Previous Next



REFERENCES

1. Maternal mortality—United States, 1982–1996. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 47:705–707, 1998.

2. Berg CJ, Atrash HK, Koonin LM, et al: Pregnancy related mortality in the United States, 1987–1990. Am J Obstet Gynecol 88:161–167, 1996.

3. Panchal S, Arria AM, Labhsetwar SA: Maternal mortality during hospital admission for delivery: A retrospective analysis using a state-maintained database. Anesth Analg 93:134–141, 2001.

4. Anesthesia for emergency deliveries. ACOG Committee Opinion: Committee on Obstetrics, Maternal and Fetal Medicine. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 39:148, 1992.

5. Mabie WC, DiSessa TG, Crocker LG, et al: A longitudinal study of cardiac output in normal human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 170:849, 1994.

6. Capeless EL, Clapp JR: Cardiovascular changes in the early stages of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 161:1439, 1989.

7. Duvekot JJ, Peeters LL: Maternal cardiovascular hemodynamic adaptation to pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv 49(12 Suppl):S1, 1994.

8. Widerhorn J, Widerhorn AL, Rahimtoola SH, et al: WPW syndrome during pregnancy: Increased incidence of supraventricular arrhythmias. Am Heart J 123:796, 1992.

9. Lees MM, Taylor SH, Scott DB, et al: A study of cardiac output at rest throughout pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol Br Commonw 74:319, 1967.

10. Ueland K, Novy MJ, Peterson EN, et al: Maternal cardiovascular dynamics, IV. The influence of gestational age on the maternal cardiovascular response to posture and exercise. Am J Obstet Gynecol 104:856, 1969.

11. Marx GF: Aortocaval compression; incidence and prevention. Bull N Y Acad Med 50:443, 1974.

12. Cole PL, St John Sutton M: Normal cardiopulmonary adjustments to pregnancy: Cardiovascular evaluation. Cardiovasc Clin 19:37, 1989.

13. Bhagwat AR, Engel PJ: Heart disease and pregnancy. Cardiol Clin 13:163, 1995.

14. Theunissen I, Parer J: Fluid and electrolytes in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 37:3–15, 1994.

15. Conklin KA: Maternal physiological adaptations during gestation, labor and the puerperium. Semin Anesth 10:221–234, 1991.

16. Sharma SK, Philip J, Wiley J: Thromboelastographic changes in healthy parturients and postpartum women. Anesth Analg 85:94, 1997.

17. Tygart SG, McRoyan DK, Spinnato JA, et al: Longitudinal studies of platelet indices during normal pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 154:883–887, 1986.

18. Lottan M, Mashiach R, Namestnikov M: Hematologic diseases. In Birnbach DJ, Gatt SP, Datta S (eds): Textbook of Obstetric Anesthesia. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 2000, pp 586–596.

19. Ross A: Physiologic changes of pregnancy. In Birnbach DJ, Gatt SP, Datta S (eds): Textbook of Obstetric Anesthesia. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 2000, pp 31–45.

20. Wong CA, Loffredi M, Ganchiff JN, et al: Gastric emptying of water in term pregnancy. Anesthesiology 96:1395–1400, 2002.

21. Sandhar BK, Elliot RH, Windram I, et al: Peripartum changes in gastric emptying. Anaesthesia 47:196, 1992.

22. Holdsworth JD: Relationship between stomach contents and analgesia in labour. Br J Anaesth 50:1145, 1978.

23. Porter JS, Bonello E, Reynolds F: The influence of epidural administration of fentanyl infusion on gastric emptying in labour. Anaesthesia 52:1151, 1997.

24. Zimmerman DL, Breen TW, Frick G: Adding fentanyl 0.0002% to epidural bupivacaine 0.125% does not delay gastric emptying in laboring parturients. Anesth Analg 82:612–616, 1996.

25. Porter JS, Bonello E, Reynolds F: The influence of epidural administration of fentanyl infusion on gastric emptying in labour. Anaesthesia 52:1151, 1997.

26. Attia RR, Ebeid AM, Fischer JE, et al: Maternal fetal and placental gastrin concentrations. Anaesthesia 37:18, 1982.

27. Sibai BM, Frangieh A: Maternal adaptation to pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 7:420, 1995.

28. Palatiniuk RJ, Schnider SM, Eger EI II: Pregnancy decreases the requirement for inhaled anesthetic agents. Anesthesiology 41:82–83, 1974.

29. Fragraeus L, Urban BJ, Bromage PR: Spread of epidural analgesia in early pregnancy. Anesthesiology 58:184, 1983.

30. Datta S, Migliozzi RP, Flanagan HL, et al: Chronically administered progesterone decreases halothane requirements in rabbits. Anesth Analg 68:46–50, 1989.

31. Gintzler AR: Endorphin-mediated increases in pain threshold during pregnancy. Science 210:193–195, 1980.

32. Sander HW, Kream RM, Gintzler AR: Spinal dynorphin involvement in the analgesia of pregnancy. Eur J Pharmacol 159:205–209, 1989.

33. Trudinger BJ, Giles WB, Cook CM: Uteroplacental blood flow velocity time wave forms in normal and complicated pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 92:39–45, 1985.

34. McKinlay J, Lyons G: Obstetric neuraxial anaesthesia: Which pressor agents should we be using? Int J Obstet Anesth 11:77–152, 2002.

35. Skjölderbrand A, Eklund J, Johansson H, et al: Uteroplacental blood flow measured by placental scintigraphy during epidural anaesthesia for caeserean section. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 34:79–84, 1990.

36. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, et al: Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caeserean section. Br J Anaesth 68:54–59, 1992.

37. McGrath JM, Chestnut DH, Vincent RD, et al: Ephedrine remains the vasopressor of choice for treatment of hypotension during ritodrine infusion and epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 80:1073–1081, 1994.

38. Ramanathan S, Grant GJ:. Vasopressor therapy for hypotension due to epidural anesthesia for cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 32:559–565, 1988.

39. Thomas DG, Robson SC, Redfern N, et al: Randomized trial of bolus phenylephrine or ephedrine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Br J Anaesth 76:61–65, 1996.


2340


40. Moran DH, Perillo M, La Porta RF, et al: Phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesearean delivery. J Clin Anesth 3:301–305, 1991.

41. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, et al: Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 95:668–674, 2001.

42. Burns SM, Cowan CM, Wilkes RG: Prevention and management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caeserean section: A survey of practice. Anaesthesia 56:794–798, 2001.

43. Ralston DH, Schnider SM, deLorimar AA: Effects of equipotent ephedrine, metaraminol, mephentermine and methoxamine on uterine blood flow in the pregnant ewe. Anesthesiology 40:354–370, 1974.

44. Kingston HGG, Kendrick A, Sommer KM, et al: Binding of thiopental in neonatal serum. Anesthesiology 72:428, 1990.

45. Brown WU Jr, Bell GC, Alper MH: Acidosis, local anesthetics and the newborn. Obstet Gynecol 48:27–30, 1976.

46. Pang LM, Mellins RB: Neonatal cardiorespiratory physiology. Anesthesiology 43:171, 1975.

47. Finster M, Morishima HO, Mark LC, et al: Tissue thiopental concentrations in the fetus and newborn. Anesthesiology 336:155, 1972.

48. Thurlow JA, Kinsella SM: Intrauterine resuscitation: Active management of fetal distress. Int J Obstet Anesth 11:105–116, 2002.

49. Huch A, Huch R: Continuous transcutaneous oxygen monitoring of fetal oxygen tension during labor. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 84(Suppl):S1–S39, 1977.

50. Wilcourt RJ, King JC, Indyk L, et al: The relationship of fetal heart rate patterns to the transcutaneous PO2 . Am J Obstet Gynecol 140:760–769, 1981.

51. Thacker SB, Stroup DF: Continuous electronic heart monitoring versus intermittant auscultation for assessment during labor (Cochrane review). In The Cochrane Library, issue 2, 1999.

52. Leszczynska-Gorzelak B, Poniedzialek-Czajkowska E, Oleszczuk J: Fetal blood saturation during the 1st and 2nd stage of labor and its relation to the neonatal outcome. Gynecol Obstet Invest 54:159–163, 2002.

53. Seelbach-Gobel B, Heupel M, Kuhnert M, et al: The prediction of fetal acidosis by means of intrapartum pulse oximetry. Am J Obstet Gynecol 80:73–81, 1999.

54. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Committee opinion. Number 258. Fetal pulse oximetry. Obstet Gynecol 98:523–524, 2001.

55. Mercier FT, Dounas M, Bouaziz H, et al: Intravenous nitroglycerin to relieve intrapartum fetal distress related to uterine hyperactivity: A prospective observed trial. Anesth Analg 84:1117–1120, 1997.

56. Albright GA, Forster RM: Does combined spinal-epidural analgesia with subarachnoid sufentanil increase the incidence of emergency cesarean delivery? Reg Anesth Pain Med 22:400–405, 1997.

57. Friedman EA: Labor; Clinical Evaluation and Management. East Norwalk, CT, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1967.

58. Zhang J, Klebanoff MA, DerSimonian R: Epidural analgesia in association with duration of labor and mode of delivery: A quantitative review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 180:970–977, 1999.

59. Zhang J, Yancey MK, Klebanoff MA, et al: Does epidural analgesia prolong labor and increase risk of cesarean delivery? A natural experiment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185:128–134, 2001.

60. Segal S, Su M, Gilbert P: The effect of a rapid change in availability of epidural analgesia on the cesarean delivery rate: A meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 183:974–978, 2000.

61. Merskey H, Bogduk N: Classification of Chronic Pain. Descriptions of Chronic Pain Syndromes and Definitions of Pain Terms, 2nd ed. Seattle, International Association for the Study of Pain, 1994.

62. Stolte K: A comparison of women's expectations of labor with the actual event. Birth 14:99–103, 1987.

63. Melzack R: The myth of painless childbirth. The John J. Bonica Lecture. Pain 19:321–327, 1984.

64. Eltzchig HK, Lieberman ES, Camann WR: Regional anesthesia and analgesia for labor and delivery. N Engl J Med 348:319, 2003.

65. Read GD: Natural Childbirth. London, Heinemann, 1933.

66. Kennell J, Klaus M, McGrath S, et al: Continuous emotional support during labor in a US hospital. JAMA 265:2197–2201, 1991.

67. Han JS, Chen XH, Sun SL, et al: Effect of low- and high-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on Met-enkephalin-Arg-phe and dynorphin A immunoreactivity in human lumbar CSF. Pain 47:295–298, 1991.

68. Kaplan B, Rabinerson D, Lurie S, et al: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for adjunct pain relief during labor and delivery. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 60:251–255, 1998.

69. Van der Ploeg JM, Vervest HA, Liem AL, et al: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for adjunct pain relief during the first stage of labour: A randomized controlled trial. Pain 68:75–78, 1996.

70. Tsen L, Thomas J, Segal S, et al: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation does not augment epidural labor analgesia. J Clin Anesth 13:571–575, 2001.

71. Hawkins JL, Beaty BR: Update on obstetric anesthesia practices in the United States [abstract]. Anesthesiology 91:A1060, 1999.

72. Kuhnert BR, Kuhnert BM, Tu ASI, et al: Meperidine and normeperidine levels following meperidine administration during labor. Fetus and neonate. Am J Obstet Gynecol 133:909–914, 1979.

73. Way WL, Costley EC, Way EL: Respiratory sensitivity of the newborn infant to meperidine and morphine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 6:454–461, 1965.

74. Bricker L, Lavender T: Parenteral opioids for labor pain relief: A systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 186(5 Suppl Nature):S94–S109, 2002.

75. Kan RE, Hughes SC, Rosen MA, et al: Intravenous remifentanil: Placental transfer, maternal and neonatal effects. Anesthesiology 88:1167–1174, 1998.

76. Roelants F, De Franceschi E, Veyckemans F, et al: Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia using remifentanil in the parturient. Can J Anaesth 48:175–178, 2001.

77. Nikkola EM, Ekblad UU, Kero PO, et al: Intravenous fentanyl PCA during labour. Can J Anaesth 44:1248–1255, 1997.

78. Craft JB, Coaldrake LA, Bolan JC, et al: Placental passage and uterine effects of fentanyl. Anesth Analg 62:894, 1983.

79. Morley-Forster PK, Reid DW, Vandeberghe H: A comparison of patient controlled analgesia; fentanyl and alfentanil for labour analgesia. Can J Anaesth 47:113–119, 2000.

80. Eisele JH, Wright R, Rogge P: Newborn and maternal fentanyl levels at cesarean section. Anesth Analg 61:179, 1982.

81. Rayburn W, Rathke A, Leuschen P, et al: Fentanyl citrate analgesia during labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 161:202, 1989.

82. Rayburn WF, Smith CV, Parriott JE, et al: Randomized comparison of meperidine and fentanyl during labor. Obstet Gynecol 4:604–606, 1989.

83. Gal TJ: Analgesia and respiratory depressant activity of nalbuphine: A comparison with morphine. Anesthesiology 55:367, 1982.

84. Hatjis CG, Meis PJ: Sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern associated with butanorphal administration. Anesthesiology 67:377, 1986.

85. Feinstein SJ, Lodeiro JG, Vintzileos M: Sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern after administration of nalbuphine hydrochloride: A case report. Am J Obstet Gynecol 154:159. 1986

86. Weintraub SJ, Naulty JS: Acute abstinence syndrome after epidural injection of butorphanol. Anesth Analg 64:452–453, 1985.

87. Glass PSA, Hardman D, Kamiyama Y, et al: Preliminary pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an ultra-short acting opioid: Remifentanil. Anesth Analg 77:1031–1040, 1993.
2341


88. Volikas I, Male D: A comparison of pethedine and remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia in labour. Int J Obstet Anesth 10:86–90, 2001.

89. Volmanen P, Akural EI, Raudaskoski T, et al: Remifentanil in obstetric analgesia: A dose-finding study. Anesth Analg 94:913–917, 2002.

90. Owen MD, Poss MJ, Dean LS, et al: Prolonged intravenous remifentanil infusion for labor analgesia. Anesth Analg 194:918–919, 2002.

91. Saunders TA, Glass PSA: A trial of labor for remifentanil. Anesth Analg 94:771–773, 2002.

92. Irving FC: Advantages and disadvantages of barbiturates in obstetrics. R I Med J 28:493, 1945.

93. McQuitty FM: Relief of pain in labour: A controlled double-blind trial comparing pethedine and various phenothiazine derivatives. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 74:925–928, 1967.

94. Eisenstein JI, Rubin EJ, Arnold M, et al: Propiomazine hydrochloride in obstetrics. Am J Obstet Gynecol 88:606–611, 1964.

95. Mercier F, Benhamou D: Promising non-narcotic analgesic techniques for labour. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol 12:397–407, 1998.

96. Akamatu TJ, Bonica JJ, Rehmet R, et al: Experiences with the use of ketamine for parturition. I. Primary anesthesia for vaginal delivery. Anesth Analg 53:284–287, 1974.

97. McElhatton PR: The effects of benzodiazepine use during pregnancy and lactation. Reprod Toxicol 8:461–475, 1994.

98. Shiono PH, Mills JL: Oral clefts and diazepam use during pregnancy. N Engl J Med 311:919–920, 1984.

99. Seideman SF, Marx GF: Midazolam in obstetric anesthesia. Anesthesiology 67:443–444, 1987.

100. Irestedt L: Current status of nitrous oxide for obstetric pain relief. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 38:771, 1994.

101. Abboud TK, Swart F, Zhu J, et al: Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 39:259–261, 1996.

102. Wee MY, Hasan MA, Thomas TA: Isoflurane in labour. Anaesthesia 48:369–372, 1993.

103. Ross JA, Tunstall ME, Campbell DM, et al: The use of 0.25% isoflurane premixed in 50% nitrous oxide and oxygen for pain relief in labour. Anaesthesia 54:1166–1172, 1999.

104. Suelto MD, Shaw DB: Labor analgesia with paravertebral lumbar sympathetic block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 24:179–181, 1999.

105. Eisenberg DM, Davies RB, Ettner SL, et al: Trends in alternative medicine use in the USA 1990–97. Results of a follow-up national survey. JAMA 280:1569–1575, 1998.

106. Hepner DL, Harnett M, Segal S, et al: Herbal medicine use in parturients. Anesth Analg 94:690–693, 2002.

107. Pattee C, Ballantyne M, Milne B: Epidural analgesia for labour and delivery: Informed consent issues. Can J Anaesth 44:918–923, 1997.

108. Norris MC, Ferrenbach D, Dalman H, et al: Does epinephrine improve the diagnostic accuracy of aspiration during labor epidural analgesia? Anesth Analg 88:1073, 1999.

109. Birnbach DJ, Chestnut DH: The epidural test dose in obstetric practice: Has it outlived its usefulness? Anesth Analg 88:971, 1999.

110. Moore DC, Batra MS: The components of an effective test dose prior to epidural block. Anesthesiology 55:693, 1981.

111. Hood DD, Dewan DM, James FM III: Maternal and fetal effect of epinephrine in gravid ewes. Anesthesiology 64:610, 1986.

112. Leighton BL, Norris MC, DeSimone CA, et al: The air test as a clinically useful indicator of intravenously placed epidural catheters. Anesthesiology 73:610, 1990.

113. Russell I: In the event of accidental dural puncture by an epidural needle in labour, the catheter should be passed into the subarachnoid space. Int J Obstet Anesth 11:23–27, 2002.

114. Rigler ML, Drasner K: Distribution of catheter-injected local anesthetic in a model of the subarachnoid space. Anesthesiology 75:684–692, 1991.

115. Ross BK, Coda B, Heath CH: Local anesthetic distribution in a spinal model: A possible mechanism of neurologic injury after continuous spinal anesthesia. Reg Anesth 17:69–77, 1992.

116. Arkoosh VA, Palmer CM, Van Maren GA, et al: Continuous intrathecal labor analgesia: Safety and efficiacy [abstract]. Anesthesiology (Suppl):A8, 1998.

117. Viscomi CM, Rathmell JP, Pace NL: Duration of intrathecal labor analgesia. Early versus advanced labor. Anesth Analg 84:1108–1112, 1997.

118. Collis RE, Davies DW, Aveling W: Randomised comparison of combined spinal epidural and standard epidural analgesia in labour. Lancet 345:1413–1416, 1995.

119. Palmer CM, Randall CC, Hays R, et al: The dose-response relation of intrathecal fentanyl for labor analgesia. Anesthesiology 88: 355–361, 1998.

120. Campbell DC, Camann WR, Datta S, et al: The addition of bupivacaine to intrathecal sufentanil for labor analgesia. Anesth Analg 81:305–309, 1995.

121. Sia AT, Chong JL, Chiu JW: Combination of intrathecal sufentanil 10 mcg plus bupivacaine 2.5 mg for labor analgesia. Is half the dose enough? Anesth Analg 88:362–366, 1999.

122. Hughes D, Hill D, Fee JP: Intrathecal ropivacaine or bupivacaine with fentanyl for labour. Br J Anaesth 87:733–737, 2001.

123. Vercauteren MP, Haus G, De Decker K, et al: Levobupivacaine combined with sufentanil for intrathecal labor analgesia; a comparison with racemic bupivacaine Anesth Analg 93:996–1000, 2001.

124. Tsen L, Thue B, Datta S, et al: Is combined spinal-epidural analgesia associated with more rapid cervical dilation in nulliparous patients when compared with conventional epidural analgesia? Anesthesiology 91:920–925, 1999.

125. Clarke VT, Smiley RM, Finster M: Uterine hyperactivity after intrathecal injection of fentanyl for analgesia during labor: A cause of fetal bradycardia? Anesthesiology 81:1083, 1994.

126. D'Angelo R, Eisenach JC: Severe maternal hypotension and fetal bradycardia after a CSE. Anesthesiology 81:116–118, 1997.

127. O'Gorman Birnbach DJ, Kuczkowski KM, et al: Use of umbilical flow velocimetry in the assessment of the pathogenesis of fetal bradycardia following combined spinal epidural analgesia in parturients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 92:A2, 2000.

128. Priddle HD, Andros GJ: Primary spinal anesthetic effects of epinephrine. Anesth Analg 29:156–162, 1950.

129. Curatalo M, Petersen-Felix S, Arendt-Nielson L, et al: Epidural epinephrine and clonidine, segmental analgesia and effects on different pain modalities. Anesthesiology 87:785–794, 1997.

130. Viscomi C, Eisenach JC: Patient controlled epidural analgesia during labor. Obstet Gynecol 77:348, 1991.

131. Paech MJ: Patient controlled epidural analgesia in obstetrics. Int J Obstet Anesth 5:115–125, 1996.

132. Baxi LV, Petrie RH, James LS: Human fetal oxygenation following paracervical block. Am J Obstet Gynecol 135:1109–1112, 1979.

133. Shnider SM, Asling JH, Holl JW, et al: Paracervical block anesthesia in obstetrics: I. Fetal complications and neonatal morbidity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 107:619–625, 1970.

134. Asling JH, Shnider SM, Margolis AJ, et al: Paracervical block anesthesia in obstetrics: II. Etiology of fetal bradycardia following paracervical block. Am J Obstet Gynecol 107:626–634, 1970.

135. Klink EW: Perineal nerve block: An anatomic and clinical study in the female. Obstet Gynecol 1:137–146, 1953.

136. Hutchins CJ: Spinal anesthesia for instrumental delivery: A comparison with pudendal nerve block. Anaesthesia 35:376–377, 1980.

137. Scudamore JH, Yates MJ: Pudendal block—a misnomer? Lancet 1:23–24, 1966.

138. Leighton BL, Halpern SH, Wilson DB: Lumbar sympathetic blocks speed early and second stage induced labor in nulliparous women. Anesthesiology 90:1039–1046, 1999.
2342


139. Albaladejo P, Bouaziz H, Benhamou D: Epidural analgesics: How can safety and efficacy be improved? CNS Drugs 10:91–104, 1998.

140. Poppers PJ: Evaluation of local anesthetic agents for regional anesthesia in obstetrics. Br J Anaesth 47(Suppl):322–327, 1975.

141. Albright G: Cardiac arrest following regional anesthesia with etidocaine or bupivacaine. Anesthesiology 51:285–287, 1979.

142. Health ML: Deaths after intravenous regional anaesthesia. BMJ 285:913–994, 1982.

143. Aberg G: Toxicological and local anaesthetic effects of optically active isomers of 2 local anaesthetic compounds. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 31:273–286, 1972.

144. Luduena FP, Bogado EF, Tullar BF: Optical isomers of mepivacaine and bupivacaine. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 200:359–369, 1972.

145. Brown WU, Bell GC, Lurie AL, et al: Newborn blood levels of lidocaine and mepivacaine in the first postnatal day following maternal epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 42:698–707, 1975.

146. Scanlon JW, Brown WJ Jr, Weiss JB, et al: Neurobehavioral responses of newborn infants after maternal epidural anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 40:121, 1974.

147. Kunhert BR, Harrison MJ, Linn PL, et al: Effects of maternal epidural anesthesia on neonatal behavior. Anesth Analg 63:301, 1984.

148. Pollock JE, Neal JM, Stephenson CA, et al: Prospective study of the incidence of transient radicular irritation in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 84:1361–1367, 1996.

149. Kuhnert BR, Kuhnert PM, Philipson EH, et al: The half life of 2-chloroprocaine. Anesth Analg 65:273, 1986.

150. Karambelkar DJ, Ramanathan S: 2-Chloroprocaine antagonism of epidural morphine analgesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41:774–778, 1997.

Previous Next