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189. McCormick AS, Thomas VL: Spinal anaesthesia for insertion of a peritoneal dialysis catheter in a neonate. Paediatr Anaesth 10:339, 2000.

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195. Tobias JD: Applications of intrathecal catheters in children. Paediatr Anaesth 10:367, 2000.

196. Kokki H, Hendolin H: No difference between bupivacaine in 0.9% and 8% glucose for spinal anaesthesia in small children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 44:548, 2000.

197. Rice LJ, DeMars PD, Whalen TV, et al: Duration of spinal anesthesia in infants less than one year of age. Comparison of three hyperbaric techniques. Reg Anesth 19:325, 1994.

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200. Carles M, Pulcini A, Macchi P, et al: An evaluation of the brachial plexus block at the humeral canal using a neurostimulator (1417 patients): The efficacy, safety, and predictive criteria of failure. Anesth Analg 92:194, 2001.

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205. Cooper K, Kelley H, Carrithers J: Perceptions of side effects following axillary block used for outpatient surgery. Reg Anesth 20:212, 1995.

206. Waters JH, Leivers D, Maher D, et al: Patient and surgeon satisfaction with extremity blockade for surgery in remote locations. Anesth Analg 84:773, 1997.

207. Bosenberg AT, Raw R, Boezaart AP: Surface mapping of peripheral nerves in children with a nerve stimulator. Paediatr Anaesth 12:398, 2002.

208. Ootaki C, Hayashi H, Amano M: Ultrasound-guided infraclavicular brachial plexus block: An alternative technique to anatomical landmark-guided approaches. Reg Anesth Pain Med 25:600, 2000.

209. Urmey WF, Grossi P: Percutaneous electrode guidance: A noninvasive technique for prelocation of peripheral nerves to facilitate peripheral plexus or nerve block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 27:261, 2002.

210. Carre P, Joly A, Cluzel Field B, et al: Axillary block in children: Single or multiple injection? Paediatr Anaesth 10:35, 2000.

211. Fisher WJ, Bingham RM, Hall R: Axillary brachial plexus block for perioperative analgesia in 250 children. Paediatr Anaesth 9:435, 1999.

212. Altintas F, Bozkurt P, Ipek N, et al: The efficacy of preversus postsurgical axillary block on postoperative pain in paediatric patients. Paediatr Anaesth 10:23, 2000.

213. Crews JC, Weller RS, Moss J, et al: Levobupivacaine for axillary brachial plexus block: A pharmacokinetic and clinical comparison in patients with normal renal function or renal disease. Anesth Analg 95:219, 2002.

214. El Saied AH, Steyn MP, Ansermino JM: Clonidine prolongs the effect of ropivacaine for axillary brachial plexus blockade. Can J Anaesth 47:962, 2000.

215. Fanelli G, Casati A, Magistris L, et al: Fentanyl does not improve the nerve block characteristics of axillary brachial plexus anaesthesia performed with ropivacaine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 45:590, 2001.

216. Jandard C, Gentili ME, Girard F, et al: Infraclavicular block with lateral approach and nerve stimulation: Extent of anesthesia and adverse effects. Reg Anesth Pain Med 27:37, 2002.

217. Borgeat A, Ekatodramis G, Dumont C: An evaluation of the infraclavicular block via a modified approach of the Raj technique. Anesth Analg 93:436, 2001.

218. Sandhu NS, Capan LM: Ultrasound-guided infraclavicular brachial plexus block. Br J Anaesth 89:254, 2002.

219. Salazar CH, Espinosa W: Infraclavicular brachial plexus block: Variation in approach and results in 360 cases. Reg Anesth Pain Med 24:411, 1999.

220. Gentili ME, Deleuze A, Estebe JP, et al: Severe respiratory failure after infraclavicular block with 0.75% ropivacaine. A case report. J Clin Anesth 14:459, 2002.

221. Dalens B, Vanneuville G, Tanguy A: A new parascalene approach to the brachial plexus in children: Comparison with the supraclavicular approach. Anesth Analg 66:1264, 1987.

222. Vongvises P, Beokhaimook N: Computed tomographic study of parascalene block. Anesth Analg 84:379, 1997.

223. McNeely JK, Hoffman GM, Eckert JE: Postoperative pain relief in children from the parascalene injection technique. Reg Anesth 16:20, 1991.

224. Baraka A, Hanna M, Hammoud R: Unconsciousness and apnea complicating parascalene brachial plexus block: Possible subarachnoid block. Anesthesiology 77:1046, 1992.

225. Winnie AP: Interscalene brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg 49:455, 1970.

226. Borgeat A, Ekatodramis G, Kalberer F, Benz C: Acute and nonacute complications associated with interscalene block and shoulder surgery: A prospective study. Anesthesiology 95:875, 2001.

227. Kulenkampff D, Persky MA: Brachial plexus anesthesia: Its indications, technic and dangers. Ann Surg 87:883, 1928.

228. Castellanos J, Ramirez C, De Sena L, Bertran C: Transthecal digital block: Digital anaesthesia through the sheath of the flexor tendon. J Bone Joint Surg Br 82:889, 2000.

229. Torok PJ, Flinn SD, Shin AY: Transthecal digital block at the proximal phalanx. J Hand Surg Br 26:69, 2001.

230. Brutus JP, Baeten Y, Chahidi N, et al: Single injection digital block: Comparison between three techniques. Chir Main 21:182, 2002.

231. Maccani RM, Wedel DJ, Melton A, et al: Femoral and lateral cutaneous nerve block for muscle biopsy in children. Paediatr Anaesth 5:223, 1995.

232. Johnson CM: Continuous femoral nerve blockade for analgesia in children with femoral fractures. Anaesth Intensive Care 22:281, 1994.

233. Tobias JD: Continuous femoral nerve block to provide analgesia following femur fracture in a paediatric ICU population. Anaesth Intensive Care 22:616, 1994.

234. Singelyn FJ, Vanderelst PE, Gouverneur JM: Extended femoral nerve sheath block after total hip arthroplasty: Continuous versus patient-controlled techniques. Anesth Analg 92:455, 2001.

235. Cuvillon P, Ripart J, Lalourcey L, et al: The continuous femoral nerve block catheter for postoperative analgesia: Bacterial colonization, infectious rate and adverse effects. Anesth Analg 93:1045, 2001.

236. Konrad C, Johr M: Blockade of the sciatic nerve in the popliteal fossa: A system for standardization in children. Anesth Analg 87:1256, 1998.

237. Tobias JD, Mencio GA: Popliteal fossa block for postoperative analgesia after foot surgery in infants and children. J Pediatr Orthop 19:511, 1999.

238. Winnie AP, Ramamurthy S, Durrani Z: The inguinal paravascular technic of lumbar plexus anesthesia: The "3-in-1" block. Anesth Analg 52:989, 1973.

239. Dalens B, Vanneuville G, Tanguy A: Comparison of the fascia iliaca compartment block with the 3-in-1 block in children. Anesth Analg 69:705, 1989.

240. Dalens B, Tanguy A, Vanneuville G: Lumbar plexus blocks and lumbar plexus nerve blocks. Anesth Analg 69:852, 1989.

241. Chayen D, Nathan H, Chayen M: The psoas compartment block. Anesthesiology 45:95, 1976.

242. Winnie AP: Regional anesthesia. Surg Clin North Am 55:861, 1975.

243. Capdevila X, Macaire P, Dadure C, et al: Continuous psoas compartment block for postoperative analgesia after total hip arthroplasty: New landmarks, technical guidelines, and clinical evaluation. Anesth Analg 94:1606, 2002.

244. Kirchmair L, Entner T, Kapral S, et al: Ultrasound guidance for the psoas compartment block: An imaging study. Anesth Analg 94:706, 2002.

245. Chudinov A, Berkenstadt H, Salai M, et al: Continuous psoas compartment block for anesthesia and perioperative analgesia in patients with hip fractures. Reg Anesth Pain Med 24:563, 1999.

246. Mansour NY: Sub-sartorial saphenous nerve block with the aid of nerve stimulator. Reg Anesth 18:266, 1993.

247. McNicol LR: Lower limb blocks for children: Lateral cutaneous and femoral nerve blocks for postoperative pain relief in paediatric practice. Anaesthesia 41:27, 1986.

248. Brown TCK, Dickens DRV: A new approach to lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh block. Anaesth Intensive Care 14:126, 1986.

249. Vloka JD, Hadzic A, Kitain E, et al: Anatomic considerations for sciatic nerve block in the popliteal fossa through the lateral approach. Reg Anesth 21:414, 1996.

250. Dalens B, Tanguy A, Vanneuville G: Sciatic nerve block in children: Comparison of the posterior, anterior and lateral approaches in 180 pediatric patients. Anesth Analg 70:131, 1990.
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252. McNicol LR: Sciatic nerve block for children—Sciatic nerve block by the anterior approach for postoperative pain relief. Anaesthesia 40:410, 1985.

253. Chelly JE, Delaunay L: A new anterior approach to the sciatic nerve block. Anesthesiology 91:1655, 1999.

254. Van Elstraete AC, Poey C, Lebrun T, et al: New landmarks for the anterior approach to the sciatic nerve block: Imaging and clinical study. Anesth Analg 95:214, 2002.

255. Raj PP, Parks RI, Watson TD, et al: A new single-position position supine approach to sciatic-femoral nerve block. Anesth Analg 54:489, 1975.

256. di Benedetto P, Casati A, Bertini L, et al: Postoperative analgesia with continuous sciatic nerve block after foot surgery: A prospective, randomized comparison between the popliteal and subgluteal approaches. Anesth Analg 94:996, 2002.

257. di Benedetto P, Casati A, Bertini L: Continuous subgluteus sciatic nerve block after orthopedic foot and ankle surgery: Comparison of two infusion techniques. Reg Anesth Pain Med 27:168, 2002.

258. Guardini R, Waldron BA, Wallace WA: Sciatic nerve block: A new lateral approach. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 29:515, 1985.

259. Chelly JE, Greger J, Casati A, et al: Continuous lateral sciatic blocks for acute postoperative pain management after major ankle and foot surgery. Foot Ankle Int 23:749, 2002.

260. Sharrock NE, Waller JF, Fierro LE: Midtarsal block for surgery of the forefoot. Br J Anaesth 58:37, 1986.

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264. Ala-Kokko TI, Karinen J, Raiha E, et al: Pharmacokinetics of 0.75% ropivacaine and 0.5% bupivacaine after ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric nerve block in children. Br J Anaesth 89:438, 2002.

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268. Yang CC, Bradley WE: Innervation of the human glans penis. J Urol 161:97, 1999.

269. Dalens B, Vanneuville G, Dechelotte P: Penile block via the subpubic space in 100 children. Anesth Analg 69:41, 1989.

270. Burke D, Joypaul V, Thomson MF: Circumcision supplemented by dorsal penile nerve block with 0.75% ropivacaine: A complication. Reg Anesth Pain Med 25:424, 2000.

271. Butler-O'Hara M, LeMoine C, Guillet R: Analgesia for neonatal circumcision: A randomized controlled trial of EMLA cream versus dorsal penile nerve block. Pediatrics 101:E5, 1998.

272. Ferguson S, Thomas V, Lewis I: The rectus sheath block in paediatric anaesthesia: New indications for an old technique? Paediatr Anaesth 6:463, 1996.

273. Courrèges P, Poddevin F, Lecoutre D: Para-umbilical block: A new concept for regional anaesthesia in children. Paediatr Anaesth 7:211, 1997.

274. Lönnqvist PA: Continuous paravertebral block in children. Initial experience. Anaesthesia 47:607, 1992.

275. Lönnqvist PA, Hesser U: Radiological and clinical distribution of thoracic paravertebral blockade in infants and children. Paediatr Anaesth 3:83, 1993.

276. Karmakar MK: Thoracic paravertebral block. Anesthesiology 95:771, 2001.

277. Saito T, Tanuma K, Den S, et al: Pathways of anesthetic from the thoracic paravertebral region to the celiac ganglion. Clin Anat 15:340, 2002.

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279. Lönnqvist PA, MacKenzie J, Soni AK, et al: Paravertebral blockade—Failure rate and complications. Anaesthesia 50:813, 1995.

280. Matsota P, Livanios S, Marinopoulou E: Intercostal nerve block with bupivacaine for post-thoracotomy pain relief in children. Eur J Pediatr Surg 11:219, 2001.

281. Shelly MP, Park GR: Intercostal nerve blockade for children. Anaesthesia 42:541, 1987.

282. Rothstein P, Arthur GR, Feldman HS, et al: Bupivacaine for intercostal nerve blocks in children: Blood concentrations and pharmacokinetics. Anesth Analg 65:625, 1986.

283. Giaufré E, Bruguerolle B, Rastello C, et al: New regimen for interpleural block in children. Paediatr Anaesth 5:125, 1995.

284. Weston PJ, Bourchier D: The pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine following interpleural nerve block in infants of very low birthweight. Paediatr Anaesth 5:219, 1995.

285. Savage C, McQuitty C, Wang D, et al: Postthoracotomy pain management. Chest Surg Clin N Am 12:251, 2002.

286. Péri G, Mondié JM: Blocks of the face, head and neck. In Dalens B (ed): Regional Anesthesia in Infants, Children and Adolescents. London, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 1995, p 391.

287. Furlan JC: Anatomical study applied to anesthetic block technique of the superior laryngeal nerve. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 46:199, 2002.

288. Parris WCV, Reddy BC, White HW, et al: Stellate ganglion blocks in pediatric patients. Anesth Analg 72:552, 1991.

289. Elias M, Chakerian MU: Repeated stellate ganglion blockade using a catheter for pediatric herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Anesthesiology 80:950, 1994.

290. Hogan QH, Erickson SJ, Haddox JD, Abram SE: The spread of solutions during stellate ganglion block. Reg Anesth 17:78, 1992.

291. Bratt HD, Eyres RL, Cole WG: Randomized double-blind trial of low and moderate-dose lidocaine regional anesthesia for forearm fractures in childhood. J Pediatr Orthop 16:660, 1996.

292. Blasier RD, White R: Intravenous regional anesthesia for management of children's extremity fractures in the emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 12:404, 1996.

293. Davidson AJ, Eyres RL, Cole WG: A comparison of prilocaine and lidocaine for intravenous regional anaesthesia for forearm fracture reduction in children. Paediatr Anaesth 12:146, 2002.

294. Hung T, Moore-Gillon V, Hern J, et al: Topical bupivacaine in paediatric day-case tonsillectomy: A prospective randomized controlled trial. J Laryngol Otol 116:33, 2002.

295. Vinci RJ, Fish SS: Efficacy of topical anesthesia in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 150:466, 1996.

296. Jain A, Rutter N: Local anaesthetic effect of topical amethocaine gel in neonates: Randomized controlled trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 82:F42, 2000.

297. Chen BK, Cunningham BB: Topical anesthetics in children: Agents and techniques that equally comfort patients, parents, and clinicians. Curr Opin Pediatr 13:324, 2001.

298. Raetzell M, Maier C, Schroder D, Wulf H: Intraperitoneal application of bupivacaine during laparoscopic cholecystectomy—Risk or benefit? Anesth Analg 81:967, 1995.

299. Ng A, Swami A, Smith G, et al: The analgesic effects of intraperitoneal and incisional bupivacaine with epinephrine after total abdominal hysterectomy. Anesth Analg 95:158, 2002.

300. Cassidy SC, Jones PR, Cox S, et al: Serum lidocaine concentrations after subcutaneous administration in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization in a pediatric institution. J Pediatr 129:464, 1996.

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