Previous Next



REFERENCES

1. Satinoff E: Neural organization and evolution of thermal regulation in mammals—several hierarchically arranged integrating systems may have evolved to achieve precise thermoregulation. Science 201:16–22, 1978.

2. Poulos DA: Central processing of cutaneous temperature information. Fed Proc 40:2825–2829, 1981.

3. Jessen C, Feistkorn G: Some characteristics of core temperature signals in the conscious goat. Am J Physiol 247:R456–R464, 1984.

4. Simon E: Temperature regulation: The spinal cord as a site of extrahypothalamic thermoregulatory functions. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 71:1–76, 1974.

5. Cheng C, Matsukawa T, Sessler DI, et al: Increasing mean skin temperature linearly reduces the core-temperature thresholds for vasoconstriction and shivering in humans. Anesthesiology 82:1160–1168, 1995.

6. Wyss CR, Brengelmann GL, Johnson JM, et al: Altered control of skin blood flow at high skin and core temperatures. J Appl Physiol 38:839–845, 1975.

7. Lopez M, Sessler DI, Walter K, et al: Rate and gender dependence of the sweating, vasoconstriction, and shivering thresholds in humans. Anesthesiology 80:780–788, 1994.

8. Washington D, Sessler DI, Moayeri A, et al: Thermoregulatory responses to hyperthermia during isoflurane anesthesia in humans. J Appl Physiol 74:82–87, 1993.

9. Hessemer V, Brück K: Influence of menstrual cycle on thermoregulatory, metabolic, and heart rate responses to exercise at night. J Appl Physiol 59:1911–1917, 1985.

10. Mestyan J, Jarai I, Bata G, Fekete M: The significance of facial skin temperature in the chemical heat regulation of premature infants. Biol Neonate 7:243–254, 1964.

11. Vassilieff N, Rosencher N, Sessler DI, Conseiller C: The shivering threshold during spinal anesthesia is reduced in the elderly. Anesthesiology 83:1162–1166, 1995.

12. Hales JRS: Skin arteriovenous anastomoses, their control and role in thermoregulation. In Burggren W, Johansen K (eds): Cardiovascular Shunts: Phylogenetic, Ontogenetic and Clinical Aspects. Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1985, pp 433–451.

13. Dawkins MJR, Scopes JW: Non-shivering thermogenesis and brown adipose tissue in the human new-born infant. Nature 206:201–202, 1965.

14. Jessen K: An assessment of human regulatory nonshivering thermogenesis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 24:138–143, 1980.

15. Nedergaard J, Cannon B: The uncoupling protein thermogenin and mitochondrial thermogenesis. New Comp Biochem 23:385–420, 1992.

16. Israel DJ, Pozos RS: Synchronized slow-amplitude modulations in the electromyograms of shivering muscles. J Appl Physiol 66:2358–2363, 1989.

17. Hemingway A, Price WM: The autonomic nervous system and regulation of body temperature. Anesthesiology 29:693–701, 1968.

18. Boudet J, Qing W, Boyer-Chammard A, et al: Dose-response effects of atropine in human volunteers. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 5:635–640, 1991.

19. Rowell LB: Active neurogenic vasodilation in man. In Vanhoutte P, Leusen I (eds): Vasodilatation. New York, Raven, 1981, pp 1–17.

20. Detry JM, Brengelmann GL, Rowell LB, Wyss C: Skin and muscle components of forearm blood flow in directly heated resting man. J Appl Physiol 32:506–511, 1972.

21. Matsukawa T, Kurz A, Sessler DI, et al: Propofol linearly reduces the vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds. Anesthesiology 82:1169–1180, 1995.

22. Kurz A, Go JC, Sessler DI, et al: Alfentanil slightly increases the sweating threshold and markedly reduces the vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds. Anesthesiology 83:293–299, 1995.

23. Talke P, Tayefeh F, Sessler DI, et al: Dexmedetomidine does not alter the sweating threshold, but comparably and linearly reduces the vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds. Anesthesiology 87:835–841, 1997.

24. Annadata RS, Sessler DI, Tayefeh F, et al: Desflurane slightly increases the sweating threshold, but produces marked, non-linear decreases in the vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds. Anesthesiology 83:1205–1211, 1995.

25. Xiong J, Kurz A, Sessler DI, et al: Isoflurane produces marked and non-linear decreases in the vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds. Anesthesiology 85:240–245, 1996.

26. Kurz A, Xiong J, Sessler DI, et al: Desflurane reduces the gain of thermoregulatory arteriovenous shunt vasoconstriction in humans. Anesthesiology 83:1212–1219, 1995.

27. Ikeda T, Kim J-S, Sessler DI, et al: Isoflurane alters shivering patterns and reduces maximum shivering intensity. Anesthesiology 88:866–873, 1998.

28. Kurz A, Ikeda T, Sessler DI, et al: Meperidine decreases the shivering threshold twice as much as the vasoconstriction threshold. Anesthesiology 86:1046–1054, 1997.

29. Sessler DI, Olofsson CI, Rubinstein EH, Beebe JJ: The thermoregulatory threshold in humans during halothane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 68:836–842, 1988.

30. Washington DE, Sessler DI, McGuire J, et al: Painful stimulation minimally increases the thermoregulatory threshold for vasoconstriction during enflurane anesthesia in humans. Anesthesiology 77:286–290, 1992.

31. Sessler DI, Olofsson CI, Rubinstein EH: The thermoregulatory threshold in humans during nitrous oxide-fentanyl anesthesia. Anesthesiology 69:357–364, 1988.

32. Delaunay L, Bonnet F, Liu N, et al: Clonidine comparably decreases the thermoregulatory thresholds for vasoconstriction and shivering in humans. Anesthesiology 79:470–474, 1993.

33. Delaunay L, Herail T, Sessler DI, et al: Clonidine increases the sweating threshold, but does not reduce the gain of sweating. Anesth Analg 83:844–848, 1996.

34. Ozaki M, Sessler DI, Suzuki H, et al: Nitrous oxide decreases the threshold for vasoconstriction less than sevoflurane or isoflurane. Anesth Analg 80:1212–1216, 1995.

35. Imamura M, Matsukawa T, Ozaki M, et al: Nitrous oxide decreases shivering threshold in rabbits less than isoflurane. Br J Anaesth 90:88–90, 2003.

36. Kurz A, Sessler DI, Annadata R, et al: Midazolam minimally impairs thermoregulatory control. Anesth Analg 81:393–398, 1995.

37. Bissonnette B, Sessler DI: The thermoregulatory threshold in infants and children anesthetized with isoflurane and caudal bupivacaine. Anesthesiology 73:1114–1118, 1990.

38. Bissonnette B, Sessler DI: Thermoregulatory thresholds for vasoconstriction in pediatric patients anesthetized with halothane or halothane and caudal bupivacaine. Anesthesiology 76:387–392, 1992.

39. Kurz A, Plattner O, Sessler DI, et al: The threshold for thermoregulatory vasoconstriction during nitrous oxide/isoflurane anesthesia is lower in elderly than young patients. Anesthesiology 79:465–469, 1993.

40. Ozaki M, Sessler DI, Suzuki H, et al: The threshold for thermoregulatory vasoconstriction during nitrous oxide/sevoflurane anesthesia is reduced in elderly patients. Anesth Analg 84:1029–1033, 1997.

41. Hynson JM, Sessler DI, Moayeri A, McGuire J: Absence of nonshivering thermogenesis in anesthetized humans. Anesthesiology 79:695–703, 1993.

42. Dicker A, Ohlson KB, Johnson L, et al: Halothane selectively inhibits nonshivering thermogenesis. Anesthesiology 82:491–501, 1995.


1594


43. Plattner O, Semsroth M, Sessler DI, et al: Lack of nonshivering thermogenesis in infants anesthetized with fentanyl and propofol. Anesthesiology 86:772–777, 1997.

44. Lopez M, Ozaki M, Sessler DI, Valdes M: Physiological responses to hyperthermia during epidural anesthesia and combined epidural/enflurane anesthesia in women. Anesthesiology 78:1046–1054, 1993.

45. Sessler DI, Hynson J, McGuire J, et al: Thermoregulatory vasoconstriction during isoflurane anesthesia minimally decreases heat loss. Anesthesiology 76:670–675, 1992.

46. Kurz A, Sessler DI, Christensen R, Dechert M: Heat balance and distribution during the core-temperature plateau in anesthetized humans. Anesthesiology 83:491–499, 1995.

47. Ikeda T, Sessler DI, Tayefeh F, et al: Meperidine and alfentanil do not reduce the gain or maximum intensity of shivering. Anesthesiology 88:858–865, 1998.

48. Passias TC, Mekjavic IB, Eiken O: The effect of 30% nitrous oxide on thermoregulatory responses in humans during hypothermia. Anesthesiology 76:550–559, 1992.

49. Hardy JD, Milhorat AT, DuBois EF: Basal metabolism and heat loss of young women at temperatures from 22 degrees C to 35 degrees C. J Nutr 21:383–403, 1941.

50. Hammarlund K, Sedin G: Transepidermal water loss in newborn infants III. Relation to gestational age. Acta Paediatr Scand 68:795–801, 1979.

51. Maurer A, Micheli JL, Schutz Y, et al: Transepidermal water loss and resting energy expenditure in preterm infants. Helv Paediatr Acta 39:405–418, 1984.

52. Bickler P, Sessler DI: Efficiency of airway heat and moisture exchangers in anesthetized humans. Anesth Analg 71:415–418, 1990.

53. Roe CF: Effect of bowel exposure on body temperature during surgical operations. Am J Surg 122:13–15, 1971.

54. Robinson BJ, Ebert TJ, O'Brien TJ, et al: Mechanisms whereby propofol mediates peripheral vasodilation in humans. Anesthesiology 86:64–72, 1997.

55. Sessler DI, McGuire J, Moayeri A, Hynson J: Isoflurane-induced vasodilation minimally increases cutaneous heat loss. Anesthesiology 74:226–232, 1991.

56. Stevens WC, Cromwell TH, Halsey MJ, et al: The cardiovascular effects of a new inhalation anesthetic, Forane, in human volunteers at constant arterial carbon dioxide tension. Anesthesiology 35:8–16, 1971.

57. Matsukawa T, Sessler DI, Sessler AM, et al: Heat flow and distribution during induction of general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 82:662–673, 1995.

58. Hynson J, Sessler DI: Intraoperative warming therapies: A comparison of three devices. J Clin Anesth 4:194–199, 1992.

59. Sessler DI, Rubinstein EH, Eger EI II: Core temperature changes during N2 O/fentanyl and halothane/O2 anesthesia. Anesthesiology 67:137–139, 1987.

60. Belani K, Sessler DI, Sessler AM, et al: Leg heat content continues to decrease during the core temperature plateau in humans. Anesthesiology 78:856–863, 1993.

61. Sessler DI, Ponte J: Shivering during epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 72:816–821, 1990.

62. Ozaki M, Kurz A, Sessler DI, et al: Thermoregulatory thresholds during spinal and epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 81:282–288, 1994.

63. Kurz A, Sessler DI, Schroeder M, Kurz M: Thermoregulatory response thresholds during spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 77:721–726, 1993.

64. Glosten B, Sessler DI, Ostman LG, et al: Intravenous lidocaine does not cause tremor or alter thermoregulation. Reg Anesth 16:218–222, 1991.

65. Hynson J, Sessler DI, Glosten B, McGuire J: Thermal balance and tremor patterns during epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 74:680–690, 1991.

66. Pierau F-K, Wurster RD: Primary afferent input from cutaneous thermoreceptors. Fed Proc 40:2819–2824, 1981.

67. Rajek A, Greif R, Sessler DI: Effects of epidural anesthesia on thermal sensation. Reg Anesth Pain Med 26:527–531, 2001.

68. Emerick TH, Ozaki M, Sessler DI, et al: Epidural anesthesia increases apparent leg temperature and decreases the shivering threshold. Anesthesiology 81:289–298, 1994.

69. Leslie K, Sessler DI: Reduction in the shivering threshold is proportional to spinal block height. Anesthesiology 84:1327–1331, 1996.

70. Leslie K, Sessler DI, Bjorksten A, et al: Propofol causes a dose-dependent decrease in the thermoregulatory threshold for vasoconstriction, but has little effect on sweating. Anesthesiology 81:353–360, 1994.

71. Glosten B, Sessler DI, Faure EAM, et al: Central temperature changes are not perceived during epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 77:10–16, 1992.

72. Kim J-S, Ikeda T, Sessler D, et al: Epidural anesthesia reduces the gain and maximum intensity of shivering. Anesthesiology 88:851–857, 1998.

73. Arkilic CF, Akça O, Taguchi A, et al: Temperature monitoring and management during neuraxial anesthesia: An observational study. Anesth Analg 91:662–666, 2000.

74. Frank SM, Beattie C, Christopherson R, et al: Epidural versus general anesthesia, ambient operating room temperature, and patient age as predictors of inadvertent hypothermia. Anesthesiology 77:252–257, 1992.

75. Jenkins J, Fox J, Sharwood-Smith G: Changes in body heat during transvesical prostatectomy: A comparison of general and epidural anesthesia. Anaesthesia 38:748–753, 1983.

76. Hendolin H, Lansimies E: Skin and central temperatures during continuous epidural analgesia and general anaesthesia in patients subjected to open prostatectomy. Ann Clin Res 14:181–186, 1982.

77. Matsukawa T, Sessler DI, Christensen R, et al: Heat flow and distribution during epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 83:961–967, 1995.

78. Glosten B, Hynson J, Sessler DI, McGuire J: Preanesthetic skin-surface warming reduces redistribution hypothermia caused by epidural block. Anesth Analg 77:488–493, 1993.

79. Valley MA, Bourke DL, Hamill MP, Srinivasa NR: Time course of sympathetic blockade during epidural anesthesia: Laser Doppler flowmetry studies of regional skin perfusion. Anesth Analg 76:289–294, 1993.

80. Modig J, Malmberg P, Karlstrom G: Effect of epidural versus general anesthesia on calf blood flow. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 24:305–309, 1980.

81. Joris H, Ozaki M, Sessler DI, et al: Epidural anesthesia impairs both central and peripheral thermoregulatory control during general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 80:268–277, 1994.

82. Ponte J, Collett BJ, Walmsley A: Anaesthetic temperature and shivering in epidural anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 30:584–587, 1986.

83. Ponte J, Sessler DI: Extradurals and shivering: Effects of cold and warm extradural saline injections in volunteers. Br J Anaesth 64:731–733, 1990.

84. Harris MM, Lawson D, Cooper CM, Ellis J: Treatment of shivering after epidural lidocaine. Reg Anesth 14:13–18, 1989.

85. Panzer O, Ghazanfari N, Sessler DI, et al: Shivering and shivering-like tremor during labor with and without epidural analgesia. Anesthesiology 90:1609–1616, 1999.

86. Sharkey A, Lipton JM, Murphy MT, Giesecke AH: Inhibition of postanesthetic shivering with radiant heat. Anesthesiology 66:249–252, 1987.

87. Brownbridge P: Shivering related to epidural blockade with bupivacaine in labour, and the influence of epidural pethidine. Anaesth Intensive Care 14:412–417, 1986.

88. Joris J, Banache M, Bonnet F, et al: Clonidine and ketanserin both are effective treatments for postanesthetic shivering. Anesthesiology 79:532–539, 1993.

89. Kizilirmak S, Karakas SE, Akça O, et al: Magnesium sulphate stops postanesthetic shivering. Proc N Y Acad Sci 813:799–806, 1997.

90. Busto R, Globus MY-T, Dietrich WD, et al: Effect of mild hypothermia on ischemia-induced release of neurotransmitters and free fatty acids in rat brain. Stroke 20:904–910, 1989.

91. Minamisawa H, Smith M-L, Siesjo BK: The effect of mild hyperthermia and hypothermia on brain damage following 5, 10, and 15 minutes of forebrain ischemia. Ann Neurol 28:26–33, 1990.
1595


92. Wass CT, Lanier WL, Hofer RE, et al: Temperature changes of ≥1°C alter functional neurologic outcome and histopathology in a canine model of a complete cerebral ischemia. Anesthesiology 83:325–335, 1995.

93. Dae MW, Gao DW, Sessler DI, et al: Effect of endovascular cooling on myocardial temperature, infarct size, and cardiac output in human-sized pigs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 282:H1584–H1591, 2002.

94. Marion DW, Penrod LE, Kelsey SF, et al: Treatment of traumatic brain injury with moderate hypothermia. N Engl J Med 336:540–546, 1997.

95. Clifton GL, Miller ER, Choi SC, et al: Lack of effect of induction of hypothermia after acute brain injury. N Engl J Med 344:556–563, 2001.

96. Polderman KH, Joe RTT, Peerdeman SM, et al: Effects of therapeutic hypothermia on intracranial pressure and outcome in patients with severe head injury. Intensive Care Med 28:1563–1573, 2002.

97. Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD, et al: Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med 346:557–563, 2002.

98. Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest Study Group: Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 346:549–556, 2002.

99. Todd MM, Warner DS: A comfortable hypothesis reevaluated: Cerebral metabolic depression and brain protection during ischemia [editorial]. Anesthesiology 76:161–164, 1992.

100. Nelson TE: Porcine malignant hyperthermia: Critical temperatures for in vivo and in vitro responses. Anesthesiology 73:449–454, 1990.

101. Iaizzo PA, Kehler CH, Carr RJ, et al: Prior hypothermia attenuates malignant hyperthermia in susceptible swine. Anesth Analg 82:782–789, 1996.

102. Michelson AD, MacGregor H, Barnard MR, et al: Reversible inhibition of human platelet activation by hypothermia in vivo and in vitro. Thromb Haemost 71:633–640, 1994.

103. Valeri CR, Khabbaz K, Khuri SF, et al: Effect of skin temperature on platelet function in patients undergoing extracorporeal bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 104:108–116, 1992.

104. Reed L, Johnston TD, Hudson JD, Fischer RP: The disparity between hypothermic coagulopathy and clotting studies. J Trauma 33:465–470, 1992.

105. Staab DB, Sorensen VJ, Fath JJ, et al: Coagulation defects resulting from ambient temperature-induced hypothermia. J Trauma 36:634–638, 1994.

106. Schmied H, Kurz A, Sessler DI, et al: Mild intraoperative hypothermia increases blood loss and allogeneic transfusion requirements during total hip arthroplasty. Lancet 347:289–292, 1996.

107. Winkler M, Akça O, Birkenberg B, et al: Aggressive warming reduces blood loss during hip arthroplasty. Anesth Analg 91:978–984, 2000.

108. Johansson T, Lisander B, Ivarsson I: Mild hypothermia does not increase blood loss during total hip arthroplasty. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 43:1005–1010, 1999.

109. Bremmelgaard A, Raahave D, Beir-Holgersen R, et al: Computer-aided surveillance of surgical infections and identification of risk factors. J Hosp Infect 13:1–18, 1989.

110. Polk HC, Simpson CJ, Simmons BP, Alexander JW: Guidelines for prevention of surgical wound infection. Arch Surg 118(Suppl):S1213–S1217, 1983.

111. Van Oss CJ, Absolam DR, Moore LL, et al: Effect of temperature on the chemotaxis, phagocytic engulfment, digestion and O2 consumption of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Reticuloendothel Soc 27:561–565, 1980.

112. Sheffield CW, Sessler DI, Hopf HW, et al: Centrally and locally mediated thermoregulatory responses alter subcutaneous oxygen tension. Wound Rep Reg 4:339–345, 1997.

113. Kluger MJ: Is fever beneficial? Yale J Biol Med 59:89–95, 1986.

114. Kluger MJ, Ringler DH, Anver MR: Fever and survival. Science 188:166–168, 1975.

115. Sheffield CW, Sessler DI, Hunt TK: Mild hypothermia during isoflurane anesthesia decreases resistance to E. coli dermal infection in guinea pigs. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 38:201–205, 1994.

116. Sheffield CW, Sessler DI, Hunt TK, Scheuenstuhl H: Mild hypothermia during halothane anesthesia decreases resistance to S. aureus dermal infection in guinea pigs. Wound Rep Reg 2:48–56, 1994.

117. Kurz A, Sessler DI, Lenhardt RA: Perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection and shorten hospitalization. Study of Wound Infections and Temperature Group. N Engl J Med 334:1209–1215, 1996.

118. Carli F, Emery PW, Freemantle CAJ: Effect of perioperative normothermia on postoperative protein metabolism in elderly patients undergoing hip arthroplasty. Br J Anaesth 63:276–282, 1989.

119. Kurz A, Sessler DI, Narzt E, et al: Postoperative hemodynamic and thermoregulatory consequences of intraoperative core hypothermia. J Clin Anesth 7:359–366, 1995.

120. Frank SM, Fleisher LA, Olson KF, et al: Multivariate determinants of early postoperative oxygen consumption in elderly patients. Anesthesiology 83:241–249, 1995.

121. Frank SM, Higgins MS, Breslow MJ, et al: The catecholamine, cortisol, and hemodynamic responses to mild perioperative hypothermia. Anesthesiology 82:83–93, 1995.

122. Frank SM, Fleisher LA, Breslow MJ, et al: Perioperative maintenance of normothermia reduces the incidence of morbid cardiac events: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 277:1127–1134, 1997.

123. Heier T, Caldwell JE, Sessler DI, Miller RD: Mild intraoperative hypothermia increases duration of action and spontaneous recovery of vecuronium blockade during nitrous oxide-isoflurane anesthesia in humans. Anesthesiology 74:815–819, 1991.

124. Leslie K, Sessler DI, Bjorksten AR, Moayeri A: Mild hypothermia alters propofol pharmacokinetics and increases the duration of action of atracurium. Anesth Analg 80:1007–1014, 1995.

125. Heier T, Caldwell JE, Eriksson LI, et al: The effect of hypothermia on adductor pollicis twitch tension during continuous infusion of vecuronium in isoflurane-anesthetized humans. Anesth Analg 788:312–317, 1994.

126. Heier T, Clough D, Wright PM, et al: The influence of mild hypothermia on the pharmacokinetics and time course of action of neostigmine in anesthetized volunteers. Anesthesiology 97:90–95, 2002.

127. Eger EI II, Johnson BH: MAC of I-653 in rats, including a test of the effect of body temperature and anesthetic duration. Anesth Analg 66:974–976, 1987.

128. Vitez TS, White PF, Eger EI II: Effects of hypothermia on halothane MAC and isoflurane MAC in the rat. Anesthesiology 41:80–81, 1974.

129. Antognini JF: Hypothermia eliminates isoflurane requirements at 20°C. Anesthesiology 78:1152–1156, 1993.

130. Lenhardt R, Marker E, Goll V, et al: Mild intraoperative hypothermia prolongs postoperative recovery. Anesthesiology 87:1318–1323, 1997.

131. Just B, Delva E, Camus Y, Lienhart A: Oxygen uptake during recovery following naloxone. Anesthesiology 76:60–64, 1992.

132. Lienhart A, Fiez N, Deriaz H: Frisson postopératoire: Analyse des principaux facteurs associés. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 11:488–495, 1992.

133. Soliman MG, Gillies DMM: Muscular hyperactivity after general anaesthesia. Can Anaesth Soc J 19:529–535, 1972.

134. Sessler DI, Israel D, Pozos RS, et al: Spontaneous postanesthetic tremor does not resemble thermoregulatory shivering. Anesthesiology 68:843–850, 1988.

135. Rosenberg H, Clofine R, Bialik O: Neurologic changes during awakening from anesthesia. Anesthesiology 54:125–130, 1981.

136. Sessler DI, Rubinstein EH, Moayeri A: Physiological responses to mild perianesthetic hypothermia in humans. Anesthesiology 75:594–610, 1991.

137. Horn E-P, Sessler DI, Standl T, et al: Non-thermoregulatory shivering in patients recovering from isoflurane or desflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 89:878–886, 1998.

138. Horn E-P, Schroeder F, Wilhelm S, et al: Postoperative pain facilitates non-thermoregulatory tremor. Anesthesiology 91:979–984, 1999.
1596


139. Sessler DI, Moayeri A: Skin-surface warming: Heat flux and central temperature. Anesthesiology 73:218–224, 1990.

140. Alfonsi P, Nouredine K, Chauvin M, Sessler DI: Contribution of skin and core temperatures to postoperative shivering threshold [abstract]. Anesthesiology 93:A387, 2000.

141. Delaunay L, Bonnet F, Duvaldestin P: Clonidine decreases postoperative oxygen consumption in patients recovering from general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 67:397–401, 1991.

142. De Witte J, Rietman GW, Vandenbroucke G, Deloof T: Post-operative effects of tramadol administered at wound closure. Eur J Anasthesiol 15:190–195, 1998.

143. De Witte JL, Kim J-S, Sessler DI, et al: Tramadol reduces the sweating, vasoconstriction, and shivering thresholds. Anesth Analg 87:173–179, 1998.

144. Horn E-P, Standl T, Sessler DI, et al: Physostigmine prevents postanesthetic shivering as does meperidine or clonidine. Anesthesiology 88:108–113, 1998.

145. De Witte J, Sessler DI: Perioperative shivering: Physiology and pharmacology. Anesthesiology 96:467–484, 2002.

146. Guffin A, Girard D, Kaplan JA: Shivering following cardiac surgery: Hemodynamic changes and reversal. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1:24–28, 1987.

147. Kurz M, Belani K, Sessler DI, et al: Naloxone, meperidine, and shivering. Anesthesiology 79:1193–1201, 1993.

148. Magnan J, Paterson SJ, Tavani A, Kosterlitz HW: The binding spectrum of narcotic analgesic drugs with different agonist and antagonist properties. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 319:197–205, 1982.

149. Greif R, Laciny S, Rajek AM, et al: Neither nalbuphine nor atropine possesses special antishivering activity. Anesth Analg 93:620–627, 2001.

150. Takada K, Clark DJ, Davies MF, et al: Meperidine exerts agonist activity at the alpha(2B)-adrenoceptor subtype. Anesthesiology 96:1420–1426, 2002.

Previous Next