am 17:155–170, 1999.

166. Kewalramani LS: Autonomic dysreflexia in traumatic myelopathy. Am J Phys Med 59:1–21, 1980.

167. EAST Practice Parameter Workgroup for Cervical Spine Clearance: Practice Management Guidelines for Identifying Cervical Spine Injuries Following Trauma. Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma 1998. URL: http//east.org/tpg.html.

168. Podolsky S, Baraff LJ, Simon RR, et al: Efficacy of cervical spine immobilization methods. J Trauma 23:461–465, 1983.

169. Cooperman LH: Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia in neuromuscular disease. JAMA 213:1867–1871, 1970.

170. American Association of Neurological Surgeons: Blood pressure management after acute spinal cord injury. Neurosurgery 50(3 Suppl):S58–S62, 2002.

171. Albin MS: Resuscitation of the spinal cord. Crit Care Med 6:270–276, 1978.

172. Bracken MB, Shepard MJ, Collins MF, et al: A randomized, controlled trial of methylprednisolone or naloxone in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury: Results of the second National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study. N Engl J Med 322:1405–1411, 1990.

173. Bracken MB, Shepard MJ, Holford TR, et al: Administration of methylprednisolone for 24 or 48 hours or tirilazad mesylate for 48 hours in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury: Results of the third National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study. JAMA 277:1597–1604, 1997.

174. Hurlbert RJ: Methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury: An inappropriate standard of care. J Neurosurg 93:1–7, 2000.

175. Short DJ, El Masry WS, Jones PW: High-dose methylprednisolone in the management of acute spinal cord injury—a systematic review from a clinical perspective. Spinal Cord 38:173–286, 2000.

176. Matsumoto T, Tamaki T, Kawakami M, et al: Early complications of high-dose methylprednisolone sodium succinate treatment in the follow-up of acute cervical spinal cord injury. Spine 26:426–30, 2001.

177. Geisler FH, Dorsey FC, Coleman WP: Recovery of motor function after spinal-cord injury—a randomized, placebo-controlled trial with GM-1 ganglioside. N Engl J Med 324:1829–1838, 1991.

178. Schwartz G, Fehlings MG: Evaluation of the neuroprotective effects of sodium channel blockers after spinal cord injury: Improved behavioral and neuroanatomical recovery with riluzole. J Neurosurg 94(2 Suppl):245–256, 2001.


2493


179. Scannel G, Waxman K, Tominaga G, et al: Orotracheal intubation in trauma patients with cervical fractures. Arch Surg 128:903–905, 1993.

180. Trauma Resource Catalogue, 1999, published by the American College of Surgeons. Clinical functions: Orthopedic surgery, pp 35–38.

181. Kellam JF: Hip dislocations and fractures of the femoral head. In Levine AM (ed): Orthopaedic Trauma Association, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Orthopaedic Knowledge Update: Trauma. Rosemont, IL, AAOS, 1996, pp 281–286.

182. Routt CML: Fixation of pelvic ring disruptions. In Levine AM (ed): Orthopaedic Trauma Association, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Orthopaedic Knowledge Update: Trauma. Rosemont, IL, AAOS, 1996, pp 241–248.

183. Scalea TM, Burgess AR: Pelvic fractures. In Mattox KL, Feliciano DV, Moore EE (eds): Trauma, 4th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2000, pp 817–818.

184. Odland MD, Gisbert VL, Gustilo RB, et al: Combined orthopedic and vascular injury in the lower extremities: Indications for amputation. Surgery 108:660–664, 2000.

185. An HS, Mikhail WE, Jackson WT, et al: Effects of hypotensive anesthesia, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and polymethylmethacrylate on bleeding in total hip arthroplasty patients. J Arthroplasty 6:245–250, 1991.

186. Koessler MJ, Fabiani R, Hamer H, Pitto RP: The clinical relevance of embolic events detected by transesophageal echocardiography during cemented total hip arthroplasty: A randomized clinical trial. Anesth Analg 92:49–55, 2001.

187. Bulger EM, Smith DG, Maier RV, Jurkovich GJ: Fat embolism syndrome. A 10-year review. Arch Surg 132:435–439, 1997.

188. Karlsson J, Wendling W, Chen D, et al: Methylmethacrylate monomer produces direct relaxation of vascular smooth muscle in vitro. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 39:685–689, 1995.

189. Mabee JR: Compartment syndrome: A complication of acute extremity trauma. J Emerg Med 12:651–656, 1994.

190. Montgomery CJ, Ready LB: Epidural opioid analgesia does not obscure diagnosis of compartment syndrome resulting from prolonged lithotomy position. Anesthesiology 75:541–543, 1991.

191. Michaelson M: Crush injury and crush syndrome. World J Surg 16:899–903, 1992.

192. Chandler CF, Blinman T, Cryer HG: Acute renal failure. In Mattox KL, Feliciano DV, Moore EE (eds): Trauma, 4th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2000, pp 1348–1349.

193. Weber S, Bennett CR, Jones NF: Improvement in blood flow during lower extremity microsurgical free tissue transfer associated with epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg 67:703–705, 1988.

194. Committee on Trauma, American College of Surgeons: Advanced Trauma Life Support Program for Doctors. Chicago, American College of Surgeons, 1997, pp 130–131.

195. McGhee A, Swinton S, Watt M: Use of autologous transfusion in the management of acute traumatic haemothorax in the accident and emergency department. J Accid Emerg Med 16:451–452, 1999.

196. Karmy-Jones R, Jurkovich GJ, Shatz DV, et al: Management of traumatic lung injury. A Western Trauma Association Multicenter Review. J Trauma 51:1049–1053, 2001.

197. Baumgartner F, Omari B, Lee J, et al: Survival after trauma pneumonectomy: The pathophysiologic balance of shock resuscitation with right heart failure. Am Surg 62:967–972, 1996.

198. Long DM, Kim SI, Shoemaker WC: Vascular responses in the lung following trauma and shock. J Trauma 8:715–724, 1968.

199. Cryer HG, Marvoudis C, Yu J, et al: Shock, transfusion, and pneumonectomy: Death is due to heart failure and increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Ann Surg 212:197–201, 1990.

200. Nurozler F, Argenziano M, Ginsburg ME: Nitric oxide usage after posttraumatic pneumonectomy. Ann Thorac Surg 71:364–366, 2001.

201. Symbas PN, Justicz AG, Richetts RR: Rupture of the airways from blunt trauma treatment of complex injuries. Soc Thorac Surg 54:177–183, 1992.

202. Cowley RA, Turney SZ, Hankins JR, et al: Rupture of thoracic aorta caused by blunt trauma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 100:652–661, 1990.

203. Read RA, Moore EE, Moore FA, Haenel JB: Partial left heart bypass for thoracic aortic repair. Survival without paraplegia. Arch Surg 128:746–750, discussion 750–752, 1993.

204. Galli R, Pacini D, Di Bartolomeo R, Fattori R: Surgical indications and timing of repair of traumatic ruptures of the thoracic aorta. Ann Thorac Surg 65:461–464, 1998.

205. Pate JW, Gavant ML, Weiman DS: Traumatic rupture of the aortic isthmus: Program of selective management. World J Surg 23:59–63, 1999.

206. Shulman M, Sandler AN, Bradley JW et al: Postthoracotomy pain and pulmonary function following epidural and systemic morphine. Anesthesiology 61:569–575, 1984.

207. Antonelli M, Cinti G, Rocco M, et al: A comparison of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation and conventional mechanical ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 339:429–435, 1998.

208. Beltrame F, Lucangelo U, Gregori D, et al: Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in trauma patients with acute respiratory failure. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 54:109–114, 1999.

209. Feliciano DV, Rozycki GS: Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of thoracic trauma. Surg Clin North Am 79:1417–1429, 1999.

210. Creinin MD, Schwartz JL, Guido RS, Pymar HC: Early pregnancy failure—current management concepts. Obstet Gynecol Surv 56:105–113, 2001.

211. Knudson MM, Rozycki GS, Strear CM: Reproductive system trauma. In Mattox KL, Feliciano DV, Moore EE (eds): Trauma, 4th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2000, pp 879–905.

212. Ibid.

213. Osler T, Hales K, Baack B, et al: Trauma in the elderly. Am J Surg 156:537–543, 1988.

214. Scalea TM, Simon HM, Duncan AO, et al: Geriatric blunt multiple trauma: Improved survival with early invasive monitoring. J Trauma 30:129–134, discussion 134–136, 1990.

215. Mangano DT, Layug EL, Wallace A, Tateo I: Effect of atenolol on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity after noncardiac surgery. Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. N Engl J Med 335:1713–1720, 1996.

216. Waters JH, Potter PS: Cell salvage in the Jehovah's Witness patient. Anesth Analg 90:229–230, 2000.

217. Gannon CJ, Napolitano LM: Severe anemia after gastrointestinal hemorrhage in a Jehovah's Witness: New treatment strategies. Crit Care Med 30:1893–1895, 2002.

218. Atabek U, Alvarez R, Pello MJ, et al: Erythropoietin accelerates hematocrit recovery in post-surgical anemia. Am Surg 61:74–77, 1995.

219. Committee on Trauma, American College of Surgeons: Advanced Trauma Life Support Program for Doctors. Chicago, American College of Surgeons, 1997, pp 193–196.

220. Thompson SWN, King AE, Woolf CJ: Activity-dependent changes in rat ventral horn neurons in vitro, summation of prolonged afferent evoked depolarizations produce a D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid sensitive windup. Eur J Neurosci 2:638–649, 1990.

221. Moiniche S, Kehlet H, Dahl JB: A qualitative and quantitative systematic review of preemptive analgesia for postoperative pain relief: The role of timing of analgesia. Anesthesiology 96:725–741, 2002.

222. Beecher HK: Relationship of significance of wound to pain experienced. JAMA 186:1609–1613, 1956.

223. Breslau N: Epidemiologic studies of trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and other psychiatric disorders. Can J Psychiatry 47:923–929, 2002.

224. Zech DF, Ground S, Lynch J, et al: Validation of World Health Organization guidelines for cancer pain relief: A 10-year prospective study. Pain 63:65–76, 1995.
2494


225. Fouche YL, Tarantino DP: Acute pain management for the trauma patient. Probl Anesth 13:372–382, 2001.

226. Hagmeyer KO, Mauro LS, Mauro VF: Meperidine-related seizures associated with patient-controlled analgesia pumps. Ann Pharmacother 27:29–32, 1993.

227. Smythe M: Patient-controlled analgesia: A review. Pharmacotherapy 12:132–143, 1992.

228. Backonja M, Glanzman RL: Gabapentin dosing for neuropathic pain: Evidence from randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Clin Ther 25:81–104, 2003.

229. Forouzanfar T, Koke AJ, van Kleef M, Weber WE: Treatment of complex regional pain syndrome type I. Eur J Pain 6:105–122, 2002.

230. Holte K, Kehlet H: Effect of postoperative epidural analgesia on surgical outcome. Minerva Anestesiol 68:157–161, 2002.

231. Hoyt DB, Simons RK, Winchell RJ, et al: A risk analysis of pulmonary complications following major trauma. J Trauma 35:524–531, 1993.

232. Eberhard LW, Morabito DJ, Matthay MA, et al: Initial severity of metabolic acidosis predicts the development of acute lung injury in severely traumatized patients. Crit Care Med 28:125–131, 2000.

233. Garber BG, Hevert PC, Yelle JD, et al: Adult respiratory distress syndrome: A systematic overview of incidence and risk factors. Crit Care Med 24:687–695, 1996.

234. McCunn M: Mechanical ventilation: Weapon of mass destruction or tool for liberation? Crit Care Med 31:974–976, 2003.

235. Brismar B, Hedenstierna G, Lundquuist H, et al: Pulmonary densities during anesthesia with muscular relaxation—a proposal of atelectasis. Anesthesiology 62:422–428, 1985.

236. Dreyfuss D, Saumon G: Ventilator-induced lung injury: Lessons from experimental studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:294–323, 1998.

237. Greaves IA, Hildebrandt J, Hoppin FG: Micromechanics of the lung. In Macklem PT, Mead J (eds): Handbook of Physiology, 3rd ed. Bethesda, MD, American Physiological Society, 1986.

238. Schiller HJ, McCann UG, Carney DE, et al: Altered alveolar mechanics in the acutely injured lung. Crit Care Med 29:1049–1055, 2001.

239. Amato MBP, Barbas CSV, Medeiros DM, et al: Effect of a protective ventilation strategy on mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 338:347–354, 1998.

240. Hickling KG, Walsh J, Henderson SJ, et al: Low mortality rate in adult respiratory distress syndrome using low-volume, pressure-limited ventilation with permissive hypercapnia: A prospective study. Crit Care Med 22:1568–1578, 1994.

241. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. N Engl J Med 342:1301–1308, 2000.

242. Putensen C, Rasanen J, Lopez FA: Ventilation-perfusion distributions during mechanical ventilation with superimposed spontaneous breathing in canine lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 150:101–108, 1994.

243. Sydow M, Burchardi H, Ephraim E, et al: Long-term effects of two different ventilatory modes on oxygenation in acute lung injury. Comparison of airway pressure release ventilation and volume-controlled inverse ratio ventilation. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 149:1550–1556, 1994.

244. Davis K, Johnson DJ, Branson RD, et al: Airway pressure release ventilation. Arch Surg 128:1348–1352, 1993.

245. Standards approved by the American Society of Anesthesiologists House of Delegates, October 1988: ASA Newsletter, December 1988.

246. Guidelines for the transfer of critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 21:931–937, 1993.

247. Ridley S, Carter R: The effects of secondary transport on critically ill patients. Anaesthesia 44:822–827, 1989.

248. Braman SS, Branson RD: Transport of the ventilator-supported patient. In Tobin MJ (ed): Principles and Practice of Mechanical Ventilation. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1994, pp 603–618.

249. Weg JG, Haas CF: Safe intrahospital transport of critically ill ventilator-dependent patients. Chest 96:631–635, 1989.

250. Tice P: Intrahospital transport of critically ill adults: Potential physiologic changes and nursing implications. Focus Crit Care 18:424–428, 1991.

251. Caplan ES, Hoyt NJ: Identification and treatment of infections in multiple traumatized patients. Am J Med 79(Suppl 1A):68–76, 1985.

252. Baker CC, Oppenheimer L, Stephens B, et al: Epidemiology of trauma death. Am J Surg 140:144–150, 1980.

253. Stillwell M, Caplan ES: The septic multiple-trauma patient. Infect Dis Clin North Am 3:155–183, 1999.

254. Rabinowitz RP, Caplan ES: Management of infections in the trauma patient. Surg Clin North Am 79:1373–1383, 1999.

255. Moore FA, Moore EE, Jones TN, et al: TEN versus TPN following major abdominal trauma—reduced septic morbidity. J Trauma 29:916–923, 1989.

256. Guidelines for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Respir Care 39:1191–236, 1994.

257. Rodriguez JL, Gibbons KJ, Bitzer LG, et al: Pneumonia: Incidence, risk factors and outcome in injured patients. J Trauma 31:907–912, discussion 912–914, 1997.

258. Jones A, Azmar R, Gatell LM, et al: Incidence, risk and prognostic factors of nosocomial pneumonia in medically ventilated patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 142:523–558, 1990.

259. Kollef MH: Ventilator-associated pneumonia: A multivariant analysis. JAMA 270:1965–1970, 1993.

260. Hospital acquired pneumonias in adults: Diagnosis, assessment of severity, initial antimicrobial therapy and prevention strategies. A consensus statement. Am Thor Soc, Nov 1995. Am Rev Respir Crit Care Med 153:1711–1725, 1995.

261. Baker AM, Meredith JW, Haponik EF: Pneumonia in intubated trauma patients. Microbiology and outcomes. Am Rev Respir Crit Care Med 153:343–349, 1996.

262. Culver DH, Horan TC, Gaynes RD, et al: Surgical wound infection rates by wound class, operative procedure, and patient risk index. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Am J Surg 91(3B):152S–157S, 1991.

262A. Fox BC, Imrey PB, Voights MD, et al: Infectious disease consultant and microbiological surveillance for intensive care unit trauma patients: A pilot study. Clin Infect Dis 33:1981–1984, 2001.

263. Moore F, Feliciano D, Andrassy R, et al: Early enteral feeding compared with parenteral, reduces postoperative septic complications: The result of a meta-analysis. Am Surg 216:172–183, 1992.

264. Mank PE, Zaloga GP: Early enteral nutrition in acutely ill patients: A systematic review. Crit Care Med 29:2264–2270, 2001.

265. Jurkovich GJ: Outcome studies using immune-enhancing diets: Blunt and penetrating torso trauma patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 25:514–518, 2001.

266. Jeejeebhoy KN: Total parenteral nutrition: Potion or poison? Am J Clin Nutr 74:160–163, 2001.

267. Borrell E, Roux-Lombard P, Grau GE, et al: Plasma concentrations of cytokines, their soluble receptors, and antioxidant vitamins can predict the development of multiple organ failure in patients at risk. Crit Care Med 24:392-397, 1996.

268. Porter JM, Ivatury RR, Azimuddin K, et al: Antioxidant therapy in the prevention of organ dysfunction syndrome and infectious complications after trauma: Early results of a prospective randomized study. Am Surg 65:478–483, 1999.

269. Zapol WM, Snider MT, Hill JD, et al: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in severe acute respiratory failure: A randomized prospective study. JAMA 242:2193–2196, 1979.
2495


270. Voelckel W, Wenzel V, Rieger M, et al: Temporary extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the treatment of acute traumatic lung injury. Can J Anaesth 45:1097–1102, 1998.

271. McCunn M, Reynolds HN, Cottingham C, et al: Extracorporeal support in an adult with severe carbon monoxide poisoning and shock following smoke inhalation: A case report. Perfusion 15:169–173, 2000.

272. Reynolds HN, Cottingham CA, McCunn M, et al: Extracorporeal lung support in a patient with traumatic brain injury: The benefit of heparin-bonded circuitry. Perfusion 14:489–493, 1999.

273. Michaels AJ, Schriener RJ, Kolla S, et al: Extracorporeal life support in pulmonary failure after trauma. J Trauma 46:838–844, 1999.


2496

Previous Next