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REFERENCES

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50. Suzuki T, Suzuki H, Katsumata N, et al: Evaluation of twitch responses obtained from abductor hallucis muscle as a monitor of neuromuscular blockade: Comparison with the results from adductor pollicis muscle. J Anesth 8:44, 1994.

51. Kern SE, Johnson JO, Orr JA, et al: Clinical analysis of the flexor hallucis brevis as an alternative site for monitoring neuromuscular block from mivacurium. J Clin Anesth 9:383, 1997.

52. Saitoh Y, Fujii Y, Takahashi K, et al: Recovery of post-tetanic count and train-of-four responses at the great toe and thumb. Anaesthesia 53:244, 1998.

53. Viby-Mogensen J, Engbæk J, Gramstad L, et al: Good Clinical Research Practice (GCRP) in pharmacodynamic studies of neuromuscular blocking agents. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 40:59, 1996.

54. Lee GC, Iyengar S, Szenohradszky J, et al: Improving the design of muscle relaxant studies. Anesthesiology 86:48, 1997.

55. Hemmerling TM, Schmidt J, Hanusa C, et al: Simultaneous determination of neuromuscular block at the larynx, diaphragm, adductor pollicis, orbicularis oculi and corrugator supercilii muscles. Br J Anaesth 856:860, 2000.

56. Hemmerling TM, Schurr C, Walter S, et al: A new method of monitoring the effect of muscle relaxants on laryngeal muscle using surface laryngeal electromyography. Anesth Analg 90:494, 2000.

57. Hemmerling TM, Schmidt J, Wolf T, et al: Intramuscular versus surface electromyography of the diaphragm for determining neuromuscular blockade. Anesth Analg 92:106, 2001.
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59. Viby-Mogensen J: Neuromuscular monitoring. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 14:655, 2001.

60. Engbæk J, Skovgaard LT, Fries B, et al: Monitoring of neuromuscular transmission by electromyography (II). Evoked compound EMG area, amplitude and duration compared to mechanical twitch recording during onset and recovery of pancuronium-induced blockade in the cat. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 37:788, 1993.

61. Kopman AF: The relationship of evoked electromyographic and mechanical responses following atracurium in humans. Anesthesiology 63:208, 1985.

62. Engbæk J, Østergaard D, Viby-Mogensen J: Clinical recovery and train-of-four ratio measured mechanically and electromyographically following atracurium. Anesthesiology 71:391, 1989.

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64. Viby-Mogensen J, Jensen E, Werner M, et al: Measurement of acceleration: A new method of monitoring neuromuscular function. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 32:45, 1988.

65. Jensen E, Viby-Mogensen J, Bang U: The Accelograph: A new neuromuscular transmission monitor. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 32:49, 1988.

66. Viby-Mogensen J: Monitoring neuromuscular function in the Intensive Care Unit. Intensive Care Med 19:S74, 1993.

67. Hodges UM: Vecuronium infusion requirements in paediatric patients in intensive care units: The use of acceleromyography. Br J Anaesth 76:23, 1996.

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69. Ansermino JM, Sanderson PM, Bevan DR: Acceleromyography improves detection of residual neuromuscular blockade in children. Can J Anaesth 43:589, 1996.

70. May O, Kirkegaard Nielsen H, Werner MU: The acceleration transducer—an assessment of its precision in comparison with a force displacement transducer. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 32:239, 1988.

71. Harper NJN, Martlew R, Strang T, et al: Monitoring neuromuscular block by acceleromyography: Comparison of the Mini-Accelograph with the Myograph 2000. Br J Anaesth 72:411, 1994.

72. McCluskey A, Meakin G, Hopkinson JM, et al: A comparison of acceleromyography and mechanomyography for determination of the dose-response curve of rocuronium in children. Anaesthesia 52:345, 1997.

73. Kirkegaard-Nielsen H, Helbo-Hansen HS, Pedersen SH, et al: New equipment for neuromuscular transmission monitoring: A comparison of the TOF-Guard with the Myograph 2000. J Clin Monitor Comput 14:19, 1998.

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75. Kopman AF: Measurement and monitoring of neuromuscular blockade. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 15:415, 2002.

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77. Mortensen CR, Berg H, El-Mahdy A, et al: Perioperative monitoring of neuromuscular transmission using acceleromyography prevents residual neuromuscular block following pancuronium. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 39:797, 1995.

78. Gätke MR, Viby-Mogensen J, Rosenstock C, et al: Postoperative muscle paralysis after rocuronium: Less residual block when acceleromyography is used. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 46:207, 2002.

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82. Pelgrims K, Vanacker B: Comparative study of the TOF-ratio measured by the ParaGraph versus the TOF-Guard, with and without thumb repositioning. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 52:297, 2001.

83. Dahaba AA, von Klobucar F, Rehak PH, et al: The neuromuscular transmission module versus the relaxometer mechanomyograph for neuromuscular block monitoring. Anesth Analg 94:591, 2002.

84. Barry DT: Muscle sounds from evoked twitches in the hand. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 72:573, 1991.

85. Dascalu A, Geller E, Moalem Y, et al: Acoustic monitoring of intraoperative neuromuscular block. Br J Anaesth 83:405, 1999.

86. Hemmerling TM, Donati F, Beaulieu P, et al: Phonomyography of the corrugator supercilii muscle: Signal characteristics, best recording site and comparison with acceleromyography. Br J Anaesth 88:389, 2002.

87. Hemmerling TM, Donati F, Babin D, et al: Duration of control stimulation does not affect onset and offset of neuromuscular blockade at the corrugator supercilii muscle measured with phonomyography or acceleromyography. Can J Anesth 49:913, 2002.

88. Hemmerling TM, Babin D, Donati F: Phonomyography as a novel method to determine neuromuscular blockade at the laryngeal adductor muscles. Anesthesiology 98:359, 2003.

89. Hemmerling TM, Michaud G, Trager G, et al: Phonomyography and mechanomyography can be used interchangeably to measure neuromuscular block at the adductor pollicis muscle. Anesth Analg 98:377, 2004.

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91. O'Hara DA, Fragen RJ, Shanks CA: Comparison of visual and measured train-of-four recovery after vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade using two anaesthetic techniques. Br J Anaesth 58:1300, 1986.

92. Engbæk J, Østergaard D, Theil Skovgaard L, et al: Reversal of intense neuromuscular blockade following infusion of atracurium. Anesthesiology 72:803, 1990.

93. Kopman AF, Yee PS, Neuman GG: Relationship of the train-of-four fade ratio to clinical signs and symptoms of residual paralysis in awake volunteers. Anesthesiology 86:765, 1997.

94. Ali HH, Wilson RS, Savarese JJ, et al: The effect of tubocurarine on indirectly elicited train-of-four muscle response and respiratory measurements in humans. Br J Anaesth 47:570, 1975.

95. Ali HH, Utting JE, Gray C: Quantitative assessment of residual antidepolarizing block (part I). Br J Anaesth 43:473, 1971.

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97. Eriksson LI, Lennmarken C, Wyon N, et al: Attenuated ventilatory response to hypoxaemia at vecuronium-induced partial neuromuscular block. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 36:710, 1992.

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99. Berg H, Viby-Mogensen J, Roed J, et al: Residual neuromuscular block is a risk factor for postoperative pulmonary complications. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41:1095, 1997.
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101. Sundman E, Witt H, Olsson R, et al: The incidence and mechanism of pharyngeal and upper esophagus dysfunction in partially paralyzed humans. Anesthesiology 92:997, 2000.

102. Jonsson M, Kim C, Yamamoto Y, et al: Atracurium and vecuronium block nicotine-induced carotid body responses. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 94:117, 2002.

103. Shorten GD, Merk H: Perioperative train-of-four monitoring and residual curarization. Can J Anaesth 42:711, 1995.

104. Kopman AF, Ng J, Zank LM, et al: Residual postoperative paralysis. Pancuronium versus mivacurium, does it matter? Anesthesiology 85:1253, 1996.

105. Heier T, Caldwell JE, Sessler DI, et al: The effect of local surface and central cooling on adductor pollicis twitch tension during nitrous oxide/isoflurane and nitrous oxide/fentanyl anesthesia in humans. Anesthesiology 72:807, 1990.

106. Eriksson LI, Lennmarken C, Jensen E, et al: Twitch tension and train-of-four ratio during prolonged neuromuscular monitoring at different peripheral temperatures. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 35:247, 1991.

107. Thornberry EA, Mazumdar B: The effect of changes in arm temperature on neuromuscular monitoring in the presence of atracurium blockade. Anaesthesia 43:447, 1988.

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109. Kopman AF, Zank LM, Ng J, et al: Antagonism of cisatracurium and rocuronium block at a tactile train-of-four count of 2: Should quantitative assessment of neuromuscular function be mandatory? Anesth Analg 98:102, 2004.

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