|
|
REFERENCES
151.
Masuzawa M, Nakao S, Miyamoto E, et al: Pentobarbital
inhibits ketamine-induced dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens: A microdialysis
study. Anesth Analg 96:148–152, 2003.
152.
Soukiasian HJ, Hui T, Avital I, et al: Decompressive
craniectomy in trauma patients with severe brain injury. Am Surg 68:1066–1071,
2002.
153.
Clasen RA, Pandolfi S, Russell J, et al: Hypothermia
and hypotension in experimental cerebral edema. Arch Neurol 19:472–486, 1968.
154.
Rosomoff HL, Shulman K, Raynor R, et al: Experimental
brain injury and delayed hypothermia. Surg Gynecol Obstet 110:27–32, 1960.
155.
Marion DW, Obrist WD, Carlier PM, et al: The
use of moderate therapeutic hypothermia for patients with severe head injuries:
A preliminary report. J Neurosurg 79:354–362, 1993.
156.
Clifton GL, Allen SJ, Barrodale P, et al: A phase
II study of moderate hypothermia in severe brain injury. J Neurotrauma 10:263–271,
1993.
157.
Clifton GL, Emmy RM, Choi SC, et al: Lack of
effect of induction of hypothermia after acute brain injury. N Engl J Med 344:556–563,
2001.
158.
Jiang JY, Gao GY, Li WP, et al: Early indicators
of prognosis in 846 cases of severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 19:869–874,
2002.
159.
Frost EA: Perioperative management of the head
trauma patient. Ann Acad Med Singapore 23:497–502, 1994.
160.
DeVivo MJ, Rutt RD, Black KJ, et al: Trends in
spinal cord injury demographics and treatment outcomes between 1973 and 1986. Arch
Phys Med Rehabil 73:424–430, 1992.
161.
Kiwerski JE: Neurological outcome from conservative
treatment of cervical spinal cord injured patients. Paraplegia 31:192–196,
1993.
162.
Berkowitz M: Assessing the socioeconomic impact
of improved treatment of head and spinal cord injuries. J Emerg Med 11(Suppl):63–67,
1992.
163.
Burney, RE, Maio RF, Maynard F, et al: Incidence,
characteristics and outcome of spinal cord injury at trauma centers in North America.
Arch Surg 128:596–599, 1993.
164.
Pang D, Pollack IF: Spinal cord injury without
radiographic abnormality in children—the SCIWORA syndrome. J Trauma 29:654–664,
1989.
165.
Dangor A, Lam AM: Perioperative management of
patients with head and spinal cord trauma. Anesthesiol Clin North Am 17:155–170,
1999.
166.
Kewalramani LS: Autonomic dysreflexia in traumatic
myelopathy. Am J Phys Med 59:1–21, 1980.
167.
EAST Practice Parameter Workgroup for Cervical
Spine Clearance: Practice Management Guidelines for Identifying Cervical Spine Injuries
Following Trauma. Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma 1998. URL: http//east.org/tpg.html.
168.
Podolsky S, Baraff LJ, Simon RR, et al: Efficacy
of cervical spine immobilization methods. J Trauma 23:461–465, 1983.
169.
Cooperman LH: Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia
in neuromuscular disease. JAMA 213:1867–1871, 1970.
170.
American Association of Neurological Surgeons:
Blood pressure management after acute spinal cord injury. Neurosurgery 50(3 Suppl):S58–S62,
2002.
171.
Albin MS: Resuscitation of the spinal cord.
Crit Care Med 6:270–276, 1978.
172.
Bracken MB, Shepard MJ, Collins MF, et al: A
randomized, controlled trial of methylprednisolone or naloxone in the treatment of
acute spinal cord injury: Results of the second National Acute Spinal Cord Injury
Study. N Engl J Med 322:1405–1411, 1990.
173.
Bracken MB, Shepard MJ, Holford TR, et al: Administration
of methylprednisolone for 24 or 48 hours or tirilazad mesylate for 48 hours in the
treatment of acute spinal cord injury: Results of the third National Acute Spinal
Cord Injury Study. JAMA 277:1597–1604, 1997.
174.
Hurlbert RJ: Methylprednisolone for acute spinal
cord injury: An inappropriate standard of care. J Neurosurg 93:1–7, 2000.
175.
Short DJ, El Masry WS, Jones PW: High-dose methylprednisolone
in the management of acute spinal cord injury—a systematic review from a clinical
perspective. Spinal Cord 38:173–286, 2000.
176.
Matsumoto T, Tamaki T, Kawakami M, et al: Early
complications of high-dose methylprednisolone sodium succinate treatment in the follow-up
of acute cervical spinal cord injury. Spine 26:426–30, 2001.
177.
Geisler FH, Dorsey FC, Coleman WP: Recovery of
motor function after spinal-cord injury—a randomized, placebo-controlled trial
with GM-1 ganglioside. N Engl J Med 324:1829–1838, 1991.
178.
Schwartz G, Fehlings MG: Evaluation of the neuroprotective
effects of sodium channel blockers after spinal cord injury: Improved behavioral
and neuroanatomical recovery with riluzole. J Neurosurg 94(2 Suppl):245–256,
2001.
179.
Scannel G, Waxman K, Tominaga G, et al: Orotracheal
intubation in trauma patients with cervical fractures. Arch Surg 128:903–905,
1993.
180.
Trauma Resource Catalogue, 1999, published by
the American College of Surgeons. Clinical functions: Orthopedic surgery, pp 35–38.
181.
Kellam JF: Hip dislocations and fractures of
the femoral head. In Levine AM (ed): Orthopaedic
Trauma Association, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Orthopaedic Knowledge
Update: Trauma. Rosemont, IL, AAOS, 1996, pp 281–286.
182.
Routt CML: Fixation of pelvic ring disruptions.
In Levine AM (ed): Orthopaedic Trauma Association,
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Orthopaedic Knowledge Update: Trauma.
Rosemont, IL, AAOS, 1996, pp 241–248.
183.
Scalea TM, Burgess AR: Pelvic fractures. In
Mattox KL, Feliciano DV, Moore EE (eds): Trauma, 4th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill,
2000, pp 817–818.
184.
Odland MD, Gisbert VL, Gustilo RB, et al: Combined
orthopedic and vascular injury in the lower extremities: Indications for amputation.
Surgery 108:660–664, 2000.
185.
An HS, Mikhail WE, Jackson WT, et al: Effects
of hypotensive anesthesia, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and polymethylmethacrylate
on bleeding in total hip arthroplasty patients. J Arthroplasty 6:245–250,
1991.
186.
Koessler MJ, Fabiani R, Hamer H, Pitto RP: The
clinical relevance of embolic events detected by transesophageal echocardiography
during cemented total hip arthroplasty: A randomized clinical trial. Anesth Analg
92:49–55, 2001.
187.
Bulger EM, Smith DG, Maier RV, Jurkovich GJ:
Fat embolism syndrome. A 10-year review. Arch Surg 132:435–439, 1997.
188.
Karlsson J, Wendling W, Chen D, et al: Methylmethacrylate
monomer produces direct relaxation of vascular smooth muscle in vitro. Acta Anaesthesiol
Scand 39:685–689, 1995.
189.
Mabee JR: Compartment syndrome: A complication
of acute extremity trauma. J Emerg Med 12:651–656, 1994.
190.
Montgomery CJ, Ready LB: Epidural opioid analgesia
does not obscure diagnosis of compartment syndrome resulting from prolonged lithotomy
position. Anesthesiology 75:541–543, 1991.
191.
Michaelson M: Crush injury and crush syndrome.
World J Surg 16:899–903, 1992.
192.
Chandler CF, Blinman T, Cryer HG: Acute renal
failure. In Mattox KL, Feliciano DV, Moore EE (eds):
Trauma, 4th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2000, pp 1348–1349.
193.
Weber S, Bennett CR, Jones NF: Improvement in
blood flow during lower extremity microsurgical free tissue transfer associated with
epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg 67:703–705, 1988.
194.
Committee on Trauma, American College of Surgeons:
Advanced Trauma Life Support Program for Doctors. Chicago, American College of
Surgeons, 1997, pp 130–131.
195.
McGhee A, Swinton S, Watt M: Use of autologous
transfusion in the management of acute traumatic haemothorax in the accident and
emergency department. J Accid Emerg Med 16:451–452, 1999.
196.
Karmy-Jones R, Jurkovich GJ, Shatz DV, et al:
Management of traumatic lung injury. A Western Trauma Association Multicenter Review.
J Trauma 51:1049–1053, 2001.
197.
Baumgartner F, Omari B, Lee J, et al: Survival
after trauma pneumonectomy: The pathophysiologic balance of shock resuscitation
with right heart failure. Am Surg 62:967–972, 1996.
198.
Long DM, Kim SI, Shoemaker WC: Vascular responses
in the lung following trauma and shock. J Trauma 8:715–724, 1968.
199.
Cryer HG, Marvoudis C, Yu J, et al: Shock, transfusion,
and pneumonectomy: Death is due to heart failure and increased pulmonary vascular
resistance. Ann Surg 212:197–201, 1990.
200.
Nurozler F, Argenziano M, Ginsburg ME: Nitric
oxide usage after posttraumatic pneumonectomy. Ann Thorac Surg 71:364–366,
2001.
201.
Symbas PN, Justicz AG, Richetts RR: Rupture of
the airways from blunt trauma treatment of complex injuries. Soc Thorac Surg 54:177–183,
1992.
202.
Cowley RA, Turney SZ, Hankins JR, et al: Rupture
of thoracic aorta caused by blunt trauma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 100:652–661,
1990.
203.
Read RA, Moore EE, Moore FA, Haenel JB: Partial
left heart bypass for thoracic aortic repair. Survival without paraplegia. Arch
Surg 128:746–750, discussion 750–752, 1993.
204.
Galli R, Pacini D, Di Bartolomeo R, Fattori R:
Surgical indications and timing of repair of traumatic ruptures of the thoracic
aorta. Ann Thorac Surg 65:461–464, 1998.
205.
Pate JW, Gavant ML, Weiman DS: Traumatic rupture
of the aortic isthmus: Program of selective management. World J Surg 23:59–63,
1999.
206.
Shulman M, Sandler AN, Bradley JW et al: Postthoracotomy
pain and pulmonary function following epidural and systemic morphine. Anesthesiology
61:569–575, 1984.
207.
Antonelli M, Cinti G, Rocco M, et al: A comparison
of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation and conventional mechanical ventilation
in patients with acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 339:429–435, 1998.
208.
Beltrame F, Lucangelo U, Gregori D, et al: Noninvasive
positive pressure ventilation in trauma patients with acute respiratory failure.
Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 54:109–114, 1999.
209.
Feliciano DV, Rozycki GS: Advances in the diagnosis
and treatment of thoracic trauma. Surg Clin North Am 79:1417–1429, 1999.
210.
Creinin MD, Schwartz JL, Guido RS, Pymar HC:
Early pregnancy failure—current management concepts. Obstet Gynecol Surv 56:105–113,
2001.
211.
Knudson MM, Rozycki GS, Strear CM: Reproductive
system trauma. In Mattox KL, Feliciano DV, Moore
EE (eds): Trauma, 4th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2000, pp 879–905.
212.
Ibid.
213.
Osler T, Hales K, Baack B, et al: Trauma in the
elderly. Am J Surg 156:537–543, 1988.
214.
Scalea TM, Simon HM, Duncan AO, et al: Geriatric
blunt multiple trauma: Improved survival with early invasive monitoring. J Trauma
30:129–134, discussion 134–136, 1990.
215.
Mangano DT, Layug EL, Wallace A, Tateo I: Effect
of atenolol on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity after noncardiac surgery.
Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. N Engl J Med 335:1713–1720,
1996.
216.
Waters JH, Potter PS: Cell salvage in the Jehovah's
Witness patient. Anesth Analg 90:229–230, 2000.
217.
Gannon CJ, Napolitano LM: Severe anemia after
gastrointestinal hemorrhage in a Jehovah's Witness: New treatment strategies. Crit
Care Med 30:1893–1895, 2002.
218.
Atabek U, Alvarez R, Pello MJ, et al: Erythropoietin
accelerates hematocrit recovery in post-surgical anemia. Am Surg 61:74–77,
1995.
219.
Committee on Trauma, American College of Surgeons:
Advanced Trauma Life Support Program for Doctors. Chicago, American College of
Surgeons, 1997, pp 193–196.
220.
Thompson SWN, King AE, Woolf CJ: Activity-dependent
changes in rat ventral horn neurons in vitro, summation of prolonged afferent evoked
depolarizations produce a D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid sensitive windup. Eur
J Neurosci 2:638–649, 1990.
221.
Moiniche S, Kehlet H, Dahl JB: A qualitative
and quantitative systematic review of preemptive analgesia for postoperative pain
relief: The role of timing of analgesia. Anesthesiology 96:725–741, 2002.
222.
Beecher HK: Relationship of significance of wound
to pain experienced. JAMA 186:1609–1613, 1956.
223.
Breslau N: Epidemiologic studies of trauma, posttraumatic
stress disorder, and other psychiatric disorders. Can J Psychiatry 47:923–929,
2002.
224.
Zech DF, Ground S, Lynch J, et al: Validation
of World Health Organization guidelines for cancer pain relief: A 10-year prospective
study. Pain 63:65–76, 1995.
225.
Fouche YL, Tarantino DP: Acute pain management
for the trauma patient. Probl Anesth 13:372–382, 2001.
226.
Hagmeyer KO, Mauro LS, Mauro VF: Meperidine-related
seizures associated with patient-controlled analgesia pumps. Ann Pharmacother 27:29–32,
1993.
227.
Smythe M: Patient-controlled analgesia: A review.
Pharmacotherapy 12:132–143, 1992.
228.
Backonja M, Glanzman RL: Gabapentin dosing for
neuropathic pain: Evidence from randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials.
Clin Ther 25:81–104, 2003.
229.
Forouzanfar T, Koke AJ, van Kleef M, Weber WE:
Treatment of complex regional pain syndrome type I. Eur J Pain 6:105–122,
2002.
230.
Holte K, Kehlet H: Effect of postoperative epidural
analgesia on surgical outcome. Minerva Anestesiol 68:157–161, 2002.
231.
Hoyt DB, Simons RK, Winchell RJ, et al: A risk
analysis of pulmonary complications following major trauma. J Trauma 35:524–531,
1993.
232.
Eberhard LW, Morabito DJ, Matthay MA, et al:
Initial severity of metabolic acidosis predicts the development of acute lung injury
in severely traumatized patients. Crit Care Med 28:125–131, 2000.
233.
Garber BG, Hevert PC, Yelle JD, et al: Adult
respiratory distress syndrome: A systematic overview of incidence and risk factors.
Crit Care Med 24:687–695, 1996.
234.
McCunn M: Mechanical ventilation: Weapon of
mass destruction or tool for liberation? Crit Care Med 31:974–976, 2003.
235.
Brismar B, Hedenstierna G, Lundquuist H, et al:
Pulmonary densities during anesthesia with muscular relaxation—a proposal
of atelectasis. Anesthesiology 62:422–428, 1985.
236.
Dreyfuss D, Saumon G: Ventilator-induced lung
injury: Lessons from experimental studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:294–323,
1998.
237.
Greaves IA, Hildebrandt J, Hoppin FG: Micromechanics
of the lung. In Macklem PT, Mead J (eds): Handbook
of Physiology, 3rd ed. Bethesda, MD, American Physiological Society, 1986.
238.
Schiller HJ, McCann UG, Carney DE, et al: Altered
alveolar mechanics in the acutely injured lung. Crit Care Med 29:1049–1055,
2001.
239.
Amato MBP, Barbas CSV, Medeiros DM, et al: Effect
of a protective ventilation strategy on mortality in the acute respiratory distress
syndrome. N Engl J Med 338:347–354, 1998.
240.
Hickling KG, Walsh J, Henderson SJ, et al: Low
mortality rate in adult respiratory distress syndrome using low-volume, pressure-limited
ventilation with permissive hypercapnia: A prospective study. Crit Care Med 22:1568–1578,
1994.
241.
Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared
with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress
syndrome. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. N Engl J Med 342:1301–1308,
2000.
242.
Putensen C, Rasanen J, Lopez FA: Ventilation-perfusion
distributions during mechanical ventilation with superimposed spontaneous breathing
in canine lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 150:101–108, 1994.
243.
Sydow M, Burchardi H, Ephraim E, et al: Long-term
effects of two different ventilatory modes on oxygenation in acute lung injury.
Comparison of airway pressure release ventilation and volume-controlled inverse ratio
ventilation. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 149:1550–1556, 1994.
244.
Davis K, Johnson DJ, Branson RD, et al: Airway
pressure release ventilation. Arch Surg 128:1348–1352, 1993.
245.
Standards approved by the American Society of
Anesthesiologists House of Delegates, October 1988: ASA Newsletter, December 1988.
246.
Guidelines for the transfer of critically ill
patients. Crit Care Med 21:931–937, 1993.
247.
Ridley S, Carter R: The effects of secondary
transport on critically ill patients. Anaesthesia 44:822–827, 1989.
248.
Braman SS, Branson RD: Transport of the ventilator-supported
patient. In Tobin MJ (ed): Principles and Practice
of Mechanical Ventilation. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1994, pp 603–618.
249.
Weg JG, Haas CF: Safe intrahospital transport
of critically ill ventilator-dependent patients. Chest 96:631–635, 1989.
250.
Tice P: Intrahospital transport of critically
ill adults: Potential physiologic changes and nursing implications. Focus Crit
Care 18:424–428, 1991.
251.
Caplan ES, Hoyt NJ: Identification and treatment
of infections in multiple traumatized patients. Am J Med 79(Suppl 1A):68–76,
1985.
252.
Baker CC, Oppenheimer L, Stephens B, et al: Epidemiology
of trauma death. Am J Surg 140:144–150, 1980.
253.
Stillwell M, Caplan ES: The septic multiple-trauma
patient. Infect Dis Clin North Am 3:155–183, 1999.
254.
Rabinowitz RP, Caplan ES: Management of infections
in the trauma patient. Surg Clin North Am 79:1373–1383, 1999.
255.
Moore FA, Moore EE, Jones TN, et al: TEN versus
TPN following major abdominal trauma—reduced septic morbidity. J Trauma 29:916–923,
1989.
256.
Guidelines for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Respir Care 39:1191–236, 1994.
257.
Rodriguez JL, Gibbons KJ, Bitzer LG, et al: Pneumonia:
Incidence, risk factors and outcome in injured patients. J Trauma 31:907–912,
discussion 912–914, 1997.
258.
Jones A, Azmar R, Gatell LM, et al: Incidence,
risk and prognostic factors of nosocomial pneumonia in medically ventilated patients.
Am Rev Respir Dis 142:523–558, 1990.
259.
Kollef MH: Ventilator-associated pneumonia:
A multivariant analysis. JAMA 270:1965–1970, 1993.
260.
Hospital acquired pneumonias in adults: Diagnosis,
assessment of severity, initial antimicrobial therapy and prevention strategies.
A consensus statement. Am Thor Soc, Nov 1995. Am Rev Respir Crit Care Med 153:1711–1725,
1995.
261.
Baker AM, Meredith JW, Haponik EF: Pneumonia
in intubated trauma patients. Microbiology and outcomes. Am Rev Respir Crit Care
Med 153:343–349, 1996.
262.
Culver DH, Horan TC, Gaynes RD, et al: Surgical
wound infection rates by wound class, operative procedure, and patient risk index.
National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Am J Surg 91(3B):152S–157S,
1991.
262A.
Fox BC, Imrey PB, Voights MD, et al: Infectious
disease consultant and microbiological surveillance for intensive care unit trauma
patients: A pilot study. Clin Infect Dis 33:1981–1984, 2001.
263.
Moore F, Feliciano D, Andrassy R, et al: Early
enteral feeding compared with parenteral, reduces postoperative septic complications:
The result of a meta-analysis. Am Surg 216:172–183, 1992.
264.
Mank PE, Zaloga GP: Early enteral nutrition in
acutely ill patients: A systematic review. Crit Care Med 29:2264–2270, 2001.
265.
Jurkovich GJ: Outcome studies using immune-enhancing
diets: Blunt and penetrating torso trauma patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr
25:514–518, 2001.
266.
Jeejeebhoy KN: Total parenteral nutrition: Potion
or poison? Am J Clin Nutr 74:160–163, 2001.
267.
Borrell E, Roux-Lombard P, Grau GE, et al: Plasma
concentrations of cytokines, their soluble receptors, and antioxidant vitamins can
predict the development of multiple organ failure in patients at risk. Crit Care
Med 24:392-397, 1996.
268.
Porter JM, Ivatury RR, Azimuddin K, et al: Antioxidant
therapy in the prevention of organ dysfunction syndrome and infectious complications
after trauma: Early results of a prospective randomized study. Am Surg 65:478–483,
1999.
269.
Zapol WM, Snider MT, Hill JD, et al: Extracorporeal
membrane oxygenation in severe acute respiratory failure: A randomized prospective
study. JAMA 242:2193–2196, 1979.
270.
Voelckel W, Wenzel V, Rieger M, et al: Temporary
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the treatment of acute traumatic lung injury.
Can J Anaesth 45:1097–1102, 1998.
271.
McCunn M, Reynolds HN, Cottingham C, et al: Extracorporeal
support in an adult with severe carbon monoxide poisoning and shock following smoke
inhalation: A case report. Perfusion 15:169–173, 2000.
272.
Reynolds HN, Cottingham CA, McCunn M, et al:
Extracorporeal lung support in a patient with traumatic brain injury: The benefit
of heparin-bonded circuitry. Perfusion 14:489–493, 1999.
273.
Michaels AJ, Schriener RJ, Kolla S, et al: Extracorporeal
life support in pulmonary failure after trauma. J Trauma 46:838–844, 1999.