Previous Next

REFERENCES

151. Bebout DE, Mannheimer PD, Wun C-C: Site-dependent differences in the time to detect changes in saturation during low perfusion. Crit Care Med 29:A115, 2002.

152. Räsänen J, Downs JB, DeHaven B: Titration of continuous positive airway pressure by real-time dual oximetry. Chest 92:853, 1987.

153. Kersting T, Reinhart K, Fleckenstein W, et al: Tissue PO2 measurements in critical care: The effects of dopamine on muscular oxygen pressure fields. In Ehrly AM, Hauss J, Hach R (eds): Clinical Oxygen Pressure Measurement. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1985, p 109.

154. McCormick PW, Stewart M, Goetting MG, et al: Noninvasive cerebral optical spectroscopy for monitoring cerebral oxygen delivery and hemodynamics. Crit Care Med 19:89, 1991.

155. Hampson NB, Piantadosi CA: Near-infrared optical responses in feline brain and skeletal muscle tissues during respiratory acid-base imbalance. Brain Res 519:249, 1990.

156. Tenney SM: A theoretical analysis of the relationship between venous blood and mean tissue oxygen pressures. Respir Physiol 20:283, 1974.

157. Jöbsis FF: Noninvasive, infrared monitoring of cerebral and myocardial oxygen sufficiency and circulatory parameters. Science 198:1264, 1977.

158. Piantadosi CA, Comfort BJ: Development and validation of multiwavelength algorithms for in vivo near infrared spectroscopy. In Chance B, Blumberg WE (eds): Photon Migration in Tissue. New York, Plenum, 1989, p 69.

159. Parsons WJ, Rembert JC, Bauman RP, et al: Myocardial oxygenation in dogs during reactive hyperemia. J Biomed Opt 3:191, 1998.


1478


160. Hampson NB, Piantadosi CA: Near-infrared monitoring of human skeletal muscle oxygenation during forearm ischemia. J Appl Physiol 64:2449, 1988.

161. Hampson NB, Camporesi EM, Stolp BW, et al: Cerebral oxygen availability by NIR spectroscopy during transient hypoxia in humans. J Appl Physiol 69:907, 1990.

162. Greeley WJ, Kern FH, Ungerleider RM, et al: The effect of hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and total circulatory arrest on cerebral metabolism in neonates, infants, and children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 101:783, 1991.

163. Ornato JP, Shipley JB, Racht EM, et al: Multicenter study of a portable, hand-size, colorimetric end-tidal carbon dioxide detection device. Ann Emerg Med 21:55, 1992.

164. Malinski T, Czuchajowski L: Nitric oxide measurement by electrochemical methods. In Feelisch M, Stamler JS (eds): Methods in Nitric Oxide Research. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1996, p 319.

165. Purtz EP, Hess D, Kacmarek RM: Evaluation of electrochemical nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide analyzers suitable for use during mechanical ventilation. J Clin Monit 13:25, 1997.

166. Brett SJ, Evans TW: Measurement of endogenous nitric oxide in the lungs of patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:993, 1998.

167. Nishimura M, Imanaka H, Uchiyama A, et al: Nitric oxide (NO) measurement accuracy. J Clin Monit 13:241, 1997.

168. Hampl V, Walters CL, Archer SL: Determination of nitric oxide by the chemiluminescence reaction with ozone. In Feelisch M, Stamler JS (eds): Methods in Nitric Oxide Research. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1996, p 309.

169. Gravenstein JS, Paulus DA, Hayes TJ: Gas Monitoring in Clinical Practice, 2nd ed. Boston, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1995.

170. Turner KE, Sandler AN, Vosu HA: End-tidal CO2 monitoring in spontaneously breathing adults. Can J Anaesth 36:248, 1989.

171. Meny RG, Bhat AM, Aranas E: Mass spectrometer monitoring of expired carbon dioxide in critically ill neonates. Crit Care Med 13:1064, 1985.

172. Brunner JX, Westenskow DR: How the rise time of carbon dioxide analysers influences the accuracy of carbon dioxide measurements. Br J Anaesth 61:628, 1988.

173. Scamman FL, Fishbaugh JK: Frequency response of long mass-spectrometer sampling catheters. Anesthesiology 65:422, 1986.

174. Fletcher R, Veintemilla F: Changes in the arterial to end-tidal PCO2 differences during coronary artery bypass grafting. Acta Anaesth Scand 33:656, 1989.

175. Russell GB, Graybeal JM, Strout JC: Stability of arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide gradients during postoperative cardiorespiratory support. Can J Anaesth 37:560, 1990.

176. Russell GB, Graybeal JM: Reliability of the arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide gradient in mechanically ventilated patients with multisystem trauma. J Trauma 36:317, 1994.

177. Russell GB, Graybeal JM: The arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide difference in neurosurgical patients during craniotomy. Anesth Analg 81:806, 1995.

178. Bindslev L, Hedenstierna G, Santesson J, et al: Airway closure during anaesthesia, and its prevention by positive end expiratory pressure. Acta Anaesth Scand 24:199, 1980.

179. Bhavani-Shankar K, Kumar AY, Moseley HSL, Ahyee-Hallsworth R: Terminology and the current limitations of time capnography: A brief review. J Clin Monit 11:175, 1995.

180. Murray IP, Modell JH, Gallagher TJ, Banner MJ: Titration of PEEP by the arterial minus end-tidal carbon dioxide gradient. Chest 85:100, 1984.

181. Breen PH, Mazumdar B, Skinner SC: Comparison of end-tidal PCO2 and average alveolar expired PCO2 during positive end-expiratory pressure. Anesth Analg 82:368, 1996.

182. Viale JP, Annat G, Bertrand O, et al: Continuous measurement of pulmonary gas exchange during general anaesthesia in man. Acta Anaesth Scand 32:691, 1988.

183. Westenskow DR, Cutler CA, Wallace WD: Instrumentation for monitoring gas exchange and metabolic rate in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 12:183, 1984.

184. Lewis WD, Chwals W, Benotti PN, et al: Bedside assessment of the work of breathing. Crit Care Med 16:117, 1988.

185. Zar HA, Noe FE, Szalados JE, et al: Monitoring pulmonary function with superimposed pulmonary gas exchange curves from standard analyzers. J Clin Monit Comput 17:241, 2002.

186. Breen PH, Isserles SA, Taitelman UZ: Non-steady state monitoring by respiratory gas exchange. J Clin Monit Comput 16:351, 2000.

187. Smithies MN, Royston B, Makita K, et al: Comparison of oxygen consumption measurements: Indirect calorimetry versus the reversed Fick method. Crit Care Med 19:1401, 1991.

188. Bizouarn P, Soulard D, Blanloeil Y, et al: Oxygen consumption after cardiac surgery—A comparison between calculation by Fick's principle and measurement by indirect calorimetry. Intensive Care Med 18:206, 1992.

189. Oudemans-van Straaten HM, Scheffer GJ, Eysman L, Wildevuur CR: Oxygen consumption after cardiopulmonary bypass—Implications of different measuring methods. Intensive Care Med 19:105, 1993.

190. Bizouarn P, Blanloeil Y, Pinaud M: Comparison between oxygen consumption calculated by Fick's principle using a continuous thermodilution technique and measured by indirect calorimetry. Br J Anaesth 75:719, 1995.

191. Schoene RB: The control of ventilation in clinical medicine: To breathe or not to breathe. Respir Care 34:500, 1989.

192. Camporesi EM, Nielsen CH, Bromage PR, Durant PA: Ventilatory CO2 sensitivity after intravenous and epidural morphine in volunteers. Anesth Analg 62:633, 1983.

193. Rawal N, Wattwil M: Respiratory depression after epidural morphine—An experimental and clinical study. Anesth Analg 63:8, 1984.

194. Sandler AN, Chovaz P, Whiting W: Respiratory depression following epidural morphine: A clinical study. Can Anaesth Soc J 33:542, 1986.

195. Ready LB, Oden R, Chadwick HS, et al: Development of an anesthesiology-based postoperative pain management service. Anesthesiology 68:100, 1988.

196. Camporesi EM, Feezor M, Fortune J, Salzano J: An electromagnetic valve for inspiratory occlusion pressures. J Appl Physiol 45:481, 1978.

197. Milic-Emili J, Whitelaw WA, Grassino AE: Measurement and testing of respiratory drive. In Hornbein TF (ed): Regulation of Breathing: Part II. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1981, p 675.

198. Derenne JP, Couture J, Iscoe S, et al: Occlusion pressures in men rebreathing CO2 under methoxyflurane anesthesia. J Appl Physiol 40:805, 1976.

199. Herrera M, Blasco J, Venegas J, et al: Mouth occlusion pressure (P0.1 ) in acute respiratory failure. Intensive Care Med 11:134, 1985.

200. Sassoon CS, Te TT, Mahutte CK, Light RW: Airway occlusion pressure: An important indicator for successful weaning in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 135:107, 1987.

201. Rivera L, Weissman C: Dynamic ventilatory characteristics during weaning in postoperative critically ill patients. Anesth Analg 84:1250, 1997.

202. Montgomery AB, Holle RH, Neagley SR, et al: Prediction of successful ventilator weaning using airway occlusion pressure and hypercapnic challenge. Chest 91:496, 1987.

203. Sullivan WJ, Peters GM, Enright PL: Pneumotachographs: Theory and clinical application. Respir Care 29:736, 1984.

204. Blumenfeld W, Turney SZ, Denman RJ: A coaxial ultrasonic pneumotachometer. Med Biol Eng 13:855, 1975.

205. de Troyer A, Bastenier J, Delhez L: Function of respiratory muscles during partial curarization in humans. J Appl Physiol 49:1049, 1980.

206. O'Brien MJ, Van Eykern LA, Oetomo SB, Van Vught HA: Transcutaneous respiratory electromyographic monitoring. Crit Care Med 15:294, 1987.

207. Schweitzer TW, Fitzgerald JW, Bowden JA, Lynne-Davies P: Spectral analysis of human inspiratory diaphragmatic electromyograms. J Appl Physiol 46:152, 1979.

208. Bloch R: Subtraction of electrocardiographic signal from respiratory electromyogram. J Appl Physiol 55:619, 1983.
1479


209. Rochester DF: Tests of respiratory muscle function. Clin Chest Med 9:249, 1988.

210. Ford GT, Whitelaw WA, Rosenal TW, et al: Diaphragm function after upper abdominal surgery in humans. Am Rev Respir Dis 127:431, 1983.

211. Brown KA, Hoffstein V, Byrick RJ: Bedside diagnosis of bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis in a ventilator-dependent patient after open-heart surgery. Anesth Analg 64:1208, 1985.

212. Laghi F, Harrison MJ, Tobin MJ: Comparison of magnetic and electrical phrenic nerve stimulation in assessment of diaphragmatic contractility. J Appl Physiol 80:1731, 1996.

213. Laghi F, Cattapan SE, Jubran A, et al: Is weaning failure caused by low-frequency fatigue of the diaphragm? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167:120, 2003.

214. Cattapan SE, Laghi F, Tobin MJ: Can diaphragmatic contractility be assessed by airway twitch pressure in mechanically ventilated patients? Thorax 58:58, 2003.

215. Stagg D, Goldman M, Newsom-Davis JN: Computer-aided measurement of breath volume and time components using magnetometers. J Appl Physiol 44:623, 1978.

216. Roussos C, Fixley M, Gross D, Macklem PT: Fatigue of inspiratory muscles and their synergic behavior. J Appl Physiol 46:897, 1979.

217. Roussos C, Zakynthinos S: Fatigue of the respiratory muscles. Intensive Care Med 22:134, 1996.

218. Mead J, Peterson N, Grimby G, Mead J: Pulmonary ventilation measured from body surface movements. Science 156:1383, 1967.

219. Faithfull D, Jones JG, Jordan C: Measurement of the relative contributions of rib cage and abdomen/diaphragm to tidal breathing in man. Br J Anaesth 51:391, 1979.

220. Cohn MA, Rao AS, Broudy M, et al: The respiratory inductive plethysmograph: A new non-invasive monitor of respiration. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 18:643, 1982.

221. Stradling JR, Chadwick GA, Quirk C, Phillips T: Respiratory inductance plethysmography: Calibration techniques, their validation and the effects of posture. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 21:317, 1985.

222. Marini JJ, Pierson DJ, Hudson LD, Lakshminarayan S: The significance of wheezing in chronic airflow obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis 120:1069, 1979.

223. Forgacs P: The functional basis of pulmonary sounds. Chest 73:399, 1979.

224. Forgacs P: Lung Sounds. London, Baillière Tindall, 1978.

225. Loudon R, Murphy RL Jr: Lung sounds. Am Rev Respir Dis 130:663, 1984.

226. Semmes BJ, Tobin MJ, Snyder JV, Grenvik A: Subjective and objective measurement of tidal volume in critically ill patients. Chest 87:577, 1985.

227. Sorkin B, Rapoport DM, Falk DB, Goldring RM: Canopy ventilation monitor for quantitative measurement of ventilation during sleep. J Appl Physiol 48:724, 1980.

228. Tobin MJ, Jenouri GA, Watson H, Sackner MA: Noninvasive measurement of pleural pressure by surface inductive plethysmography. J Appl Physiol 55:267, 1983.

229. Pepe PE, Marini JJ: Occult positive end-expiratory pressure in mechanically ventilated patients with airflow obstruction: The auto-PEEP effect. Am Rev Respir Dis 126:166, 1982.

230. Bardoczky GI, Yernault JC, Engelman EE, et al: Intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure during one-lung ventilation for thoracic surgery. The influence of preoperative pulmonary function. Chest 110:180, 1996.

231. Tobin MJ: Respiratory monitoring in the intensive care unit. Am Rev Respir Dis 138:1625, 1988.

232. Carle KA, Camporesi EM, Moon RE: Edrophonium-induced bronchoconstriction during reversal of muscle relaxants. Anesthesiology 65(Suppl):A495, 1986.

233. Wakakuri H, Camporesi EM: Peak expiratory flow during a passive exhalation: An index of expiratory resistance during anesthesia. Acta Anaesth Scand 23:207, 1979.

234. Bardoczky GI, deFrancquen P, Engelman E, Capello M: Continuous monitoring of pulmonary mechanics with the sidestream spirometer during lung transplantation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 6:731, 1992.

235. Dueck R: Assessment and monitoring of flow limitation and other parameters from flow/volume loops. J Clin Monit Comput 16:425, 2000.

236. Bardoczky GI, Engelman E, Levarlet M, Simon P: Ventilatory effects of pneumoperitoneum monitored with continuous spirometry. Anaesthesia 48:309, 1993.

237. Bardoczky GI, Levarlet M, Engelman E, deFrancquen P: Continuous spirometry for detection of double-lumen endobronchial tube displacement. Br J Anaesth 70:499, 1993.

238. Guyatt AR, Parker SP, McBride MJ: Measurement of human nasal ventilation using an oxygen cannula as a pilot tube. Am Rev Respir Dis 126:434, 1982.

239. Werthammer J, Krasner J, DiBenedetto J, Stark AR: Apnea monitoring by acoustic detection of airflow. Pediatrics 71:53, 1983.

240. Hok B, Wiklund L, Henneberg S: A new respiratory rate monitor: Development and initial clinical experience. Int J Clin Monit Comput 10:101, 1993.

241. Tatara T, Tsuzaki K: An apnea monitor using a rapid-response hygrometer. J Clin Monit 13:5, 1997.

242. Nilsson L, Johansson A, Kalman S: Monitoring of respiratory rate in postoperative care using a new photoplethysmographic technique. J Clin Monit Comput 16:309, 2000.

243. George CF, Millar TW, Kryger MH: Identification and quantification of apneas by computer-based analysis of oxygen saturation. Am Rev Respir Dis 137:1238, 1988.

244. Sackner MA, Krieger BP: Noninvasive respiratory monitoring. In Scharf SM, Cassidy SS (eds): Heart-Lung Interactions in Health and Disease. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1989, p 663.

245. Webber CE, Coates G: A clinical system for the in vivo measurement of lung density. Med Phys 9:473, 1982.

246. Coates G, Powles AC, Morrison SC, et al: The effects of intravenous infusion of saline on lung density, lung volumes, nitrogen washout, computed tomographic scans, and chest radiographs in humans. Am Rev Respir Dis 127:91, 1983.

247. Cutillo AG, Morris AH, Ailion DC, et al: Determination of lung water content and distribution by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. J Thorac Imaging 1:39, 1986.

248. Mayo JR, MacKay AL, Whittall KP, et al: Measurement of lung water content and pleural pressure gradient with magnetic resonance imaging. J Thorac Imaging 10:73, 1995.

249. Serizawa S, Suzuki T, Niino H, et al: Using H2 15 O and C15 O in noninvasive pulmonary measurements. Chest 106:1145, 1994.

250. Sivak ED, Wiedemann HP: Clinical measurement of extravascular lung water. Crit Care Clin 2:511, 1986.

251. Mihm FG, Feeley TW, Jamieson SW: Thermal dye double indicator dilution measurement of lung water in man: Comparison with gravimetric measurements. Thorax 42:72, 1987.

252. Leksell LG, Schreiner MS, Sylvestro A, Neufeld GR: Commercial double-indicator-dilution densitometer using heavy water: Evaluation in oleic-acid pulmonary edema. J Clin Monit 6:99, 1990.

253. Wallin CJ, Leksell LG: Estimation of extravascular lung water in humans with use of 2 H2 O: Effect of blood flow and central blood volume. J Appl Physiol 76:1868, 1994.

254. Overland ES, Gupta RN, Huchon GJ, Murray JF: Measurement of pulmonary tissue volume and blood flow in persons with normal and edematous lungs. J Appl Physiol 51:1375, 1981.

255. Petrini MF, Norman JR: Soluble gas uptake from alveolar gas. Respir Care 34:470, 1989.

256. Van de Water JM, Mount BE, Barela JR, et al: Monitoring the chest with impedance. Chest 64:597, 1973.

257. Hoskyns EW, Milner AD, Hopkin IE: Measurement of tidal lung volumes in neonates during high-frequency oscillation. J Biomed Eng 14:16, 1992.

258. Frietsch T, Krafft P, Becker HD, et al: Intermittent capnography during high-frequency jet ventilation for prolonged rigid bronchoscopy. Acta Anaesth Scand 44:391, 2000.

259. Nishimura M, Imanaka H, Tashiro C, et al: Capnometry during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. Chest 101:1681, 1992.
1480


260. Waterson CK, Quan SF: Delivery equipment and monitoring techniques for high frequency ventilation. In Hamilton LH, Neu J, Calkins JM (eds): High Frequency Ventilation. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 1986, p 90.

261. Waterson CK, Militzer HW, Quan SF, Calkins JM: Airway pressure as a measure of gas exchange during high-frequency jet ventilation. Crit Care Med 12:742, 1984.

262. Meade M, Guyatt G, Cook D, et al: Predicting success in weaning from mechanical ventilation. Chest 120:400S, 2001.

263. Yang KL, Tobin MJ: A prospective study of indexes predicting the outcome of trials of weaning from mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 324:1445, 1991.

264. Ely EW, Baker AM, Dunagan DP, et al: Effect on the duration of mechanical ventilation of identifying patients capable of breathing spontaneously. N Engl J Med 335:1864, 1996.

265. Weavind L, Shaw AD, Feeley TW: Monitoring ventilator weaning—Predictors of success. J Clin Monit Comput 16:409, 2000.

266. MacIntyre NR, Cook DJ, Ely EW Jr, et al: Evidence-based guidelines for weaning and discontinuing ventilatory support: A collective task force facilitated by the American College of Chest Physicians, the American Association for Respiratory Care, and the American College of Critical Care Medicine. Chest 120:375S, 2001.

267. Goldstone J: The pulmonary physician in critical care. 10. Difficult weaning. Thorax 57:986, 2002.

268. Manthous CA: The anarchy of weaning techniques. Chest 121:1738, 2002.

269. Chripko D, Bevan JC, Archer DP, Bherer N: Decreases in arterial oxygen saturation in paediatric outpatients during transfer to the postanaesthetic recovery room. Can J Anaesth 36:128, 1989.

270. Tait AR, Kyff JV, Crider B, et al: Changes in arterial oxygen saturation in cigarette smokers following general anaesthesia. Can J Anaesth 37:423, 1990.

271. Bromage PR, Camporesi E, Chestnut D: Epidural narcotics for postoperative analgesia. Anesth Analg 59:473, 1980.

272. Etches RC, Sandler AN, Daley MD: Respiratory depression and spinal opioids. Can J Anaesth 36:165, 1989.

273. Rawal N, Arner S, Gustafsson LL, Allvin R: Present state of extradural and intrathecal opioid analgesia in Sweden: A nationwide follow-up survey. Br J Anaesth 59:791, 1987.

274. Stuart-Taylor ME, Billingham IS, Barrett RF, Church JJ: Extradural diamorphine for postoperative analgesia: Audit of a nurse-administered service to 800 patients in a district general hospital. Br J Anaesth 68:429, 1992.

275. Ready LB, Loper KA, Nessly M, Wild L: Postoperative epidural morphine is safe on surgical wards. Anesthesiology 75:452, 1991.

276. Scherer R, Schmutzler M, Giebler R, et al: Complications related to thoracic epidural analgesia: A prospective study in 1071 surgical patients. Acta Anaesth Scand 37:370, 1993.

277. Lubenow TR: Epidural analgesia: Considerations and delivery methods. In Sinatra RS, Hord AH, Ginsberg B, Preble LM (eds): Acute Pain. Mechanisms and Management. St. Louis, CV Mosby, 1992, p 233.

278. Bozkurt P, Kaya G, Yeker Y: Single-injection lumbar epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia in children: A report of 175 cases. Reg Anesth 22:212, 1997.

279. Burstal R, Wegener F, Hayes C, Lantry G: Epidural analgesia: Prospective audit of 1062 patients. Anaesth Intensive Care 26:165, 1998.

280. Liu SS, Allen HW, Olsson GL: Patient-controlled epidural analgesia with bupivacaine and fentanyl on hospital wards: Prospective experience with 1,030 surgical patients. Anesthesiology 88:688, 1998.

281. Wigfull J, Welchew E: Survey of 1057 patients receiving postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia. Anaesthesia 56:70, 2001.

282. Rigg JR, Jamrozik K, Myles PS, et al: Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia and outcome of major surgery: A randomised trial. Lancet 359:1276, 2002.

283. Steinberg RB, Liu SS, Wu CL, et al: Comparison of ropivacaine-fentanyl patient-controlled epidural analgesia with morphine intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for perioperative analgesia and recovery after open colon surgery. J Clin Anesth 14:571, 2002.

284. Flisberg P, Rudin A, Linner R, Lundberg CJ: Pain relief and safety after major surgery: A prospective study of epidural and intravenous analgesia in 2696 patients. Acta Anaesth Scand 47:457, 2003.

285. Peyton PJ, Myles PS, Silbert BS, et al: Perioperative epidural analgesia and outcome after major abdominal surgery in high-risk patients. Anesth Analg 96:548, 2003.

286. Russell GB, Graybeal JM: Hypoxemic episodes of patients in a postanesthesia care unit. Chest 104:899, 1993.

287. Russell AW, Owen H, Ilsley AH, et al: Background infusion with patient-controlled analgesia: Effect on postoperative oxyhaemoglobin saturation and pain control. Anaesth Intensive Care 21:174, 1993.

288. Moller JT: Anesthesia related hypoxemia. The effect of pulse oximetry monitoring on perioperative events and postoperative complications. Dan Med Bull 41:489, 1994.

289. Rosenberg J, Wildschiodtz G, Pedersen MH, et al: Late postoperative nocturnal episodic hypoxaemia and associated sleep pattern. Br J Anaesth 72:145, 1994.

290. Rosenberg J, Ullstad T, Rasmussen J, et al: Time course of postoperative hypoxaemia. Eur J Surg 160:137, 1994.

291. Stone JG, Cozine KA, Wald A: Nocturnal oxygenation during patient-controlled analgesia. Anesth Analg 89:104, 1999.

292. Etches RC: Respiratory depression associated with patient-controlled analgesia: A review of eight cases. Can J Anaesth 41:125, 1994.

293. Flisberg P, Jakobsson J, Lundberg J: Apnea and bradypnea in patients receiving epidural bupivacaine-morphine for postoperative pain relief as assessed by a new monitoring method. J Clin Anesth 14:129, 2002.

294. Ostermeier AM, Roizen MF, Hautkappe M, et al: Three sudden postoperative respiratory arrests associated with epidural opioids in patients with sleep apnea. Anesth Analg 85:452, 1997.

295. Hornbein TF, Townes BD, Schoene RB, et al: The cost to the central nervous system of climbing to extremely high altitude. N Engl J Med 321:1714, 1989.

296. Clark CF, Heaton RK, Wiens AN: Neuropsychological functioning after prolonged high altitude exposure in mountaineering. Aviat Space Environ Med 54:202, 1983.

297. Jason GW, Pajurkova EM, Lee RG: High-altitude mountaineering and brain function: Neuropsychological testing of members of a Mount Everest expedition. Aviat Space Environ Med 60:170, 1989.

298. Brodsky JB, Brose WG, Vivenzo K: A postoperative pain management service. Anesthesiology 70:719, 1989.

299. Muir MR, Sullivan FL, Dear G, Ginsberg B: Monitoring practices following epidural analgesics for pain management: A follow-up survey. J Pain Symptom Manage 14:36, 1997.

300. Grichnik K, Ginsberg B: Epidural analgesia for patients recovering from surgery. In Sinatra RS, Hord AH, Ginsberg B, Preble LM (eds): Acute Pain. Mechanisms and Management. St. Louis, CV Mosby, 1992, p 243.

301. Ashwood ER, Kost G, Kenny M: Temperature correction of blood-gas and pH measurements. Clin Chem 29:1877, 1983.

302. Siggaard-Andersen O, Wimberley PD, Gothgen I, Siggaard-Andersen M: A mathematical model of the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve of human blood and of the oxygen partial pressure as a function of temperature. Clin Chem 30:1646, 1984.

303. Carter BG, Carlin JB, Tibballs J, et al: Accuracy of two pulse oximeters at low arterial hemoglobin-oxygen-saturation. Crit Care Med 26:1128, 1998.

304. Brand TM, Brand ME, Jay GD: Enamel nail polish does not interfere with pulse oximetry among normoxic volunteers. J Clin Monit Comput 17:93, 2002.

305. Baumeister BL, el-Khatib M, Smith PG, Blumer JL: Evaluation of predictors of weaning from mechanical ventilation in pediatric patients. Pediatr Pulmonol 24:344, 1997.

306. Milic-Emili J: Is weaning an art or a science? Am Rev Respir Dis 134:1107, 1986.
1481


307. Hall JB, Wood LD: Liberation of the patient from mechanical ventilation. JAMA 257:1621, 1987.

308. Hodgkin JE, Bowser MA, Burton GG: Respirator weaning. Crit Care Med 2:96, 1974.

309. Tahvanainen J, Salmenpera M, Nikki P: Extubation criteria after weaning from intermittent mandatory ventilation and continuous positive airway pressure. Crit Care Med 11:702, 1983.

310. Karpel JP, Aldrich TK: Respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation: Pathophysiology and methods of promoting weaning. Lung 164:309, 1986.

311. Tobin MJ, Perez W, Guenther SM, et al: The pattern of breathing during successful and unsuccessful trials of weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 134:1111, 1986.

312. Sporn PH, Morganroth ML: Discontinuation of mechanical ventilation. Clin Chest Med 9:113, 1988.

313. Gorback MS, Kantor K: Extubation without a trial of spontaneous ventilation in the general surgical population. Respir Care 32:178, 1987.

314. Tobin MJ, Yang K: Weaning from mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Clin 6:725, 1990.

315. Mohsenifar Z, Hay A, Hay J, et al: Gastric intramural pH as a predictor of success or failure in weaning patients from mechanical ventilation. Ann Intern Med 119:794, 1993.

316. Capdevila XJ, Perrigault PF, Perey PJ, et al: Occlusion pressure and its ratio to maximum inspiratory pressure are useful predictors for successful extubation following T-piece weaning trial. Chest 108:482, 1995.

317. Esteban A, Frutos F, Tobin MJ, et al: A comparison of four methods of weaning patients from mechanical ventilation. Spanish Lung Failure Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med 332:345, 1995.

318. Nunn JF: Nunn's Applied Respiratory Physiology, 4th ed. Boston, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1993.

319. Christiansen J, Douglas CG, Haldane JS: The absorption and dissociation of carbon dioxide by human blood. J Physiol (Lond) 48:244, 1914.

320. Benumof JL: Anesthesia for Thoracic Surgery, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1995.

321. Lawler PGP, Nunn JF: A reassessment of the validity of the iso-shunt graph. Br J Anaesth 56:1325, 1984.

322. Gilmour I, Burnham M, Craig DB: Closing capacity measurement during general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 45:477, 1976.

323. Fowler WS: Lung function studies. II. The respiratory dead space. Am J Physiol 154:405, 1948.

324. Fletcher R, Jonson B, Cumming G, Brew J: The concept of dead space with special reference to the single breath test for carbon dioxide. Br J Anaesth 53:77, 1981.

325. Zupan J, Martin M, Benumof JL: End-tidal CO2 excretion waveform and error with gas sampling line leak. Anesth Analg 67:579, 1988.


1482

Previous Next