|
|
REFERENCES
151.
Bebout DE, Mannheimer PD, Wun C-C: Site-dependent
differences in the time to detect changes in saturation during low perfusion. Crit
Care Med 29:A115, 2002.
152.
Räsänen J, Downs JB, DeHaven B: Titration
of continuous positive airway pressure by real-time dual oximetry. Chest 92:853,
1987.
153.
Kersting T, Reinhart K, Fleckenstein W, et al:
Tissue PO2
measurements in critical care:
The effects of dopamine on muscular oxygen pressure fields. In
Ehrly AM, Hauss J, Hach R (eds): Clinical Oxygen Pressure Measurement. New York,
Springer-Verlag, 1985, p 109.
154.
McCormick PW, Stewart M, Goetting MG, et al:
Noninvasive cerebral optical spectroscopy for monitoring cerebral oxygen delivery
and hemodynamics. Crit Care Med 19:89, 1991.
155.
Hampson NB, Piantadosi CA: Near-infrared optical
responses in feline brain and skeletal muscle tissues during respiratory acid-base
imbalance. Brain Res 519:249, 1990.
156.
Tenney SM: A theoretical analysis of the relationship
between venous blood and mean tissue oxygen pressures. Respir Physiol 20:283, 1974.
157.
Jöbsis FF: Noninvasive, infrared monitoring
of cerebral and myocardial oxygen sufficiency and circulatory parameters. Science
198:1264, 1977.
158.
Piantadosi CA, Comfort BJ: Development and validation
of multiwavelength algorithms for in vivo near infrared
spectroscopy. In Chance B, Blumberg WE (eds): Photon
Migration in Tissue. New York, Plenum, 1989, p 69.
159.
Parsons WJ, Rembert JC, Bauman RP, et al: Myocardial
oxygenation in dogs during reactive hyperemia. J Biomed Opt 3:191, 1998.
160.
Hampson NB, Piantadosi CA: Near-infrared monitoring
of human skeletal muscle oxygenation during forearm ischemia. J Appl Physiol 64:2449,
1988.
161.
Hampson NB, Camporesi EM, Stolp BW, et al: Cerebral
oxygen availability by NIR spectroscopy during transient hypoxia in humans. J Appl
Physiol 69:907, 1990.
162.
Greeley WJ, Kern FH, Ungerleider RM, et al: The
effect of hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and total circulatory arrest on cerebral
metabolism in neonates, infants, and children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 101:783,
1991.
163.
Ornato JP, Shipley JB, Racht EM, et al: Multicenter
study of a portable, hand-size, colorimetric end-tidal carbon dioxide detection device.
Ann Emerg Med 21:55, 1992.
164.
Malinski T, Czuchajowski L: Nitric oxide measurement
by electrochemical methods. In Feelisch M, Stamler
JS (eds): Methods in Nitric Oxide Research. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1996,
p 319.
165.
Purtz EP, Hess D, Kacmarek RM: Evaluation of
electrochemical nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide analyzers suitable for use during
mechanical ventilation. J Clin Monit 13:25, 1997.
166.
Brett SJ, Evans TW: Measurement of endogenous
nitric oxide in the lungs of patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:993, 1998.
167.
Nishimura M, Imanaka H, Uchiyama A, et al: Nitric
oxide (NO) measurement accuracy. J Clin Monit 13:241, 1997.
168.
Hampl V, Walters CL, Archer SL: Determination
of nitric oxide by the chemiluminescence reaction with ozone. In
Feelisch M, Stamler JS (eds): Methods in Nitric Oxide Research. New York, John
Wiley & Sons, 1996, p 309.
169.
Gravenstein JS, Paulus DA, Hayes TJ: Gas Monitoring
in Clinical Practice, 2nd ed. Boston, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1995.
170.
Turner KE, Sandler AN, Vosu HA: End-tidal CO2
monitoring in spontaneously breathing adults. Can J Anaesth 36:248, 1989.
171.
Meny RG, Bhat AM, Aranas E: Mass spectrometer
monitoring of expired carbon dioxide in critically ill neonates. Crit Care Med 13:1064,
1985.
172.
Brunner JX, Westenskow DR: How the rise time
of carbon dioxide analysers influences the accuracy of carbon dioxide measurements.
Br J Anaesth 61:628, 1988.
173.
Scamman FL, Fishbaugh JK: Frequency response
of long mass-spectrometer sampling catheters. Anesthesiology 65:422, 1986.
174.
Fletcher R, Veintemilla F: Changes in the arterial
to end-tidal PCO2
differences during coronary
artery bypass grafting. Acta Anaesth Scand 33:656, 1989.
175.
Russell GB, Graybeal JM, Strout JC: Stability
of arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide gradients during postoperative cardiorespiratory
support. Can J Anaesth 37:560, 1990.
176.
Russell GB, Graybeal JM: Reliability of the arterial
to end-tidal carbon dioxide gradient in mechanically ventilated patients with multisystem
trauma. J Trauma 36:317, 1994.
177.
Russell GB, Graybeal JM: The arterial to end-tidal
carbon dioxide difference in neurosurgical patients during craniotomy. Anesth Analg
81:806, 1995.
178.
Bindslev L, Hedenstierna G, Santesson J, et al:
Airway closure during anaesthesia, and its prevention by positive end expiratory
pressure. Acta Anaesth Scand 24:199, 1980.
179.
Bhavani-Shankar K, Kumar AY, Moseley HSL, Ahyee-Hallsworth
R: Terminology and the current limitations of time capnography: A brief review.
J Clin Monit 11:175, 1995.
180.
Murray IP, Modell JH, Gallagher TJ, Banner MJ:
Titration of PEEP by the arterial minus end-tidal carbon dioxide gradient. Chest
85:100, 1984.
181.
Breen PH, Mazumdar B, Skinner SC: Comparison
of end-tidal PCO2
and average alveolar
expired PCO2
during positive end-expiratory
pressure. Anesth Analg 82:368, 1996.
182.
Viale JP, Annat G, Bertrand O, et al: Continuous
measurement of pulmonary gas exchange during general anaesthesia in man. Acta Anaesth
Scand 32:691, 1988.
183.
Westenskow DR, Cutler CA, Wallace WD: Instrumentation
for monitoring gas exchange and metabolic rate in critically ill patients. Crit
Care Med 12:183, 1984.
184.
Lewis WD, Chwals W, Benotti PN, et al: Bedside
assessment of the work of breathing. Crit Care Med 16:117, 1988.
185.
Zar HA, Noe FE, Szalados JE, et al: Monitoring
pulmonary function with superimposed pulmonary gas exchange curves from standard
analyzers. J Clin Monit Comput 17:241, 2002.
186.
Breen PH, Isserles SA, Taitelman UZ: Non-steady
state monitoring by respiratory gas exchange. J Clin Monit Comput 16:351, 2000.
187.
Smithies MN, Royston B, Makita K, et al: Comparison
of oxygen consumption measurements: Indirect calorimetry versus the reversed Fick
method. Crit Care Med 19:1401, 1991.
188.
Bizouarn P, Soulard D, Blanloeil Y, et al: Oxygen
consumption after cardiac surgery—A comparison between calculation by Fick's
principle and measurement by indirect calorimetry. Intensive Care Med 18:206, 1992.
189.
Oudemans-van Straaten HM, Scheffer GJ, Eysman
L, Wildevuur CR: Oxygen consumption after cardiopulmonary bypass—Implications
of different measuring methods. Intensive Care Med 19:105, 1993.
190.
Bizouarn P, Blanloeil Y, Pinaud M: Comparison
between oxygen consumption calculated by Fick's principle using a continuous thermodilution
technique and measured by indirect calorimetry. Br J Anaesth 75:719, 1995.
191.
Schoene RB: The control of ventilation in clinical
medicine: To breathe or not to breathe. Respir Care 34:500, 1989.
192.
Camporesi EM, Nielsen CH, Bromage PR, Durant PA:
Ventilatory CO2
sensitivity after intravenous and epidural morphine in
volunteers. Anesth Analg 62:633, 1983.
193.
Rawal N, Wattwil M: Respiratory depression after
epidural morphine—An experimental and clinical study. Anesth Analg 63:8, 1984.
194.
Sandler AN, Chovaz P, Whiting W: Respiratory
depression following epidural morphine: A clinical study. Can Anaesth Soc J 33:542,
1986.
195.
Ready LB, Oden R, Chadwick HS, et al: Development
of an anesthesiology-based postoperative pain management service. Anesthesiology
68:100, 1988.
196.
Camporesi EM, Feezor M, Fortune J, Salzano J:
An electromagnetic valve for inspiratory occlusion pressures. J Appl Physiol 45:481,
1978.
197.
Milic-Emili J, Whitelaw WA, Grassino AE: Measurement
and testing of respiratory drive. In Hornbein TF
(ed): Regulation of Breathing: Part II. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1981, p 675.
198.
Derenne JP, Couture J, Iscoe S, et al: Occlusion
pressures in men rebreathing CO2
under methoxyflurane anesthesia. J Appl
Physiol 40:805, 1976.
199.
Herrera M, Blasco J, Venegas J, et al: Mouth
occlusion pressure (P0.1
) in acute respiratory failure. Intensive Care
Med 11:134, 1985.
200.
Sassoon CS, Te TT, Mahutte CK, Light RW: Airway
occlusion pressure: An important indicator for successful weaning in patients with
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 135:107, 1987.
201.
Rivera L, Weissman C: Dynamic ventilatory characteristics
during weaning in postoperative critically ill patients. Anesth Analg 84:1250, 1997.
202.
Montgomery AB, Holle RH, Neagley SR, et al: Prediction
of successful ventilator weaning using airway occlusion pressure and hypercapnic
challenge. Chest 91:496, 1987.
203.
Sullivan WJ, Peters GM, Enright PL: Pneumotachographs:
Theory and clinical application. Respir Care 29:736, 1984.
204.
Blumenfeld W, Turney SZ, Denman RJ: A coaxial
ultrasonic pneumotachometer. Med Biol Eng 13:855, 1975.
205.
de Troyer A, Bastenier J, Delhez L: Function
of respiratory muscles during partial curarization in humans. J Appl Physiol 49:1049,
1980.
206.
O'Brien MJ, Van Eykern LA, Oetomo SB, Van Vught
HA: Transcutaneous respiratory electromyographic monitoring. Crit Care Med 15:294,
1987.
207.
Schweitzer TW, Fitzgerald JW, Bowden JA, Lynne-Davies
P: Spectral analysis of human inspiratory diaphragmatic electromyograms. J Appl
Physiol 46:152, 1979.
208.
Bloch R: Subtraction of electrocardiographic
signal from respiratory electromyogram. J Appl Physiol 55:619, 1983.
209.
Rochester DF: Tests of respiratory muscle function.
Clin Chest Med 9:249, 1988.
210.
Ford GT, Whitelaw WA, Rosenal TW, et al: Diaphragm
function after upper abdominal surgery in humans. Am Rev Respir Dis 127:431, 1983.
211.
Brown KA, Hoffstein V, Byrick RJ: Bedside diagnosis
of bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis in a ventilator-dependent patient after open-heart
surgery. Anesth Analg 64:1208, 1985.
212.
Laghi F, Harrison MJ, Tobin MJ: Comparison of
magnetic and electrical phrenic nerve stimulation in assessment of diaphragmatic
contractility. J Appl Physiol 80:1731, 1996.
213.
Laghi F, Cattapan SE, Jubran A, et al: Is weaning
failure caused by low-frequency fatigue of the diaphragm? Am J Respir Crit Care
Med 167:120, 2003.
214.
Cattapan SE, Laghi F, Tobin MJ: Can diaphragmatic
contractility be assessed by airway twitch pressure in mechanically ventilated patients?
Thorax 58:58, 2003.
215.
Stagg D, Goldman M, Newsom-Davis JN: Computer-aided
measurement of breath volume and time components using magnetometers. J Appl Physiol
44:623, 1978.
216.
Roussos C, Fixley M, Gross D, Macklem PT: Fatigue
of inspiratory muscles and their synergic behavior. J Appl Physiol 46:897, 1979.
217.
Roussos C, Zakynthinos S: Fatigue of the respiratory
muscles. Intensive Care Med 22:134, 1996.
218.
Mead J, Peterson N, Grimby G, Mead J: Pulmonary
ventilation measured from body surface movements. Science 156:1383, 1967.
219.
Faithfull D, Jones JG, Jordan C: Measurement
of the relative contributions of rib cage and abdomen/diaphragm to tidal breathing
in man. Br J Anaesth 51:391, 1979.
220.
Cohn MA, Rao AS, Broudy M, et al: The respiratory
inductive plethysmograph: A new non-invasive monitor of respiration. Bull Eur Physiopathol
Respir 18:643, 1982.
221.
Stradling JR, Chadwick GA, Quirk C, Phillips T:
Respiratory inductance plethysmography: Calibration techniques, their validation
and the effects of posture. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 21:317, 1985.
222.
Marini JJ, Pierson DJ, Hudson LD, Lakshminarayan
S: The significance of wheezing in chronic airflow obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis
120:1069, 1979.
223.
Forgacs P: The functional basis of pulmonary
sounds. Chest 73:399, 1979.
224.
Forgacs P: Lung Sounds. London, Baillière
Tindall, 1978.
225.
Loudon R, Murphy RL Jr: Lung sounds. Am Rev
Respir Dis 130:663, 1984.
226.
Semmes BJ, Tobin MJ, Snyder JV, Grenvik A: Subjective
and objective measurement of tidal volume in critically ill patients. Chest 87:577,
1985.
227.
Sorkin B, Rapoport DM, Falk DB, Goldring RM:
Canopy ventilation monitor for quantitative measurement of ventilation during sleep.
J Appl Physiol 48:724, 1980.
228.
Tobin MJ, Jenouri GA, Watson H, Sackner MA: Noninvasive
measurement of pleural pressure by surface inductive plethysmography. J Appl Physiol
55:267, 1983.
229.
Pepe PE, Marini JJ: Occult positive end-expiratory
pressure in mechanically ventilated patients with airflow obstruction: The auto-PEEP
effect. Am Rev Respir Dis 126:166, 1982.
230.
Bardoczky GI, Yernault JC, Engelman EE, et al:
Intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure during one-lung ventilation for thoracic
surgery. The influence of preoperative pulmonary function. Chest 110:180, 1996.
231.
Tobin MJ: Respiratory monitoring in the intensive
care unit. Am Rev Respir Dis 138:1625, 1988.
232.
Carle KA, Camporesi EM, Moon RE: Edrophonium-induced
bronchoconstriction during reversal of muscle relaxants. Anesthesiology 65(Suppl):A495,
1986.
233.
Wakakuri H, Camporesi EM: Peak expiratory flow
during a passive exhalation: An index of expiratory resistance during anesthesia.
Acta Anaesth Scand 23:207, 1979.
234.
Bardoczky GI, deFrancquen P, Engelman E, Capello
M: Continuous monitoring of pulmonary mechanics with the sidestream spirometer during
lung transplantation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 6:731, 1992.
235.
Dueck R: Assessment and monitoring of flow limitation
and other parameters from flow/volume loops. J Clin Monit Comput 16:425, 2000.
236.
Bardoczky GI, Engelman E, Levarlet M, Simon P:
Ventilatory effects of pneumoperitoneum monitored with continuous spirometry. Anaesthesia
48:309, 1993.
237.
Bardoczky GI, Levarlet M, Engelman E, deFrancquen
P: Continuous spirometry for detection of double-lumen endobronchial tube displacement.
Br J Anaesth 70:499, 1993.
238.
Guyatt AR, Parker SP, McBride MJ: Measurement
of human nasal ventilation using an oxygen cannula as a pilot tube. Am Rev Respir
Dis 126:434, 1982.
239.
Werthammer J, Krasner J, DiBenedetto J, Stark
AR: Apnea monitoring by acoustic detection of airflow. Pediatrics 71:53, 1983.
240.
Hok B, Wiklund L, Henneberg S: A new respiratory
rate monitor: Development and initial clinical experience. Int J Clin Monit Comput
10:101, 1993.
241.
Tatara T, Tsuzaki K: An apnea monitor using a
rapid-response hygrometer. J Clin Monit 13:5, 1997.
242.
Nilsson L, Johansson A, Kalman S: Monitoring
of respiratory rate in postoperative care using a new photoplethysmographic technique.
J Clin Monit Comput 16:309, 2000.
243.
George CF, Millar TW, Kryger MH: Identification
and quantification of apneas by computer-based analysis of oxygen saturation. Am
Rev Respir Dis 137:1238, 1988.
244.
Sackner MA, Krieger BP: Noninvasive respiratory
monitoring. In Scharf SM, Cassidy SS (eds): Heart-Lung
Interactions in Health and Disease. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1989, p 663.
245.
Webber CE, Coates G: A clinical system for the
in vivo measurement of lung density. Med Phys 9:473, 1982.
246.
Coates G, Powles AC, Morrison SC, et al: The
effects of intravenous infusion of saline on lung density, lung volumes, nitrogen
washout, computed tomographic scans, and chest radiographs in humans. Am Rev Respir
Dis 127:91, 1983.
247.
Cutillo AG, Morris AH, Ailion DC, et al: Determination
of lung water content and distribution by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. J
Thorac Imaging 1:39, 1986.
248.
Mayo JR, MacKay AL, Whittall KP, et al: Measurement
of lung water content and pleural pressure gradient with magnetic resonance imaging.
J Thorac Imaging 10:73, 1995.
249.
Serizawa S, Suzuki T, Niino H, et al: Using H2
15
O
and C15
O in noninvasive pulmonary measurements. Chest 106:1145, 1994.
250.
Sivak ED, Wiedemann HP: Clinical measurement
of extravascular lung water. Crit Care Clin 2:511, 1986.
251.
Mihm FG, Feeley TW, Jamieson SW: Thermal dye
double indicator dilution measurement of lung water in man: Comparison with gravimetric
measurements. Thorax 42:72, 1987.
252.
Leksell LG, Schreiner MS, Sylvestro A, Neufeld
GR: Commercial double-indicator-dilution densitometer using heavy water: Evaluation
in oleic-acid pulmonary edema. J Clin Monit 6:99, 1990.
253.
Wallin CJ, Leksell LG: Estimation of extravascular
lung water in humans with use of 2
H2
O: Effect of blood flow
and central blood volume. J Appl Physiol 76:1868, 1994.
254.
Overland ES, Gupta RN, Huchon GJ, Murray JF:
Measurement of pulmonary tissue volume and blood flow in persons with normal and
edematous lungs. J Appl Physiol 51:1375, 1981.
255.
Petrini MF, Norman JR: Soluble gas uptake from
alveolar gas. Respir Care 34:470, 1989.
256.
Van de Water JM, Mount BE, Barela JR, et al:
Monitoring the chest with impedance. Chest 64:597, 1973.
257.
Hoskyns EW, Milner AD, Hopkin IE: Measurement
of tidal lung volumes in neonates during high-frequency oscillation. J Biomed Eng
14:16, 1992.
258.
Frietsch T, Krafft P, Becker HD, et al: Intermittent
capnography during high-frequency jet ventilation for prolonged rigid bronchoscopy.
Acta Anaesth Scand 44:391, 2000.
259.
Nishimura M, Imanaka H, Tashiro C, et al: Capnometry
during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. Chest 101:1681, 1992.
260.
Waterson CK, Quan SF: Delivery equipment and
monitoring techniques for high frequency ventilation. In
Hamilton LH, Neu J, Calkins JM (eds): High Frequency Ventilation. Boca Raton, FL,
CRC Press, 1986, p 90.
261.
Waterson CK, Militzer HW, Quan SF, Calkins JM:
Airway pressure as a measure of gas exchange during high-frequency jet ventilation.
Crit Care Med 12:742, 1984.
262.
Meade M, Guyatt G, Cook D, et al: Predicting
success in weaning from mechanical ventilation. Chest 120:400S, 2001.
263.
Yang KL, Tobin MJ: A prospective study of indexes
predicting the outcome of trials of weaning from mechanical ventilation. N Engl
J Med 324:1445, 1991.
264.
Ely EW, Baker AM, Dunagan DP, et al: Effect on
the duration of mechanical ventilation of identifying patients capable of breathing
spontaneously. N Engl J Med 335:1864, 1996.
265.
Weavind L, Shaw AD, Feeley TW: Monitoring ventilator
weaning—Predictors of success. J Clin Monit Comput 16:409, 2000.
266.
MacIntyre NR, Cook DJ, Ely EW Jr, et al: Evidence-based
guidelines for weaning and discontinuing ventilatory support: A collective task
force facilitated by the American College of Chest Physicians, the American Association
for Respiratory Care, and the American College of Critical Care Medicine. Chest
120:375S, 2001.
267.
Goldstone J: The pulmonary physician in critical
care. 10. Difficult weaning. Thorax 57:986, 2002.
268.
Manthous CA: The anarchy of weaning techniques.
Chest 121:1738, 2002.
269.
Chripko D, Bevan JC, Archer DP, Bherer N: Decreases
in arterial oxygen saturation in paediatric outpatients during transfer to the postanaesthetic
recovery room. Can J Anaesth 36:128, 1989.
270.
Tait AR, Kyff JV, Crider B, et al: Changes in
arterial oxygen saturation in cigarette smokers following general anaesthesia. Can
J Anaesth 37:423, 1990.
271.
Bromage PR, Camporesi E, Chestnut D: Epidural
narcotics for postoperative analgesia. Anesth Analg 59:473, 1980.
272.
Etches RC, Sandler AN, Daley MD: Respiratory
depression and spinal opioids. Can J Anaesth 36:165, 1989.
273.
Rawal N, Arner S, Gustafsson LL, Allvin R: Present
state of extradural and intrathecal opioid analgesia in Sweden: A nationwide follow-up
survey. Br J Anaesth 59:791, 1987.
274.
Stuart-Taylor ME, Billingham IS, Barrett RF, Church
JJ: Extradural diamorphine for postoperative analgesia: Audit of a nurse-administered
service to 800 patients in a district general hospital. Br J Anaesth 68:429, 1992.
275.
Ready LB, Loper KA, Nessly M, Wild L: Postoperative
epidural morphine is safe on surgical wards. Anesthesiology 75:452, 1991.
276.
Scherer R, Schmutzler M, Giebler R, et al: Complications
related to thoracic epidural analgesia: A prospective study in 1071 surgical patients.
Acta Anaesth Scand 37:370, 1993.
277.
Lubenow TR: Epidural analgesia: Considerations
and delivery methods. In Sinatra RS, Hord AH, Ginsberg
B, Preble LM (eds): Acute Pain. Mechanisms and Management. St. Louis, CV Mosby,
1992, p 233.
278.
Bozkurt P, Kaya G, Yeker Y: Single-injection
lumbar epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia in children: A report of 175
cases. Reg Anesth 22:212, 1997.
279.
Burstal R, Wegener F, Hayes C, Lantry G: Epidural
analgesia: Prospective audit of 1062 patients. Anaesth Intensive Care 26:165, 1998.
280.
Liu SS, Allen HW, Olsson GL: Patient-controlled
epidural analgesia with bupivacaine and fentanyl on hospital wards: Prospective
experience with 1,030 surgical patients. Anesthesiology 88:688, 1998.
281.
Wigfull J, Welchew E: Survey of 1057 patients
receiving postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia. Anaesthesia 56:70,
2001.
282.
Rigg JR, Jamrozik K, Myles PS, et al: Epidural
anaesthesia and analgesia and outcome of major surgery: A randomised trial. Lancet
359:1276, 2002.
283.
Steinberg RB, Liu SS, Wu CL, et al: Comparison
of ropivacaine-fentanyl patient-controlled epidural analgesia with morphine intravenous
patient-controlled analgesia for perioperative analgesia and recovery after open
colon surgery. J Clin Anesth 14:571, 2002.
284.
Flisberg P, Rudin A, Linner R, Lundberg CJ: Pain
relief and safety after major surgery: A prospective study of epidural and intravenous
analgesia in 2696 patients. Acta Anaesth Scand 47:457, 2003.
285.
Peyton PJ, Myles PS, Silbert BS, et al: Perioperative
epidural analgesia and outcome after major abdominal surgery in high-risk patients.
Anesth Analg 96:548, 2003.
286.
Russell GB, Graybeal JM: Hypoxemic episodes of
patients in a postanesthesia care unit. Chest 104:899, 1993.
287.
Russell AW, Owen H, Ilsley AH, et al: Background
infusion with patient-controlled analgesia: Effect on postoperative oxyhaemoglobin
saturation and pain control. Anaesth Intensive Care 21:174, 1993.
288.
Moller JT: Anesthesia related hypoxemia. The
effect of pulse oximetry monitoring on perioperative events and postoperative complications.
Dan Med Bull 41:489, 1994.
289.
Rosenberg J, Wildschiodtz G, Pedersen MH, et al:
Late postoperative nocturnal episodic hypoxaemia and associated sleep pattern.
Br J Anaesth 72:145, 1994.
290.
Rosenberg J, Ullstad T, Rasmussen J, et al: Time
course of postoperative hypoxaemia. Eur J Surg 160:137, 1994.
291.
Stone JG, Cozine KA, Wald A: Nocturnal oxygenation
during patient-controlled analgesia. Anesth Analg 89:104, 1999.
292.
Etches RC: Respiratory depression associated
with patient-controlled analgesia: A review of eight cases. Can J Anaesth 41:125,
1994.
293.
Flisberg P, Jakobsson J, Lundberg J: Apnea and
bradypnea in patients receiving epidural bupivacaine-morphine for postoperative pain
relief as assessed by a new monitoring method. J Clin Anesth 14:129, 2002.
294.
Ostermeier AM, Roizen MF, Hautkappe M, et al:
Three sudden postoperative respiratory arrests associated with epidural opioids
in patients with sleep apnea. Anesth Analg 85:452, 1997.
295.
Hornbein TF, Townes BD, Schoene RB, et al: The
cost to the central nervous system of climbing to extremely high altitude. N Engl
J Med 321:1714, 1989.
296.
Clark CF, Heaton RK, Wiens AN: Neuropsychological
functioning after prolonged high altitude exposure in mountaineering. Aviat Space
Environ Med 54:202, 1983.
297.
Jason GW, Pajurkova EM, Lee RG: High-altitude
mountaineering and brain function: Neuropsychological testing of members of a Mount
Everest expedition. Aviat Space Environ Med 60:170, 1989.
298.
Brodsky JB, Brose WG, Vivenzo K: A postoperative
pain management service. Anesthesiology 70:719, 1989.
299.
Muir MR, Sullivan FL, Dear G, Ginsberg B: Monitoring
practices following epidural analgesics for pain management: A follow-up survey.
J Pain Symptom Manage 14:36, 1997.
300.
Grichnik K, Ginsberg B: Epidural analgesia for
patients recovering from surgery. In Sinatra RS,
Hord AH, Ginsberg B, Preble LM (eds): Acute Pain. Mechanisms and Management. St.
Louis, CV Mosby, 1992, p 243.
301.
Ashwood ER, Kost G, Kenny M: Temperature correction
of blood-gas and pH measurements. Clin Chem 29:1877, 1983.
302.
Siggaard-Andersen O, Wimberley PD, Gothgen I,
Siggaard-Andersen M: A mathematical model of the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation
curve of human blood and of the oxygen partial pressure as a function of temperature.
Clin Chem 30:1646, 1984.
303.
Carter BG, Carlin JB, Tibballs J, et al: Accuracy
of two pulse oximeters at low arterial hemoglobin-oxygen-saturation. Crit Care Med
26:1128, 1998.
304.
Brand TM, Brand ME, Jay GD: Enamel nail polish
does not interfere with pulse oximetry among normoxic volunteers. J Clin Monit Comput
17:93, 2002.
305.
Baumeister BL, el-Khatib M, Smith PG, Blumer JL:
Evaluation of predictors of weaning from mechanical ventilation in pediatric patients.
Pediatr Pulmonol 24:344, 1997.
306.
Milic-Emili J: Is weaning an art or a science?
Am Rev Respir Dis 134:1107, 1986.
307.
Hall JB, Wood LD: Liberation of the patient from
mechanical ventilation. JAMA 257:1621, 1987.
308.
Hodgkin JE, Bowser MA, Burton GG: Respirator
weaning. Crit Care Med 2:96, 1974.
309.
Tahvanainen J, Salmenpera M, Nikki P: Extubation
criteria after weaning from intermittent mandatory ventilation and continuous positive
airway pressure. Crit Care Med 11:702, 1983.
310.
Karpel JP, Aldrich TK: Respiratory failure and
mechanical ventilation: Pathophysiology and methods of promoting weaning. Lung
164:309, 1986.
311.
Tobin MJ, Perez W, Guenther SM, et al: The pattern
of breathing during successful and unsuccessful trials of weaning from mechanical
ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 134:1111, 1986.
312.
Sporn PH, Morganroth ML: Discontinuation of mechanical
ventilation. Clin Chest Med 9:113, 1988.
313.
Gorback MS, Kantor K: Extubation without a trial
of spontaneous ventilation in the general surgical population. Respir Care 32:178,
1987.
314.
Tobin MJ, Yang K: Weaning from mechanical ventilation.
Crit Care Clin 6:725, 1990.
315.
Mohsenifar Z, Hay A, Hay J, et al: Gastric intramural
pH as a predictor of success or failure in weaning patients from mechanical ventilation.
Ann Intern Med 119:794, 1993.
316.
Capdevila XJ, Perrigault PF, Perey PJ, et al:
Occlusion pressure and its ratio to maximum inspiratory pressure are useful predictors
for successful extubation following T-piece weaning trial. Chest 108:482, 1995.
317.
Esteban A, Frutos F, Tobin MJ, et al: A comparison
of four methods of weaning patients from mechanical ventilation. Spanish Lung Failure
Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med 332:345, 1995.
318.
Nunn JF: Nunn's Applied Respiratory Physiology,
4th ed. Boston, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1993.
319.
Christiansen J, Douglas CG, Haldane JS: The absorption
and dissociation of carbon dioxide by human blood. J Physiol (Lond) 48:244, 1914.
320.
Benumof JL: Anesthesia for Thoracic Surgery,
2nd ed. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1995.
321.
Lawler PGP, Nunn JF: A reassessment of the validity
of the iso-shunt graph. Br J Anaesth 56:1325, 1984.
322.
Gilmour I, Burnham M, Craig DB: Closing capacity
measurement during general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 45:477, 1976.
323.
Fowler WS: Lung function studies. II. The respiratory
dead space. Am J Physiol 154:405, 1948.
324.
Fletcher R, Jonson B, Cumming G, Brew J: The
concept of dead space with special reference to the single breath test for carbon
dioxide. Br J Anaesth 53:77, 1981.
325.
Zupan J, Martin M, Benumof JL: End-tidal CO2
excretion waveform and error with gas sampling line leak. Anesth Analg 67:579, 1988.