Previous Next



REFERENCES

1. Nuttall GA, Stehling LC, Beighley CM, et al: Current transfusion practices of members of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology 99:1433, 2003.

2. ASA Task Force: Practice guidelines for blood component therapy. Anesthesiology 84:32, 1996.

3. Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh: Consensus statement on red cell transfusion. Br J Anaesth 73:857, 1994.

4. Miller RD, Stehling L: What is the transfusion trigger? What is the message? Anesthesiology 86:750, 1997.

5. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: Perioperative red cell transfusion. Am J Public Health 78:1588, 1988.

6. Sehgal LR, Zebala LP, Takagi I, et al: Evaluation of oxygen extraction ratio as a physiologic transfusion trigger in coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients. Transfusion 41:591, 2001.

7. Domen RE: Adverse reactions associated with autologous blood transfusions. Transfusion 38:296, 1998.

8. Marik PE, Sibbald WJ: Effect of stored-blood transfusion on oxygen delivery in patients with sepsis. JAMA 269:3024, 1993.

9. Corwin HL, Parsonnet KC, Gettinger A: RBC transfusion in the ICU: Is there a reason? Chest 108:767, 1995.

10. Hébert PC, Wells G, Marshall J, et al, for the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group: Transfusion requirements in critical care—A pilot study. JAMA 273:1439, 1995.

11. Bishop MH, Shoemaker WC, Appel PL, et al: Relationship between supranormal circulatory values, time delays and outcome in severely traumatized patients. Crit Care Med 21:56, 1993.

12. Bishop MH, Shoemaker WC, Appel PL, et al: Prospective, randomized trial of survivor values of cardiac index, oxygen delivery, and oxygen consumption as resuscitation endpoints in severe trauma. J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care 38:780, 1995.

13. Boyd O, Grounds RM, Bennett DE: A randomized clinical trial of the effect of deliberate perioperative increase of oxygen delivery on mortality in high-risk surgical patients. JAMA 270:2699, 1993.

14. Purdy RF, Tweeddale MG, Merrick PM: Association of mortality with age of blood transfused in septic ICU patients. Can J Anaesth 44:1256, 1997.

15. Vamvakas EC, Carven JH: Transfusion and postoperative pneumonia in coronary artery bypass surgery: Effect of the length of storage of transfused red cells. Transfusion 39:701, 1999.

16. Leal-Noval SR, Jara-Lopez I, Garcia-Garmendia JL, et al: Influence of erythrocyte concentrate storage time on postsurgical morbidity in cardiac surgery patients. Anesthesiology 98:815, 2003.

17. Kim DM, Brecher ME, Estes TJ, et al: Relationship of hemoglobin level and duration of hospitalization after total hip arthroplasty: Implications for the transfusion target. Mayo Clin Proc 68:37, 1993.

18. Thurer RL: Evaluating transfusion triggers. JAMA 279:238, 1998.

19. Weiskopf RB, Viele MK, Feiner J, et al: Human cardiovascular and metabolic responses to acute, severe isovolemic anemia. JAMA 279:217, 1998.

20. Habibi S, Corrsin DB, McDermott JC, et al: Trauma and massive hemorrhage. In Muravchick S, Miller RD (eds): Atlas of Anesthesia: Subspecialty Care. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1998, pp. 6.2–6.17.

21. Hebert PC, Wells G, Blajchman MA, et al: A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. N Engl J Med 340:409, 1999.

22. Ely EW, Bernard GR: Transfusions in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 340:467, 1999.

23. Hebert PC, Fergusson DA: Red blood cell transfusions in critically ill patients. JAMA 288:1525, 2002.

24. Vincent JL, Baron JF, Reinhart K, et al: Anemia and blood transfusion in critically ill patients. JAMA 288:1499, 2002.

25. Wu WC, Rathore SS, Wang Y, et al: Blood transfusion in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 345:1230, 2001.

26. Hebert PC, Yetisic E, Martin C, et al: Is a low transfusion threshold safe in critically ill patients with cardiovascular disease safe? Crit Care Med 29:227, 2001.

27. van Klei WA, Moons KG, Leyssius AT, et al: A reduction in type and screen: Preoperative prediction of RBC transfusion in surgery procedures with intermediate transfusion risks. Br J Anaesth 87:250, 2001.


1828


28. Walsh TS, McClelland DBL: When should we transfuse critically ill and perioperative patients with known coronary artery disease? Br J Anaesth 90:709, 2003.

29. McCrossan L, Masterson G: Blood transfusion in critical illness. Br J Anaesth 88:6, 2002.

30. Saxena S, Wehrli G, Makarewicz K, et al: Monitoring for underutilization of RBC components and platelets. Transfusion 41:587, 2001.

31. Weiskopf RB: Do we know when to transfuse red cells to treat acute anemia? Transfusion 38:517, 1998.

32. Renner SW, Howanitz PJ, Bachner P: Preoperative autologous blood donation in 612 hospitals: A College of American Pathologists' Q-probes study of quality issues in transfusion practice. Arch Pathol Lab Med 116:613, 1992.

33. Etchason J, Petz L, Keeler E, et al: The cost effectiveness of preoperative autologous blood donations. N Engl J Med 332:719, 1995.

34. Kanter MH, Van Maanen D, Anders KH, et al: Preoperative autologous blood donations before elective hysterectomy. JAMA 276:798, 1996.

35. Popovsky MA, Whitaker B, Arnold NL: Severe outcomes of allogeneic and autologous blood donations: Frequency and characterization. Transfusion 35:734, 1995.

36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Red blood cell transfusions contaminated with Yersinia enterocolitica. JAMA 278:553, 1997.

37. Williams AE, Thompson RA, Schreiber GB, et al: Estimates of infectious disease risk factors in US blood donors. JAMA 277:967, 1997.

38. Miller RD, Von Ehrenberg W: Should the same indication be used for both autologous and homologous transfusions? Transfusion 35:703, 1995.

39. American Society of Anesthesiologists: Transfusion Practices: Questions and Answers, 3rd ed. Chicago, American Society of Anesthesiologists, 1998, pp 8–9.

40. Boyd PR, Sheedy KC, Henry JB: Type and screen: Use and effectiveness in elective surgery. Am J Clin Pathol 74:694, 1980.

41. Oberman AJ, Barnes BA, Friedman BA: The risk of abbreviating the major crossmatch in urgent or massive transfusion. Transfusion 18:137, 1978.

42. Sarma DP: Use of blood in elective surgery. JAMA 243:1536, 1980.

43. Friedman BA: An analysis of surgical blood use in United States hospitals with application to the maximum surgical blood order schedule. Transfusion 19:268, 1979.

44. Walker RH: What is a clinically significant antibody? In Polesky HF, Walker RH (eds): Safety and Transfusion Practices. Skokie, IL, College of American Pathologists, 1982, p 79.

45. Gervin AS, Fischer RP: Resuscitation of trauma patients with type-specific uncrossmatched blood. J Trauma 24:327, 1984.

46. Moore GL, Peck CC, Sohmer PR, et al: Some properties of blood stored in CPDA-1 solution. Transfusion 21:135, 1981.

47. Valeri CR: Measurement of viable ADSOL-preserved human red cells. N Engl J Med 312:377, 1985.

48. Vovric VA, Archer GT, Wisdom L, et al: Thirty-five-day modified red cells and 7-day stored platelet concentrates from triple bags of identical PVC formation. Vox Sang 49:181, 1985.

49. Valeri CR: Simplification of the methods for adding and removing glycerol during freeze-preservation of human red blood cells with high or low glycerol methods: Biochemical modification prior to freezing. Transfusion 15:195, 1975.

50. Telischi M, Hoiberg R, Rao KPP, et al: The use of frozen, thawed erythrocytes in blood banking. Am J Clin Pathol 68:250, 1977.

51. Valtis DJ, Kennedy AC: Defective gas-transport function of stored red blood cells. Lancet 1:119, 1954.

52. Kopriva CJ, Ratliff JL, Fletcher JR, et al: Biochemical and hematological changes associated with massive transfusion of ACD-stored blood in severely injured combat casualties. Ann Surg 176:585, 1972.

53. McConn R, Derrick JB: The respiratory function of blood: Transfusion and blood storage. Anesthesiology 36:119, 1972.

54. Sheldon GF: Diphosphoglycerate in massive transfusion and erythropheresis. Crit Care Med 7:407, 1979.

55. Valeri CR, Collins FB: Physiologic effects of 2,3-DPG-depleted red cells with high affinity for oxygen. J Appl Physiol 31:823, 1971.

56. Bowen JC, Fleming WH: Increased oxyhemoglobin affinity alters transfusion of stored blood: Evidence for circulatory compensation. Ann Surg 180:760, 1974.

57. Collins JA: Recent developments in the area of massive transfusion. World J Surg 11:75, 1987.

58. Miller RD, Robbins TO, Tong MJ, et al: Coagulation defects associated with massive blood transfusions. Ann Surg 174:794, 1971.

59. Counts RB, Haisch C, Simon TL, et al: Hemostasis in massively transfused trauma patients. Ann Surg 190:91, 1979.

60. Reed RL, Heimback DM, Counts RB, et al: Prophylactic platelet administration during massive transfusion. Ann Surg 203:40, 1986.

61. Miller RD: Complications of massive blood transfusions. Anesthesiology 39:82, 1973.

62. NIH Consensus Conference: Fresh frozen plasma: Indications and risks. JAMA 253:551, 1985.

63. Levi M, ten Cate H, van der Poll T, van Deventer JH: Pathogenesis of disseminated intravascular coagulation. JAMA 270:975, 1993.

64. Attar S, Hanashiro P, Mansberger A: Intravascular coagulation: Reality or myth. Surgery 68:27, 1970.

65. Corrigan JJ, Jordan CM: Heparin therapy in septicemia with disseminated intravascular coagulation. N Engl J Med 283:778, 1970.

66. Priano LL, Wilson RD, Traber DL: Lack of significant protection afforded by heparin during endotoxic shock. Am J Physiol 220:901, 1971.

67. Mant MJ, King EG: Severe, acute disseminated intravascular coagulation. Am J Med 67:557, 1979.

68. Fourrier F, Chopin C, Goudemand J, et al: Septic shock, multiple organ failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Chest 101:816, 1992.

69. Saleem A, Blifeld C, Saleh SA, et al: Viscoelastic measurement of clot formation: A new test of platelet function. Ann Clin Lab Sci 13:115, 1983.

70. Lavee J, Martinowitz U, Mohr R, et al: The effect of transfusion of fresh whole blood versus platelet concentrates after cardiac operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 97:204, 1989.

71. Erber WN, Tan J, Grey D, et al: Use of unrefrigerated fresh whole blood in massive transfusion. Med J Aust 165:11, 1996.

72. Harvey MP, Dwyer P, Dean MG: Fighting a rearguard action in the massively transfused patient. Med J Anest 165:9, 1996.

73. Murray DJ, Olson J, Strauss R, Tinker JH: Coagulation changes during packed red cell replacement of major blood loss. Anesthesiology 69:839, 1988.

74. Kang Y, Lewis JH, Navalgung A, et al: Epsilon-aminocaproic acid for treatment of fibrinolysis during liver transplantation. Anesthesiology 66:766, 1987.

75. Weiskoph RB: Intraoperative use of recombinant activated coagulation factor VII. Anesthesiology 96:1287, 2002.

76. Morgan PD, Hosking MP: The role of desmopressin acetate in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Anesthesiology 77:38, 1992.

77. Feeley TW, Rinsky LA: Use of aprotinin to reduce intraoperative bleeding. West J Med 159:189, 1993.

78. Hüppala S, Strid L, Wennerstrand M, et al: Tranexamic acid (Cyklokapron) reduces perioperative blood loss associated with total knee arthroplasty. Br J Anaesth 74:534, 1995.

79. Hüppala ST, Strid LJ, Wennerstrand MI, et al: Tranexamic acid radically decreases blood loss and transfusions associated with total knee arthroplasty. Anesth Analg 84:839, 1997.

80. Laupacis A, Fergusson D, for the International Study of Perioperative Transfusion Investigators: Drugs to minimize perioperative blood loss in cardiac surgery: Meta-analyses using perioperative blood transfusion as the outcome. Anesth Analg 85:1258, 1997.
1829


81. Leslie SD, Toy PT: Laboratory hemostatic abnormalities in massively transfused patients given red blood cells and crystalloid. Am J Clin Pathol 96:770, 1991.

82. Urban P, Scheidegger D, Buchmann B, et al: Cardiac arrest and blood ionized calcium levels. Ann Intern Med 109:110, 1988.

83. Drop LJ, Laver MB: Low plasma ionized calcium and response to calcium therapy in critically ill man. Anesthesiology 43:300, 1975.

84. Bashour TT, Ryan C, Kabbani SS, et al: Hypocalcemic acute myocardial failure secondary to rapid transfusion of citrated blood. Am Heart J 108:1040, 1984.

85. Linko K, Tigerstedt I: Hyperpotassemia during massive blood transfusions. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 28:220, 1984.

86. Morris RH: Influence of ambient temperature on patient temperature during intra-abdominal surgery. Ann Surg 173:230, 1971.

87. Zorko MF, Polsky SS: Rapid warming and infusion of packed red blood cells. Ann Emerg Med 15:907, 1986.

88. Sazama K: Reports of 355 transfusion-associated deaths: 1976 through 1985. Transfusion 30:583, 1990.

89. Iserson KV, Huestis DW: Blood warming: Current application and techniques. Transfusion 31:558, 1991.

90. Collins JA, Simmons RL, James PM, et al: The acid-base status of seriously wounded combat casualties. I. Resuscitation with stored blood. Ann Surg 173:6, 1971.

91. Miller RD, Tong MJ, Robbins TO: Effects of massive transfusion of blood on acid-base balance. JAMA 216:1762, 1971.

92. France CJ, Eger EI II, Bendixen HH: The use of peripheral venous blood for pH and carbon dioxide tension determinations during general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 40:311, 1974.

93. Wong DW, Mishkin FS, Tanaka TT: The effects of bicarbonate on blood coagulation. JAMA 244:61, 1980.

94. Moseley RV, Doty DB: Changes in the filtration characteristics of stored blood. Ann Surg 171:329, 1970.

95. Gilbert GL: Prevention of transfusion-acquired cytomegalovirus infection in infants by blood filtration to remove leukocytes. Lancet 1:1228, 1989.

96. Hässig A, Collins JA, Högman C, et al: When is microfiltration of whole blood and red cell concentrates essential? When is it superfluous? Vox Surg 50:54, 1986.

97. Kopko PM, Holland PV: Mechanism of severe transfusion reactions. Transfusion Clin Biol 8:278, 2001.

98. Capon SM, Sacher RA: Hemolytic transfusion reactions: A review of mechanisms, sequelae, and management. J Intensive Care Med 4:100, 1989.

99. Linden JV, Tourault MA, Schribner CL: Decrease in frequency of transfusion fatalities. Transfusion 37:243, 1997.

100. Seyfried H, Walewska I: Immune hemolytic transfusion reactions. World J Surg 11:25, 1987.

101. Huh YO, Lichtiger B: Transfusion reactions in patients with cancer. J Clin Pathol 87:253, 1987.

102. Pineda AA, Brzica SM Jr, Taswell HF: Hemolytic transfusion reaction. Mayo Clin Proc 53:378, 1978.

103. Lopas H: Immune hemolytic transfusion reactions in monkeys: Activation of the kallikrein system. Am J Physiol 225:372, 1973.

104. Seager OA, Nesmith MA, Begelman KA, et al: Massive acute hemodilution for incompatible blood reaction. JAMA 229:788, 1974.

105. Solanki D, McCurdy PR: Delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions: An often-missed entity. JAMA 239:729, 1978.

106. Hewitt PE, Macintyre EA, Devenish A, et al: A prospective study of the incidence of delayed haemolytic transfusion reactions following perioperative blood transfusion. Br J Haematol 69:541, 1988.

107. Poipvsky MS, Abel MD, Moore SB: Transfusion-related acute lung injury associated with passive transfer of anti-leukocyte antibodies. Am Rev Respir Dis 128:185, 1983.

108. Oberman HA: Controversies in transfusion medicine: Should a febrile transfusion response occasion the return of the blood component to the blood bank? Con Transfusion 34:353, 1994.

109. Widman FK: Controversies in transfusion medicine: Should a febrile transfusion response occasion the return of the blood component to the blood bank? Pro Transfusion 34:356, 1994.

110. Busch MP, Kleinman SH, Nemo GJ: Current and emerging infectious risks of blood transfusions. JAMA 289:959, 2003.

111. Tong MJ, El-Farra NS, Reikes AR, et al: Clinical outcomes after transfusion-associated hepatitis C. N Engl J Med 332:1463, 1995.

112. Murphy EL, Bryzman S, Williams AE, et al: Demographic determinants of hepatitis C virus seroprevalence among blood donors. JAMA 275:995, 1996.

113. Curran JW, Lawrence DN, Jaffe H, et al: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) associated with transfusions. N Engl J Med 310:69, 1984.

114. Simon TL, Bankhurst AD: A study of surrogate tests to prevent transmission of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Blood 62(Suppl 1):238a, 1984.

115. Ballas SK, Draper EK, Harris M, et al: Designated blood donations. N Engl J Med 310:124, 1984.

116. Cohen ND, Muñoz A, Reitz BA, et al: Transmission of retroviruses by transfusion of screened blood in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 320:1173, 1989.

117. Preiksaitis VK, Grumet FC, Smith WK, et al: Transfusion-acquired cytomegalovirus infection in cardiac surgery patients. J Med Virol 15:283, 1985.

118. Preiksaitis JK, Brown L, McKenzie M: The risk of cytomegalovirus infection in seronegative transfusion recipients not receiving exogenous immunodepression. J Infect Dis 157:523, 1988.

119. Pealer LN, Marfin AA, Petersen LR, et al: Transmission of West Nile virus through blood transfusions in the United States in 2002. N Engl J Med 349:1236, 2003.

120. Wilhelm JA, Matter L, Schopfer K: The risk of transmitting cytomegalovirus to patients receiving blood transfusions. J Infect Dis 154:169, 1986.

121. Tripple MA, Bland JJ, Murphy MJ, et al: Sepsis associated with transfusion of red cells contaminated with Yersinia enterocolitica. Transfusion 30:207, 1990.

122. Aber RC: Transfusion-associated Yersinia enterocolitica. Transfusion 30:193, 1990.

123. Grossman BJ, Kollins PM, Lau JL, et al: Screening blood donors for gastrointestinal illness: A strategy to eliminate carriers of Yersinia enterocolitica. Transfusion 31:500, 1991.

124. Glynn SA, Busch MP, Schreiber GB, et al: Effect of a national disaster on blood supply and safety. JAMA 289:2246, 2003.

125. Hayashi H, Nishiuchi T, Tamura H, et al: Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease caused by leukocyte-filtered stored blood. Anesthesiology 79:1419, 1992.

126. Kopko PM, Marshall CS, MacKenzie MR, et al: Transfusion-related acute lung injury. JAMA 287:1968, 2002.

127. Florell SR, Velasco SE, Fine PG: Perioperative recognition, management, and pathologic diagnosis of transfusion-related acute lung injury. Anesthesiology 81:508, 1994.

128. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Adverse ocular reactions following transfusion—United States 1997–1998. JAMA 279:49, 1998.

129. Landers DF, Hill GE, Wong KC, et al: Blood transfusion-induced immunomodulation. Anesth Analg 82:187, 1996.

130. Vamvakas EC: Transfusion-related immunomodulation. Transfusion Alternatives in Transfusion Med 4:48, 2002.

131. Corwin HL, AuBuchon JP: Is leukoreduction of blood components for everyone? JAMA 289:1993, 2003.

132. Vamvakas EC, Blajchman MA: Universal WBC reduction: A case for and against. Transfusion 41:691, 2001.

133. Hebert PC, Fergusson DA, Blajchman MA, et al: Clinical outcomes following institution of the Canadian Universal leukoreduction program for red blood cell transfusions. JAMA 289:1941, 2003.

134. Cull DL, Lally KP, Murphy KD: Compatibility of packed erythrocytes and Ringer's lactate solution. Surg Gynecol Obstet 173:12, 1991.

135. Brown WJ, Kim BS, Weeks DB, et al: Physiologic saline solution, Normosol R pH 7.4, and Plasmanate as reconstituents of packed human erythrocytes. Anesthesiology 49:99, 1978.
1830


136. Morrow JF, Braine HG, Kickler TS, et al: Septic reactions to platelet transfusions. JAMA 266:255, 1991.

137. Goodnough LT, Brecher ME, Kanter MH, et al: Transfusion medicine. I. Blood transfusion. N Engl J Med 340:438, 1999.

138. Mohr R, Goor DA, Yellin A, et al: Fresh blood units contain large potent platelets that improve hemostasis after open heart operations. Ann Thorac Surg 53:650, 1992.

139. Kruskall MS: The perils of platelet transfusions. N Engl J Med 337:1914, 1997.

140. Jafari M, Forsberg J, Gilcher RO, et al: Salmonella sepsis caused by a platelet transfusion from a donor with a pet snake. N Engl J Med 347:1075, 2002.

141. Snyder EL, Rinder HM: Platelet storage-time to come in from the cold? N Engl J Med 348:2032, 2003.

142. Brown B, Steed DL, Webster MW, et al: General surgery in adult hemophiliacs. Surgery 99:154, 1986.

143. White GC, McMillan CW, Kindon HS, et al: Use of recombinant antihemophiliac factor in the treatment of two patients with classic hemophilia. N Engl J Med 320:164, 1989.

144. Goodnough LT, Brecher ME, Kanter MH: Transfusion medicine. II. Blood conservation. N Engl J Med 340:525, 1999.

145. Centers for Disease Control: Bacterial sepsis associated with the receipt of albumin. JAMA 276:1373, 1996.

146. Vincent JL, Wilkes MM, Navickis RJ: Safety of human albumin—serious adverse events reported world wide in 1998–2002. Br J Anaesth 91:625, 2003.

147. Vermeulen LC, Ratko TA, Erstad BL, et al: The university hospital consortium guidelines for the use of albumin, nonprotein colloid and crystalloid solutions. Arch Intern Med 155:373, 1995.

148. Boldt J: New light on intravascular volume replacement regimens: What did we learn from the past three years? Anesth Analg 97:1595, 2003.

149. Friedman Z, Berkenstadt H, Preisman S, et al: A comparison of lactated Ringer's solution to hydroxy ethyl starch 6% in a model of severe hemorrhagic shock and continuous bleeding in dogs. Anesth Analg 96:39, 2003.

150. Wilkes NJ, Woolf RL, Powanda MC, et al: Hydroxyethyl starch in balanced electrolyte solution (Hextend)—Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics profiles in healthy volunteers. Anesth Analg 94:538, 2002.

151. Markus R, Haller M, Orth V, et al: Changes in blood volume and hematocrit during acute preoperative volume loading with 5% albumin or 6% hetastarch solutions in patients before radical hysterectomy. Anesth Analg 95:849, 2001.

152. Asfar P, Kerkeni N, Labadie F, et al: Assessment of hemodynamic and gastric mucosal acidosis with modified fluid gelatin versus hydroxyethyl starch. Intensive Care Med 26:1282, 2000.

153. Hedin H, Richter W, Messmer K, et al: Incidence, pathomechanism and prevention of dextran-induced anaphylactoid/anaphylactic reactions in man. Biol Stand 48:179, 1980.

154. Bernstein RL, Rosenberg AD, Pada EY, et al: A severe reaction to dextran despite hapten inhibition. Anesthesiology 67:567, 1987.

155. Ljungström KG, Renck H, Hedin H, et al: Hapten inhibition and dextran anaphylaxis. Anaesthesia 43:729, 1988.

156. Kreimeier V, Brückner UB, Niemczyk S, et al: Hyperosmotic saline dextran for resuscitation from traumatic-hemorrhage hypotension. Circ Shock 32:83, 1990.

157. Behrman SW, Fabian TC, Kudsk KA, et al: Microcirculatory flow changes after initial resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock with 7.5% hypertonic saline/6% dextran 70. J Trauma 31:589, 1990.

158. Brauer LP, Svensen CH, Hahn RG, et al: Influence of rate and volume of infusion on the kinetics of 0.9 saline and 7.5% saline/dextran 70 in sheep. Anesth Analg 95:1547, 2002.

159. Drobin D, Hahn RG: Kinetics of isotonic and hypertonic plasma volume expanders. Anesth Analg 96:1371, 2002.

160. Tremper KK, Friedman AE, Levine EM, et al: The preoperative treatment of severely anemic patients with perfluorochemical oxygen transport fluid, Fluosol-DA. N Engl J Med 307:277, 1982.

161. Cheng DCH: Safety and efficacy of o-raffinose cross-linked human hemoglobin (Hemolink) in cardiac surgery. Can J Anaesth 48:S41, 2001.

162. Vogel WM, Dennis RC, Cassidy G, et al: Coronary constrictor effect of stroma-free hemoglobin solutions. Am J Physiol 251:H420, 1986.

163. Looker D, Abbott-Brown D, Cozart P: A human recombinant haemoglobin designed for use as a blood substitute. Nature 356:258, 1992.

164. Levy J: The use of haemoglobin glutamer-250 (HBOC-201) as an oxygen bridge in patients with acute anaemia associated with surgical blood loss. Expert Opin Biol Ther 3:509, 2003.

165. Wahr JA: The use of bovine hemoglobin glutamer-250 (Hemopure) in surgical patients: Results of a multicenter, randomized, single-blinded trial. Anesth Analg 94:799, 2002.

166. Engel HL: Medicolegal considerations in blood transfusion. In Petz LD, Swisher SN (eds): Clinical Practice of Blood Transfusion, 2nd ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1989, p 355.

167. Carey JS, Cukingnan RA, Carson E: Transfusion therapy in cardiac surgery: Impact of the Paul Gann Blood Safety Act in California. Am Surg 12:830, 1991.

168. Miller RD: The oxygen dissociation curve and multiple transfusions of ACD blood. In Howland WS, Schweizer O (eds): Management of Patients for Radical Cancer Surgery. Clinical Anesthesia Series, vol 9. Philadelphia, FA Davis, 1972, p. 43.

169. Myllylä G: New transfusion practice and haemostasis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl 89:76, 1988.

170. Miller RD: Transfusion therapy and associated problems. Reg Refresher Course Anesthesiol 1:101, 1973.

Previous Next