|
|
REFERENCES
1.
Grubb RL, Raichle ME, Eichling JO, et al: The effects
of changes in PaCO2
on cerebral blood
volume, blood flow, and vascular mean transit time. Stroke 5:630, 1974.
2.
Archer DP, Labreque P, Tyler JL, et al: Cerebral
blood volume is increased in dogs during administration of nitrous oxide or isoflurane.
Anesthesiology 67:642, 1987.
3.
Greenberg JH, Alavi A, Reivich M, et al: Local
cerebral blood volume response to carbon dioxide in man. Circ Res 43:324, 1978.
4.
Petersen KD, Landsfeldt L, Cold GE, et al: Intracranial
pressure and cerebral hemodynamics in patients with cerebral tumors: A randomized
prospective study of patients subjected to craniotomy in propofol-fentanyl, isoflurane-fentanyl,
or sevoflurane-fentanyl anesthesia. Anesthesiology 98:329, 2003.
5.
Stirt JA, Grosslight KR, Bedford RF, et al: "Defasciculation"
with metocurine prevents succinylcholine-induced increases in intracranial pressure.
Anesthesiology 67:50, 1987.
6.
Kovarik DW, Mayberg TS, Lam AM, et al: Succinylcholine
does not change intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow velocity, or the electroencephalogram
in patients with neurologic injury. Anesth Analg 78:469, 1994.
7.
Eisenberg HA, Frankowski RF, Constant CJ, et al:
High-dose barbiturate control of elevated intracranial pressure in patients with
severe head injury. J Neurosurg 69:15, 1988.
8.
Cremer OL, Moons KG, Bouman EA, et al: Long-term
propofol infusion and cardiac failure in adult-injured patients. Lancet 357:117,
2001.
9.
Cannon ML, Glazier SS, Bauman LA: Metabolic acidosis,
rhabdomyolysis, and cardiovascular collapse after prolonged propofol infusion. J
Neurosurg 95:1053, 2001.
10.
Kelly DF: Propofol-infusion syndrome. J Neurosurg
95:925, 2001.
11.
Grote J, Zimmer K, Schubert R: Effects of severe
arterial hypocapnia on regional blood flow regulation, tissue PO2
and metabolism in the brain cortex of cats. Pflugers Arch 391:195, 1981.
12.
Stoyka WW, Schutz H: Cerebral response to hypocapnia
in normal and brain-injured dogs. Can J Anaesth 21:205, 1974.
13.
Michenfelder JD, Theye RA: The effects of profound
hypocapnia and dilutional anemia on canine cerebral metabolism and blood flow. Anesthesiology
31:449, 1969.
14.
Alexander SC, Smith TC, Stroebel G, et al: Cerebral
carbohydrate metabolism of man during respiratory and metabolic alkalosis. J Appl
Physiol 24:66, 1968.
15.
Hansen NB, Nowicki PT, Miller RR, et al: Alterations
in cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption during prolonged hypocarbia. Pediatr
Res 20:147, 1986.
16.
Reivich M, Cohen PJ, Greenbaum L: Alterations
in the electroencephalogram of awake man produced by hyperventilation: Effects of
100% oxygen at 3 atmospheres (absolute) pressure. Neurology 16:304, 1966.
17.
Hagerdal M, Harp JR, Siesjo BK: Influence of changes
in arterial PCO2
on cerebral blood flow
and cerebral energy state during hypothermia in the rat. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand
57:25, 1975.
18.
Bruce DA: Effects of hyperventilation on cerebral
blood flow and metabolism. Clin Perinatol 11:673, 1984.
19.
Artru AA: Cerebral vascular responses to hypocapnia
during nitroglycerin-induced hypotension. Neurosurgery 16:468, 1985.
20.
Artru AA, Katz RA, Colley PS: Autoregulation of
cerebral blood flow during normocapnia and hypocapnia in dogs. Anesthesiology 70:288,
1989.
21.
Boarini DJ, Kassell NF, Sprowll JA, et al: Cerebrovascular
effects of hypocapnia during adenosine-induced arterial hypotension. J Neurosurg
63:937, 1985.
22.
VanderWorp HB, Kraaier V, Wieneke GH, et al: Quantitative
EEG during progressive hypocarbia and hypoxia. Hyperventilation-induced EEG changes
reconsidered. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 79:335, 1991.
23.
Obrist WD, Langfitt TW, Jaggi JL, et al: Cerebral
blood flow and metabolism in comatose patients with acute head injury. J Neurosurg
61:264, 1984.
24.
Darby JM, Yonas H, Marion DW, et al: Local "inverse
steal" induced by hyperventilation in head injury. Neurosurgery 23:84, 1988.
25.
Cold GE: Does acute hyperventilation provoke cerebral
oligaemia in comatose patients after acute head injury? Acta Neurochir 96:100, 1989.
26.
Sutton LN, McLaughlin AC, Dante S, et al: Cerebral
venous oxygen content as a measure of brain energy metabolism with increased intracranial
pressure and hyperventilation. J Neurosurg 73:927, 1990.
27.
Muizelaar JP, Marmarou A, Ward JD, et al: Adverse
effects of prolonged hyperventilation in patients with severe head injury: A randomized
clinical trial. J Neurosurg 75:731, 1991.
28.
Bouma GJ, Muizelaar JP, Choi SC, et al: Cerebral
circulation and metabolism after severe traumatic brain injury: The elusive role
of ischemia. J Neurosurg 75:685, 1991.
29.
Cruz J, Miner ME, Allen SJ, et al: Continuous
monitoring of cerebral oxygenation in acute brain injury: Assessment of cerebral
hemodynamic reserve. Neurosurgery 29:743, 1991.
30.
Yoshida K, Marmarou A: Effects of tromethamine
and hyperventilation on brain injury in the cat. J Neurosurg 74:87, 1991.
31.
Sheinberg M, Kanter MJ, Robertson CS, et al: Continuous
monitoring of jugular venous oxygen saturation in head-injured patients. J Neurosurg
76:212, 1992.
32.
Andrews RJ, Muto RP: Retraction brain ischaemia:
Cerebral blood flow, evoked potentials, hypotension and hyperventilation in a new
animal model. Neurol Res 14:19, 1992.
33.
Ruta TS, Drummond JC, Cole DJ: The effect of acute
hypocapnia on local cerebral blood flow during middle cerebral artery occlusion in
isoflurane anesthetized rats. Anesthesiology 78:134, 1993.
34.
McLaughlin MR, Marion DW: Cerebral blood flow
and vasoresponsivity within and around cerebral contusions. J Neurosurg 85:871,
1996.
35.
Imberti R, Bellinzona G, Langer M: Cerebral tissue
PO2
and SjVO2
changes during moderate hyperventilation in patients with severe traumatic brain
injury. J Neurosurg 96:97, 2002.
36.
Coles JP, Minhas PS, Fryer TD, et al: Effect of
hyperventilation on cerebral blood flow in traumatic head injury: Clinical relevance
and monitoring correlates. Crit Care Med 30:1950, 2002.
37.
Gopinath SP, Robertson CS, Contant CF, et al:
Jugular venous desaturation and outcome after head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
57:717, 1994.
38.
Bouma GJ, Muizelaar JP, Stringer WA, et al: Ultra-early
evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow in severely head-injured patients using
xenon-enhanced computerized tomography. J Neurosurg 77:360, 1992.
39.
Kelly DF, Martin NA, Kordestani R, et al: Cerebral
blood flow as a predictor of outcome following traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg
86:633, 1997.
40.
Martin NA, Patwardhan RV, Alexander MJ, et al:
Characterization of cerebral hemodynamic phases following severe head trauma: Hypoperfusion,
hyperemia, and vasospasm. J Neurosurg 87:9, 1997.
41.
Schroder ML, Muizelaar JP, Kuta AJ, et al: Thresholds
for cerebral ischemia after severe head injury: Relationship with late CT findings
and outcome. J Neurotrauma 13:17, 1996.
42.
Hlatky R, Furuya Y, Valadka AB, et al: Dynamic
autoregulatory response after severe head injury. J Neurosurg 97:1054, 2002.
43.
Miller JD, Dearden NM, Piper IR, et al: Control
of intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury. J Neurotrauma 9:S317,
1992.
44.
Matta BF, Lam AM, Mayberg TS, et al: A critique
of the intraoperative use of jugular venous bulb catheters during neurosurgical procedures.
Anesth Analg 79:745, 1994.
45.
Ishii R: Regional cerebral blood flow in patients
with ruptured intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg 50:587, 1979.
46.
Xu W, Mellergard P, Ungerstedt U, et al: Local
changes in cerebral energy metabolism due to brain retraction during routine neurosurgical
procedures. Acta Neurochir 144:679, 2002.
47.
Raichle ME, Posner JB, Plum F: Cerebral blood
flow during and after hyperventilation. Arch Neurol 23:394, 1970.
48.
Muizelaar JP, Poel HG, Li ZC, et al: Pial arteriolar
vessel diameter and CO2
reactivity during prolonged hyperventilation in
the rabbit. J Neurosurg 69:923, 1988.
49.
Miller JD, Leech P: Effects of mannitol and steroid
therapy on intracranial volume-pressure relationships in patients. J Neurosurg 42:274,
1975.
50.
Miller JD, Sakalas R, Ward JD, et al: Methylprednisolone
treatment in patients with brain tumors. Neurosurgery 1:114, 1977.
51.
Yeung WTI, Lee T-Y, Maestro RFD, et al: Effect
of steroids on iopamidol blood-brain transfer constant and plasma volume in brain
tumors measured with x-ray computed tomography. J Neurooncol 18:53, 1994.
52.
Bell BA, Kean KM, Macdonald HL, et al: Brain water
measured by magnetic resonance imaging: Correlation with direct estimation and changes
after mannitol and dexamethasone. Lancet 1:66, 1987.
53.
Braakman R, Schouten HJ, Dishoeck MB, et al: Megadose
steroids in severe head injury. J Neurosurg 58:326, 1983.
54.
Dearden NM, Gibson JS, McDowall DG, et al: Effect
of high-dose dexamethasone on outcome from severe head injury. J Neurosurg 64:81,
1986.
55.
Gudeman SK, Miller JD, Becker DP: Failure of high-dose
steroid therapy to influence intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury.
J Neurosurg 51:301, 1979.
56.
Grumme T, Baethmann A, Kolodziejczyk D, et al:
Treatment of patients with severe head injury by triamcinolone: A prospective,
controlled multicenter clinical trial of 396 cases. Res Exp Med 195:217, 1995.
57.
Cottrell JE, Robustelli A, Post K, et al: Furosemide-
and mannitol-induced changes in intracranial pressure and serum osmolality and electrolytes.
Anesthesiology 47:28, 1977.
58.
Rudehill A, Gordon E, Ohman G, et al: Pharmacokinetics
and effects of mannitol on hemodynamics, blood and cerebrospinal fluid electrolytes,
and osmolality during intracranial surgery. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 5:4, 1993.
59.
Kaufmann AM, Cardoso ER: Aggravation of vasogenic
cerebral edema by multiple-dose mannitol. J Neurosurg 77:584, 1992.
60.
Marshall LF, Smith RW, Rauscher LA, et al: Mannitol
dose requirements in brain-injured patients. J Neurosurg 48:169, 1978.
61.
Staub F, Stoffel M, Berger S, et al: Treatment
of vasogenic brain edema with the novel chloride ion transport inhibitor torasemide.
J Neurotrauma 11:679, 1994.
62.
Ringel F, Chang RC, Staub F, et al: Contribution
of anion transporters to the acidosis-induced swelling and intracellular acidification
of glial cells. J Neurochem 75:125, 2000.
63.
The Brain Trauma Foundation, The American Association
of Neurological Surgeons. The Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care: Role
of antiseizure prophylaxis following head injury. J Neurotrauma 17:549, 2000.
64.
Lin C-L, Dumont AS, Lieu A-S, et al: Characterization
of perioperative seizures and epilepsy following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.
J Neurosurg 99:978, 2003.
65.
Lee LA: ASA postoperative visual loss registry:
Preliminary analysis of factors associated with spine operations. ASA Newsl 67:7,
2003.
66.
Hayreh SS: Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.
Clin Neurosci 4:251, 1997.
67.
Stammen J, Unsold R, Arendt G, et al: Etiology
and pathogenetic mechanisms of optic disc swelling with visual loss. Ophthalmologica
213:40, 1999.
68.
Wakakura M, Ishikawa S: Neuro-ophthalmic aspects
of vascular disease. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 5:18, 1994.
69.
Cheng MA, Todorov A, Tempelhoff R, et al: The
effect of prone positioning on intraocular pressure in anesthetized patients. Anesthesiology
95:1351, 2001.
70.
Williams EL, Hart WM, Tempelhoff R: Postoperative
ischemic optic neuropathy. Anesth Analg 80:1018, 1995.
71.
Cheng MA, Sigurdson W, Tempelhoff R, et al: Visual
loss after spine surgery: A survey. Neurosurgery 46:625, 2000.
72.
Roth S, Barach P: Postoperative visual loss:
Still no answers—yet. Anesthesiology 95:575, 2001.
73.
Albin MS, Ritter RR, Pruett CE, et al: Venous
air embolism during lumbar laminectomy in the prone position: Report of three cases.
Anesth Analg 73:346, 1991.
74.
Sutherland RW, Winter RJ: Two cases of fatal air
embolism in children undergoing scoliosis surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41:1073,
1997.
75.
Brown J, Rogers J, Soar J: Cardiac arrest during
surgery and ventilation in the prone position: A case report and systematic review.
Resuscitation 50:233, 2001.
76.
Standefer M, Bay JW, Trusso R: The sitting position
in neurosurgery: A retrospective analysis of 488 cases. Neurosurgery 14:649, 1984.
77.
Matjasko J, Petrozza P, Cohen M, et al: Anesthesia
and surgery in the seated position: Analysis of 554 cases. Neurosurgery 17:695,
1985.
78.
Black S, Ockert DB, Oliver WC, et al: Outcome
following posterior fossa craniectomy in patients in the sitting or horizontal positions.
Anesthesiology 69:49, 1988.
79.
Duke DA, Lynch JJ, Harner SG, et al: Venous air
embolism in sitting and supine patients undergoing vestibular schwannoma resection.
Neurosurgery 42:1286, 1998.
80.
Harrison EA, Mackersie A, McEwan A, et al: The
sitting position for neurosurgery in children: A review of 16 years' experience.
Br J Anaesth 88:12, 2002.
81.
Murr R, Biller H, Enzenbach R: Influence of volume
loading on the cardiovascular pattern in the sitting position. Br J Anaesth 56:1305P,
1984.
82.
Martin JT: Neuroanesthetic adjuncts for surgery
in the sitting position. The antigravity suit. Anesth Analg 49:588, 1970.
83.
Brodrick PM, Ingram GS: The antigravity suit in
neurosurgery. Anaesthesia 43:762, 1988.
84.
Meyer PG, Cuttaree H, Charron B, et al: Prevention
of venous air embolism in paediatric neurosurgical procedures performed in the sitting
position by combined use of MAST suit and PEEP. Br J Anaesth 73:795, 1994.
85.
Marshall WK, Bedford RF, Miller ED: Cardiovascular
responses in the seated position: Impact of four anesthetic techniques. Anesth
Analg 62:648, 1983.
86.
Dalrymple DG, MacGowan SW, MacLeod GF: Cardiorespiratory
effects of the sitting position in neurosurgery. Br J Anaesth 51:1079, 1979.
87.
Pivalizza EG, Katz J, Singh S, et al: Massive
macroglossia after posterior fossa surgery in the prone position. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol
10:34, 1998.
88.
Wilder BL: Hypothesis: The etiology of midcervical
quadriplegia after operation with the patient in the sitting position. Neurosurgery
11:530, 1982.
89.
Toung TJK, McPherson RW, Ahn H, et al: Pneumocephalus:
Effects of patient position on the incidence and location of aerocele after posterior
fossa and upper cervical cord surgery. Anesth Analg 65:65, 1986.
90.
Hernandez-Palazon J, Martinez-Lage JF, Rosa-Carrillo
VN, et al: Anesthetic technique and development of pneumocephalus after posterior
fossa surgery in the sitting position. Neurocirurgia 14:216, 2003.
91.
Drummond JC: Tension pneumocephalus and intermittent
drainage of ventricular CSF [letter]. Anesthesiology 60:609, 1984.
92.
Goodie D, Traill R: Intraoperative subdural tension
pneumocephalus arising after opening of the dura. Anesthesiology 74:193, 1991.
93.
Skahen S, Shapiro HM, Drummond JC, et al: Nitrous
oxide withdrawal reduces intracranial pressure in the presence of pneumocephalus.
Anesthesiology 65:192, 1986.
94.
Prabhakar H, Bithal PK, Garg A: Tension pneumocephalus
after craniotomy in supine position. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 15:278, 2003.
95.
Toung TT, Donham RT, Lehner A, et al: Tension
pneumocephalus after posterior fossa craniotomy: Report of four additional cases
and review of postoperative pneumocephalus. Neurosurgery 12:164, 1983.
96.
Reasoner DK, Todd MM, Scamman FL, et al: The incidence
of pneumocephalus after supratentorial craniotomy. Anesthesiology 80:1008, 1994.
97.
Satyarthee GD, Mahapatra AK: Tension pneumocephalus
following transsphenoid surgery for pituitary adenoma—report of two cases.
J Clin Neurosci 10:495, 2003.
98.
Michenfelder JD, Miller RH, Gronert GA: Evaluation
of an ultrasonic device (Doppler) for the diagnosis of venous air embolism. Anesthesiology
36:164, 1972.
99.
Marshall WK, Bedford RF: Use of a pulmonary-artery
catheter for detection and treatment of venous air embolism. Anesthesiology 52:131,
1980.
100.
Papadopoulos G, Kuhly P, Brock M, et al: Venous
and paradoxical air embolism in the sitting position: A prospective study with transesophageal
echocardiography. Acta Neurochir 126:140, 1994.
101.
Cushing H: The meningiomas (dural endotheliomas).
Their source and favoured seats of origin (Cavendish Lecture). Brain 45:282, 1922.
102.
Faberowski LW, Black S, Mickle P: Incidence of
venous air embolism during craniectomy for craniosynostosis repair. Anesthesiology
92:20, 2000.
103.
Tobias JD, Johnson JO, Jimenez DF, et al: Venous
air embolism during endoscopic strip craniectomy for repair of craniosynostosis in
infants. Anesthesiology 95:340, 2001.
104.
Matjasko J: Lessons learned [editorial]. J Neurosurg
Anesthesiol 8:1, 1996.
105.
Schubert A, Drummond JC, Peterson DO, et al:
A comparison of CO2
and bolus saline injection as tests of adequate Doppler
placement in neurosurgery. Anesth Analg 65:S135, 1986.
106.
Cucchiara RF, Nugent M, Seward JB, et al: Air
embolism in upright neurosurgical patients: Detection and localization by two-dimensional
transesophageal echocardiography. Anesthesiology 60:353, 1984.
107.
Cucchiara RF, Seward JB, Nishimura RA, et al:
Identification of patent foramen ovale during sitting position craniotomy by transesophageal
echocardiography with positive airway pressure. Anesthesiology 63:107, 1985.
108.
Black S, Muzzi DA, Nishimura RA, et al: Preoperative
and intraoperative echocardiography to detect right-to-left shunt in patients undergoing
neurosurgical procedures in the sitting position. Anesthesiology 72:436, 1990.
109.
Mammoto T, Hayashi Y, Ohnishi Y, et al: Incidence
of venous and paradoxical air embolism in neurosurgical patients in the sitting position:
Detection by transesophageal echocardiography. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 42:643,
1998.
110.
Drummond JC, Prutow RJ, Scheller MS: A comparison
of the sensitivity of pulmonary artery pressure, end-tidal carbon dioxide, and end-tidal
nitrogen in the detection of venous air embolism in the dog. Anesth Analg 64:688,
1985.
111.
Bunegin L, Albin MS, Helsel PE, et al: Positioning
the right atrial catheter: A model for reappraisal. Anesthesiology 55:343, 1981.
112.
Martin JT: Anesthetic adjuncts to patients in
the sitting position. III: Intravascular electrocardiography. Anesth Analg 49:793,
1970.
113.
Hagen PT, Scholz DG, Edwards WD: Incidence and
size of patent foramen ovale during the first 10 decades of life: An autopsy study
of 965 normal hearts. Mayo Clin Proc 59:17, 1984.
114.
Perkins NAK, Bedford RF: Hemodynamic consequences
of PEEP in seated neurological patients—implications for paradoxical air embolism.
Anesth Analg 63:429, 1984.
115.
Colohan ART, Perkins AK, Bedford RF, et al: Intravenous
fluid loading as prophylaxis for paradoxical air embolism. J Neurosurg 62:839, 1985.
116.
Black S, Cucchiara RF, Nishimura RA, et al: Parameters
affecting occurrence of paradoxical air embolism. Anesthesiology 71:235, 1989.
117.
Guggiari M, Lechat P, Garen-Colonne C, et al:
Early detection of patent foramen ovale by two-dimensional contrast echocardiography
for prevention of paradoxical air embolism during sitting position. Anesth Analg
67:192, 1988.
118.
Cucchiara RF, Nishimura RA, Black S: Failure
of preoperative echo testing to prevent paradoxical air embolism: Report of two
cases. Anesthesiology 71:604, 1989.
119.
Schwarz G, Fuchs G, Weihs W, et al: Sitting position
for neurosurgery: Experience with preoperative contrast echocardiography in 301
patients. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 6:83, 1994.
120.
Jauss M, Kaps M, Keberle M, et al: A comparison
of transesophageal echocardiography and transcranial Doppler sonography with contrast
medium for detection of patent foramen ovale. Stroke 25:1265, 1994.
121.
Leonard IE, Cunningham AJ: The sitting position
in neurosurgery—not yet obsolete! Br J Anaesth 88:1, 2002.
122.
Girard F, Ruel M, McKenty S, et al: Incidences
of venous air embolism and patent foramen ovale among patients undergoing selective
peripheral denervation in the sitting position. Neurosurgery 53:316, 2003.
123.
Sukernik MR, Mets B, Bennett-Guerrero E: Patent
foramen ovale and its significance in the perioperative period. Anesth Analg 93:1137,
2001.
124.
Bedell EA, Berge KH, Losasso TJ: Paradoxic air
embolism during venous air embolism: Transesophageal echocardiographic evidence
of transpulmonary air passage. Anesthesiology 80:947, 1994.
125.
Tommasino C, Rizzardi R, Beretta L, et al: Cerebral
ischemia after venous air embolism in the absence of intracardiac defects. J Neurosurg
Anesthesiol 8:30, 1996.
126.
Butler BD, Hills BA: The lung as a filter for
microbubbles. J Appl Physiol 47:537, 1979.
127.
Yahagi N, Furuya H, Sai Y, et al: Effect of halothane,
fentanyl, and ketamine on the threshold for transpulmonary passage of venous air
emboli in dogs. Anesth Analg 75:720, 1992.
128.
Zentner J, Albrecht T, Hassler W: Prevention
of an air embolism by moderate hypoventilation during surgery in the sitting position.
Neurosurgery 28:705, 1991.
129.
Grady MS, Bedford RF, Park TS: Changes in superior
sagittal sinus pressure in children with head elevation, jugular venous compression
and PEEP. J Neurosurg 65:199, 1986.
130.
Toung TJK, Miyabe M, McShane AJ, et al: Effect
of PEEP and jugular venous compression on canine cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption
in the head elevated position. Anesthesiology 68:53, 1988.
131.
Pfitzner J, McLean AG: Controlled neck compression
in neurosurgery. Anaesthesia 40:624, 1985.
132.
Tassani P, Eberl-Lehmann P, Enzenbach R: Interatrial
pressure difference during inflation of pneumatic antishock garments and positive
end-expiratory pressure ventilation. J Neurosurg Anesth 4:160, 1992.
133.
Jaffe RA, Pinto FJ, Schnittger I, et al: Aspects
of mechanical ventilation affecting interatrial shunt flow during general anesthesia.
Anesth Analg 75:484, 1992.
134.
Greim CA, Trautner H, Kramer K, et al: The detection
of interatrial flow patency in awake and anesthetized patients: A comparative study
using transnasal transesophageal echocardiography. Anesth Analg 92:1111, 2001.
135.
Geissler HJ, Allen SJ, Mehlhorn U, et al: Effect
of body repositioning after venous air embolism. Anesthesiology 86:710, 1997.
136.
Sokoll MM, Gergis SD: Effects of venous air embolism
on the cardiovascular system and acid base balance in the presence and absence of
nitrous oxide. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 28:226, 1984.
137.
Losasso TJ, Muzzi DA, Dietz NM, et al: Fifty
percent nitrous oxide does not increase the risk of venous air embolism in neurosurgical
patients operated upon in the sitting position. Anesthesiology 77:21, 1992.
138.
Losasso TJ, Black S, Muzzi DA, et al: Detection
and hemodynamic consequences of venous air embolism. Does nitrous oxide make a difference?
Anesthesiology 77:148, 1992.
139.
Clifton GL, Miller ER, Choi SC, et al: Fluid
thresholds and outcome from severe brain injury. Crit Care Med 30:739, 2002.
140.
Kellum JA: Saline-induced hyperchloremic metabolic
acidosis. Crit Care Med 30:259, 2002.
141.
Tommasino C, Moore S, Todd MM: Cerebral effects
of isovolemic hemodilution with crystalloid or colloid solutions. Crit Care Med
16:862, 1988.
142.
Drummond JC, Patel PM, Cole DJ, et al: The effect
of reduction of colloid oncotic pressure, with and without reduction of osmolality,
on post traumatic cerebral edema. Anesthesiology 88:993, 1998.
143.
Claes Y, VanHemelrijck J, Gerven MV, et al: Influence
of hydroxyethyl starch on coagulation in patients during the perioperative period.
Anesth Analg 75:24, 1992.
144.
Huraux C, Ankri A, Eyraud D, et al: Hemostatic
changes in patients receiving hydroxyethyl starch: The influence of ABO blood group.
Anesth Analg 92:1396, 2001.
145.
Franz A, Braunlich P, Gamsjager T, et al: The
effects of hydroxyethyl starches of varying molecular weights on platelet function.
Anesth Analg 92:1402, 2001.
146.
Felfernig M, Franz A, Braunlich P, et al: The
effects of hydroxyethyl starch solutions on thromboelastography in preoperative male
patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 47:70, 2003.
147.
Cully MD, Larson CP, Silverberg GD: Hetastarch
coagulopathy in a neurosurgical patient [letter]. Anesthesiology 66:706, 1987.
148.
Trumble ER, Muizelaar JP, Myseros JS, et al:
Coagulopathy with the use of hetastarch in the treatment of vasospasm. J Neurosurg
82:44, 1995.
149.
Kreimeier U, Messmer K: Small-volume resuscitation:
From experimental evidence to clinical routine. Advantages and disadvantages of
hypertonic solutions. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 46:625, 2002.
150.
Qureshi AI, Suarez JI: Use of hypertonic saline
solutions in treatment of cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension. Crit Care
Med 28:3301, 2000.